Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.14
Zhijian Hu, Zhe Li, X. Lin
China’s science and technology system and its developing history were reviewed by this chapter, including science and technology investment, research institutions, research funds, enterprise transformation, scientific research talents, and so on. In recent years, China has stepped up its reform efforts, clarified the positioning of different types of scientific research institutes, established research and development and service networks, opened up the channel for achievement transformation, and supplemented by talent incentive and integration of scientific research bases, so as to effectively solve the problems affecting innovation efficiency. Facing the future, the direction of further reform is to strengthen the construction of legalization and institutionalization.
{"title":"Reforms of the Science and Technology Management System","authors":"Zhijian Hu, Zhe Li, X. Lin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"China’s science and technology system and its developing history were reviewed by this chapter, including science and technology investment, research institutions, research funds, enterprise transformation, scientific research talents, and so on. In recent years, China has stepped up its reform efforts, clarified the positioning of different types of scientific research institutes, established research and development and service networks, opened up the channel for achievement transformation, and supplemented by talent incentive and integration of scientific research bases, so as to effectively solve the problems affecting innovation efficiency. Facing the future, the direction of further reform is to strengthen the construction of legalization and institutionalization.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77980367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.39
Jörg H. Mayer, Hui-Ci Sun
To avoid becoming stuck on the middle rungs of the development ladder, China has embarked on a new and more balanced strategy that assigns a greater role to domestic demand and to improvements in technology innovation capacity, especially in its industrial sectors. The government is pursuing a new strategy through a focus on strategic industries with a high content of innovative technology. The Manufacturing Power Strategy and a range of key policy initiatives incorporated within it are the strategic components of China’s new innovation-focused industrial policy. The Manufacturing Power Strategy is the key element of China’s longer-term strategy aimed at closing the technology gap with advanced economies and deriving more of its growth impetus from higher indigenous-innovation-based productivity. It is still not easy, however, to comprehensively assess whether the industrial policy is accelerating or slowing down the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry.
{"title":"Manufacturing Power Strategy","authors":"Jörg H. Mayer, Hui-Ci Sun","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.39","url":null,"abstract":"To avoid becoming stuck on the middle rungs of the development ladder, China has embarked on a new and more balanced strategy that assigns a greater role to domestic demand and to improvements in technology innovation capacity, especially in its industrial sectors. The government is pursuing a new strategy through a focus on strategic industries with a high content of innovative technology. The Manufacturing Power Strategy and a range of key policy initiatives incorporated within it are the strategic components of China’s new innovation-focused industrial policy. The Manufacturing Power Strategy is the key element of China’s longer-term strategy aimed at closing the technology gap with advanced economies and deriving more of its growth impetus from higher indigenous-innovation-based productivity. It is still not easy, however, to comprehensively assess whether the industrial policy is accelerating or slowing down the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72637843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.10
Jin Chen, Liying Wang
The long-term gradual recovery of the world economy has provided a good international environment for entrepreneurship and innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With the continuous deepening of reforms and policies such as “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” and “Internet Plus,” unprecedented policy dividends have benefited SMEs’ entrepreneurship and innovation. In particular, the new round of opening up, led by “The Belt and Road” construction, will stimulate more external demand, which will provide good opportunities for the development of SMEs. With the current weak foundation for the recovery of the world economy, there are still many uncertainties. The problem of insufficient and imbalanced domestic economic development is still outstanding, and economic development still faces many difficulties and challenges. Overall, the international and domestic environment faced by China’s SMEs is improving.
{"title":"Entrepreneurship and Innovation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in China","authors":"Jin Chen, Liying Wang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"The long-term gradual recovery of the world economy has provided a good international environment for entrepreneurship and innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With the continuous deepening of reforms and policies such as “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” and “Internet Plus,” unprecedented policy dividends have benefited SMEs’ entrepreneurship and innovation. In particular, the new round of opening up, led by “The Belt and Road” construction, will stimulate more external demand, which will provide good opportunities for the development of SMEs. With the current weak foundation for the recovery of the world economy, there are still many uncertainties. The problem of insufficient and imbalanced domestic economic development is still outstanding, and economic development still faces many difficulties and challenges. Overall, the international and domestic environment faced by China’s SMEs is improving.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75016075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.27
Jin Chen, Yu-fen Chen
Open innovation shows a new direction for Chinese enterprises to innovate indigenously. Chinese enterprises actively adopt an open innovation model, make full use of external innovation resources, and integrate internal and external resources to promote innovation. This chapter describes the conditions of openness in the process of innovation in Chinese enterprises. Based on the conditions of openness, this chapter elaborates modes for the organization of open innovation in Chinese enterprises, including users being involved in innovation, suppliers participating in innovation, collaborations with firms in other industries and competitors, cooperation with universities and research institutes, intellectual property licensing, mergers and acquisitions, and setup of overseas research and development (R&D) branches. For each mode, this chapter introduces a corresponding case of open innovation practice in enterprise in China. Open innovation provides access to more ideas than could be developed in-house. With an open vision to integrate global innovation resources, Chinese firms’ innovation capability has been greatly enhanced.
{"title":"Open Innovation for Development in China","authors":"Jin Chen, Yu-fen Chen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"Open innovation shows a new direction for Chinese enterprises to innovate indigenously. Chinese enterprises actively adopt an open innovation model, make full use of external innovation resources, and integrate internal and external resources to promote innovation. This chapter describes the conditions of openness in the process of innovation in Chinese enterprises. Based on the conditions of openness, this chapter elaborates modes for the organization of open innovation in Chinese enterprises, including users being involved in innovation, suppliers participating in innovation, collaborations with firms in other industries and competitors, cooperation with universities and research institutes, intellectual property licensing, mergers and acquisitions, and setup of overseas research and development (R&D) branches. For each mode, this chapter introduces a corresponding case of open innovation practice in enterprise in China. Open innovation provides access to more ideas than could be developed in-house. With an open vision to integrate global innovation resources, Chinese firms’ innovation capability has been greatly enhanced.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89665251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.25
M. von Zedtwitz, X. Quan
The internationalization of Chinese research and development (R&D) is a fairly recent phenomenon and still ongoing process. What makes the rise of international Chinese R&D remarkable is that this is—alongside India—one of the first such endeavors by a developing country with already one of the most substantial global R&D footprints, even including Western countries. Similar motivations and challenges of earlier R&D globalization are replicated and observed also in the recent Chinese internationalization, with a few emerging country-specific nuances, such as the focus on technology acquisition through merger and acquisition (M&A) and suspected central coordination by the Chinese government, which has given rise to challenges of its own for Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs). In this respect, China seems to have been the victim of its own success; the future of Chinese R&D internationalization bears both opportunities and challenges for the global innovation community.
{"title":"Internationalization of Chinese Research and Development","authors":"M. von Zedtwitz, X. Quan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"The internationalization of Chinese research and development (R&D) is a fairly recent phenomenon and still ongoing process. What makes the rise of international Chinese R&D remarkable is that this is—alongside India—one of the first such endeavors by a developing country with already one of the most substantial global R&D footprints, even including Western countries. Similar motivations and challenges of earlier R&D globalization are replicated and observed also in the recent Chinese internationalization, with a few emerging country-specific nuances, such as the focus on technology acquisition through merger and acquisition (M&A) and suspected central coordination by the Chinese government, which has given rise to challenges of its own for Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs). In this respect, China seems to have been the victim of its own success; the future of Chinese R&D internationalization bears both opportunities and challenges for the global innovation community.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78670599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.8
L. Xue, Daitian Li, Zhen Yu
This chapter provides an updated discussion of China’s national and regional innovation systems. First, it introduces the unique development path and distinct characteristics of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Second, it reviews the evolution of China’s national and regional innovation systems, which is divided into five periods: the pre-reform era (1949–1978), the end of the chaos and the beginning of a new era (1978–1985), the reform of China’s science and technology (S&T) system (1985–1998), the scaling-up of S&T system reform (1998–2006), and the improvement of the national S&T system (2006–2013). Third, it describes the overall structure of China’s national innovation system, illustrating the components and interactions (e.g., university-industry linkages, military and civilian integration) within the system. Then, it evaluates the overall performance of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Lastly, it points out future directions for deepening the reform of China’s national innovation system and continuing to pursue innovation-driven development.
{"title":"China’s National and Regional Innovation Systems","authors":"L. Xue, Daitian Li, Zhen Yu","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an updated discussion of China’s national and regional innovation systems. First, it introduces the unique development path and distinct characteristics of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Second, it reviews the evolution of China’s national and regional innovation systems, which is divided into five periods: the pre-reform era (1949–1978), the end of the chaos and the beginning of a new era (1978–1985), the reform of China’s science and technology (S&T) system (1985–1998), the scaling-up of S&T system reform (1998–2006), and the improvement of the national S&T system (2006–2013). Third, it describes the overall structure of China’s national innovation system, illustrating the components and interactions (e.g., university-industry linkages, military and civilian integration) within the system. Then, it evaluates the overall performance of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Lastly, it points out future directions for deepening the reform of China’s national innovation system and continuing to pursue innovation-driven development.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77885167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.31
L. Brandt, E. Thun
This chapter examines China’s mixed upgrading and innovation record in the context of the ongoing debate over the role of the state vis-à-vis the market. A key finding that emerges is that sectors that have been most open to competition, in which entry and exit are less encumbered and, more generally, in which firms have been free from the often-distorting hand of the Chinese state, are those that have been most successful in cultivating domestic firms able to compete domestically and globally. Central to our assessment is how firms in these sectors have been better able to leverage China’s rapidly growing domestic market to their competitive advantage in the course of their upgrading and innovation efforts.
{"title":"The Great Dialectic","authors":"L. Brandt, E. Thun","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines China’s mixed upgrading and innovation record in the context of the ongoing debate over the role of the state vis-à-vis the market. A key finding that emerges is that sectors that have been most open to competition, in which entry and exit are less encumbered and, more generally, in which firms have been free from the often-distorting hand of the Chinese state, are those that have been most successful in cultivating domestic firms able to compete domestically and globally. Central to our assessment is how firms in these sectors have been better able to leverage China’s rapidly growing domestic market to their competitive advantage in the course of their upgrading and innovation efforts.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"87 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77541601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.38
Xiaobo Wu, Lin Lei
This chapter introduces the inclusive innovation system in China by showing the roles of bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) entrepreneurs, institutions for inclusive innovation, infrastructures supporting inclusive innovation, and emerging governance of inclusive innovation. Based on an integrative review of the literature about the innovation that led to inclusive growth in developing economies, this chapter proposes the conceptual framework of the process toward inclusive innovation by integrating the dynamic inclusive growth with the current static view. Then, considering the Chinese context, especially the turning from formal institutions to the interpenetration of both formal and informal institutions, this chapter finally summarizes some challenges for inclusive innovation and its implications on economic and social growth.
{"title":"Innovating for the Poor","authors":"Xiaobo Wu, Lin Lei","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the inclusive innovation system in China by showing the roles of bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) entrepreneurs, institutions for inclusive innovation, infrastructures supporting inclusive innovation, and emerging governance of inclusive innovation. Based on an integrative review of the literature about the innovation that led to inclusive growth in developing economies, this chapter proposes the conceptual framework of the process toward inclusive innovation by integrating the dynamic inclusive growth with the current static view. Then, considering the Chinese context, especially the turning from formal institutions to the interpenetration of both formal and informal institutions, this chapter finally summarizes some challenges for inclusive innovation and its implications on economic and social growth.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89824108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.16
Tuo-Ping Li, Jiang Wei
Industrial clusters have long been recognized as important elements of an innovation system and are very prevalent in China. While they can be important forces for development, they do not always contribute to innovative results. This chapter will look specifically at the development of clusters in China, the forces facilitating their success and their contribution to the economy, and the long-term enhancement of innovation capability. By presenting a conceptual framework combining determinants and elements of a cluster innovation system, this chapter aims to contribute to the theoretical construct in order to capture the main features and relationships of a cluster innovation system.
{"title":"The Role of Clusters in the Development of Innovation Capabilities in China","authors":"Tuo-Ping Li, Jiang Wei","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial clusters have long been recognized as important elements of an innovation system and are very prevalent in China. While they can be important forces for development, they do not always contribute to innovative results. This chapter will look specifically at the development of clusters in China, the forces facilitating their success and their contribution to the economy, and the long-term enhancement of innovation capability. By presenting a conceptual framework combining determinants and elements of a cluster innovation system, this chapter aims to contribute to the theoretical construct in order to capture the main features and relationships of a cluster innovation system.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73051299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.24
Vito Amendolagine, Xiaolan Fu, Roberta Rabellotti
Pursuing the “Go Global” strategy launched in 1999, China has recently become one of the major outbound investors worldwide. In the first stage, Chinese outward foreign direct investments (OFDIs) were directed to developing countries, mainly driven by resource-seeking motives; afterward, they started targeting advanced economies, searching for new markets and new technologies. This chapter provides some descriptive evidence of dynamic trends and spatial/sectoral distribution of the Chinese OFDIs that are more likely to affect investors’ innovation capabilities: greenfield investments in research and development activities and cross-border acquisitions of medium-high-tech companies located in technologically advanced countries. Moreover, it discusses the impact of such OFDIs by providing a critical review of the existing literature about the moderating factors that enhance the chances of positive outcomes and the learning mechanisms though which investors source new knowledge from foreign subsidiaries. It concludes with suggestions for future research.
{"title":"Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investments and Innovation","authors":"Vito Amendolagine, Xiaolan Fu, Roberta Rabellotti","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"Pursuing the “Go Global” strategy launched in 1999, China has recently become one of the major outbound investors worldwide. In the first stage, Chinese outward foreign direct investments (OFDIs) were directed to developing countries, mainly driven by resource-seeking motives; afterward, they started targeting advanced economies, searching for new markets and new technologies. This chapter provides some descriptive evidence of dynamic trends and spatial/sectoral distribution of the Chinese OFDIs that are more likely to affect investors’ innovation capabilities: greenfield investments in research and development activities and cross-border acquisitions of medium-high-tech companies located in technologically advanced countries. Moreover, it discusses the impact of such OFDIs by providing a critical review of the existing literature about the moderating factors that enhance the chances of positive outcomes and the learning mechanisms though which investors source new knowledge from foreign subsidiaries. It concludes with suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":23041,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation","volume":"11 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74110321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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