Thermochimica Acta最新文献_第4页

Density and excess molar enthalpy of (2-propanol + glyme) liquid mixtures. Application of the Flory model （2-丙醇+丙烯）液体混合物的密度和过量摩尔焓。Flory模型的应用

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180179

João Victor Alves-Laurentino, Fatemeh Pazoki, Luis Felipe Sanz, Juan Antonio González, Fernando Hevia, Daniel Lozano-Martín

For glymes of general formula CH₃O(CH₂CH₂O)_uCH₃, with u = 1, 2, 3, 4, the densities of the (2-propanol + glyme) systems at temperatures ranging from (293.15 to 303.15) K and at pressure 0.1 MPa were determined using a DSA 5000 densimeter (from Anton Paar). The corresponding excess molar volumes were calculated from these density measurements. In addition, excess molar enthalpies at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa were measured using a Tian-Calvet micro-calorimeter. The results show that alkanol–ether interactions are strong but do not contribute significantly to the excess molar enthalpy, as the values are large and positive, and comparable to those of (glyme + n-heptane) systems. The excess molar volumes are small or even negative (in the case of the mixture with u = 4), indicating that they are mainly governed by structural effects. Mixtures with 1-propanol or 2-propanol behave similarly, although interactions between unlike molecules become slightly stronger when 1-propanol is involved. On the other hand, effects related to alcohol self-association play a decisive role in the thermodynamic properties when glymes are replaced by di-n-propyl ether. This is supported by the application of the Flory model, which shows that orientational effects are weak in the studied glyme-containing mixtures but become significantly stronger when di-n-propyl ether is considered.

对于通式ch30 (CH2CH2O)uCH3的glyme， u = 1,2,3,4，在（293.15 ~ 303.15）K温度和0.1 MPa压力下，使用Anton Paar的DSA 5000密度计测定了（2-丙醇+ glyme）体系的密度。相应的过量摩尔体积是由这些密度测量计算出来的。此外，用Tian-Calvet微量热计测量了298.15 K和0.1 MPa下的过量摩尔焓。结果表明，烷醇-醚相互作用很强，但对过量摩尔焓没有显著贡献，因为其值很大且为正，与（甘醚+正庚烷）体系相当。过量摩尔体积很小甚至为负（在u = 4的混合物中），表明它们主要受结构效应的支配。与1-丙醇或2-丙醇的混合物表现相似，尽管当1-丙醇参与时，不同分子之间的相互作用会稍微强一些。另一方面，当甘烷被二正丙醚取代时，与醇自缔合有关的影响对热力学性质起决定性作用。Flory模型的应用支持了这一点，该模型表明，在所研究的含甘醚混合物中，取向效应很弱，但当考虑二正丙醚时，取向效应明显增强。

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引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic-based prediction of gaseous species evolution in thermogravimetric analysis 热重分析中基于热力学的气态物种演化预测

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180180

Roberto Paredes , Enrique Garcia-Franco , Blanca Castells , María-Pilar Martínez-Hernando , Pedro Mora Peris , Marcelo F. Ortega

Gas emissions during the thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic materials are generally predicted using kinetic models. However, these are often limited by complex reaction mechanisms and high computational requirements. This study presents a new methodology that combines thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with Gibbs Free Energy Minimisation (GEM) using Reaktoro v2, an open-source Python library, to predict the evolution of gaseous species without requiring kinetic parameters. Five lignocellulosic biomass—olive pomace, wood pellets, wheat straw, soybean dust, and cork dust—were characterised and analysed under controlled thermal conditions.

The model accurately estimated the evolution of CO, CO₂, H₂, and CH₄ in the range of 500–700 °C during the devolatilization process in the thermogravimetric test, showing strong agreement with literature data. Results revealed an inverse correlation between the CO/H₂ and O/C ratios of the samples and a direct correlation between the lower heating value (LHV) of the solids and that of the gas produced. It was also observed that high ash content catalysed secondary reactions, reducing both the energy content of the gas and duty.

Overall, this study demonstrates a novel methodology that surpasses conventional kinetic-based approaches, providing a reliable, efficient, and versatile framework for predicting gas emissions and optimising biomass processes.

通常使用动力学模型预测木质纤维素材料热分解过程中的气体排放。然而，这些通常受到复杂的反应机制和高计算要求的限制。本研究提出了一种结合热重分析（TGA）和吉布斯自由能最小化（GEM）的新方法，使用Reaktoro v2（一个开源的Python库）来预测气态物种的演化，而不需要动力学参数。五种木质纤维素生物质——橄榄渣、木屑、小麦秸秆、大豆粉和软木粉——在受控的热条件下进行了表征和分析。该模型在热重试验中准确估算了500 ~ 700℃范围内CO、CO2、H2和CH4在脱挥发过程中的演化，与文献数据吻合较好。结果表明，样品的CO/H2和O/C比值呈负相关，固体的低热值（LHV）与产生的气体的低热值（LHV）直接相关。还观察到，高灰分含量催化了二次反应，降低了气体的能量含量和责任。总的来说，这项研究展示了一种超越传统的基于动力学的方法的新方法，为预测气体排放和优化生物质过程提供了可靠、高效和通用的框架。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond conventional calorimetry: Unlocking thermal characterization with fast scanning techniques 超越传统量热法：解锁热表征与快速扫描技术

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180177

Mateusz Dudziak , Birte Riechers , Robert Maaß , Adam Michalchuk , Andreas Schönhals , Paulina Szymoniak

Fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) has emerged as a transformative technique in thermal analysis, enabling the investigation of rapid and kinetically driven thermal transitions that are inaccessible to conventional differential scanning calorimetry. This review highlights the capabilities enabled by FSC for studying a wide range of materials under extreme thermal conditions, including polymers, pharmaceuticals, metallic glasses, nanocomposites, and hydrogels. By employing ultrafast heating and cooling rates, FSC allows for the suppression of crystallization, resolution of weak transitions, and analysis of thermally labile or size-limited samples. The technique is particularly valuable for probing glass transitions, relaxation phenomena, and phase behavior in systems with complex morphologies or confined geometries. Case studies demonstrate the use of FSC in characterizing vitrification, physical aging, and interfacial dynamics, as well as its application in emerging fields such as additive manufacturing, supramolecular systems, and neuromorphic materials. Together, these examples underscore the role that FSC plays in advancing the understanding of structure-property relationships across diverse material classes.

快速扫描量热法（FSC）已经成为热分析中的一种变革性技术，能够研究传统差示扫描量热法无法实现的快速和动力学驱动的热转变。这篇综述强调了FSC在极端热条件下研究各种材料的能力，包括聚合物、药品、金属玻璃、纳米复合材料和水凝胶。通过采用超快的加热和冷却速率，FSC可以抑制结晶，分辨弱转变，并分析热不稳定或尺寸有限的样品。该技术对于探测具有复杂形态或受限几何结构的系统中的玻璃化转变、弛豫现象和相行为特别有价值。案例研究展示了FSC在表征玻璃化、物理老化和界面动力学方面的应用，以及它在新兴领域的应用，如增材制造、超分子系统和神经形态材料。总之，这些例子强调了FSC在促进对不同材料类别的结构-性能关系的理解方面所起的作用。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of material shape on the intra-particle temperature during biomass pyrolysis under direct heating with high-temperature gas 高温气体直接加热生物质热解过程中物料形状对颗粒内温度的影响

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180178

Xiaoan Song , Lulu Teng , Ruina Zhang , Lijie Yin , Dezhen Chen , Shanping Chen

In the process of fuel pyrolysis, direct pyrolysis using high-temperature gas is currently the most economical method. For larger fuel particles, shape exerts a significant influence on the rate of temperature increase and the completion time of decomposition. In this study, an experimental apparatus for single-particle pyrolysis was designed, and a back propagation (BP) neural network model was constructed. Based on experimental and prediction results, the influences of the sphericity, characteristic length, and windward area ratio of the particles on the intra-particle temperature during the pyrolysis process were analysed. The rates of temperature increase and weight loss of near-spherical particles were higher than those of nonspherical particles; the weight loss ratios (mass loss per unit time divided by initial mass) of the cylinder and the quadrangular prism were 54.62 % and 44.67 % of those of the sphere. Additionally, the windward area ratio had the greatest impact on the intra-particle temperature and weight loss ratio.

在燃料热解过程中，利用高温气体直接热解是目前最经济的方法。对于较大的燃料颗粒，形状对升温速率和分解完成时间有显著影响。设计了单颗粒热解实验装置，建立了BP神经网络模型。基于实验和预测结果，分析了热解过程中颗粒的球形度、特征长度和迎风面积比对颗粒内温度的影响。近球形颗粒的升温速率和失重速率均高于非球形颗粒；圆柱体和四边形棱镜的失重率（单位时间内的质量损失除以初始质量）分别为球面的54.62%和44.67%。此外，迎风面积比对颗粒内温度和失重比的影响最大。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal degradation of spent cation exchange resin with fixatives or metal ion catalysts: Insights from experiments, thermodynamics and kinetics 用固定剂或金属离子催化剂热降解废阳离子交换树脂：来自实验、热力学和动力学的见解

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180174

Shuchang Zhang , Meiqian Chen , Bingyang Li , Yuelong Pan , Linjun Yang

The treatment of spent ion exchange resins (CERs) has become a major concern with the development of nuclear industry. The migration and transformation mechanism of Cs in CERs in both pyrolysis and gasification were evaluated based on chemical equilibrium and experimental analysis. The pyrolysis and gasification temperatures should be limited below 813.15 K and 873.15 K, respectively, but after adding the fixatives, ZrO₂ or Nb₂O₅, the temperatures could be extended to 873.15 K, 1233.15 K (ZrO₂) or 1153.15 K (Nb₂O₅). The kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of CERs with metal ion catalysts in the gasification were evaluated based on thermogravimetric analysis. In 10 % O₂/90 % N₂, Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ metal nuclides would urge the decomposition of functional groups and polymer matrices, since they could promote the reaction in the second stage and the advance of the third stage. This study could provide basic data for the thermal treatment of CERs.

废离子交换树脂的处理已成为核工业发展的一个重要问题。基于化学平衡和实验分析，评价了Cs在cer热解和气化过程中的迁移转化机理。热解和气化温度应分别控制在813.15 K和873.15 K以下，但加入固化剂ZrO2或Nb2O5后，温度可扩展到873.15 K、1233.15 K （ZrO2）或1153.15 K （Nb2O5）。基于热重分析，评价了金属离子催化剂在气化过程中的动力学和热力学特性。在10% o2 / 90% N2条件下，Fe2+和Mn2+金属核素会促进官能团和聚合物基体的分解，促进反应进入第二阶段和第三阶段。本研究可为CERs的热处理提供基础数据。

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引用次数: 0

Hierarchical niobium phosphate-engineered ZSM-5 for selective pyrolysis of epoxy resin toward aromatics: Synergistic effects and kinetic elucidations 分级磷酸铌工程ZSM-5选择性热解环氧树脂制备芳烃：协同效应及动力学分析

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180175

Shangpeng Pan , Hengbin Zhang , Rui Shan , Chengyu Li , Jun Zhang

This study systematically investigates the process of catalytic selective pyrolysis of epoxy resin to high-value aromatics over niobium phosphate-modified ZSM-5 and provides a detailed analysis of the pyrolysis reaction kinetics. The introduction of amorphous niobium phosphate resulted in abundant mesopores and strong acid sites, which enhanced the deoxygenation performance of the zeolite during high-temperature pyrolysis and significantly improved aromatic selectivity. Notably, the niobium phosphate-modified ZSM-5 achieving a maximum aromatic selectivity of 63.5 % at 650 °C significantly outperformed commercial HZSM-5 zeolite, where monocyclic aromatics account for 31.7 % of the total liquid products and polycyclic aromatics account for 31.8 %. Furthermore, the hierarchical pore structure and excellent anti-coking properties of the modified catalyst effectively reduced the activation energy required for epoxy resin pyrolysis, decreasing the apparent activation energy significantly from 325.6 kJ/mol to 240.4 kJ/mol. The findings of this study provide deep insights into metal-modified zeolite-catalyzed pyrolysis of epoxy resin and contribute to the valorization of waste epoxy resin.

本研究系统研究了磷酸铌改性ZSM-5催化环氧树脂选择性热解制备高值芳烃的过程，并对热解反应动力学进行了详细分析。无定形磷酸铌的引入使沸石具有丰富的介孔和强酸位点，增强了沸石高温热解过程中的脱氧性能，显著提高了芳烃选择性。值得一提的是，经磷酸铌改性的ZSM-5分子筛在650℃时的最大芳香选择性为63.5%，明显优于HZSM-5分子筛，后者的液体产物中单环芳烃占31.7%，多环芳烃占31.8%。此外，改性催化剂的分层孔结构和优异的抗结焦性能有效降低了环氧树脂热解所需的活化能，将表观活化能从325.6 kJ/mol显著降低至240.4 kJ/mol。本研究结果为金属改性沸石催化环氧树脂热解提供了深入的见解，并有助于废环氧树脂的增值。

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引用次数: 0

Research on impurity in alkali-metal vapor cells by use of differential scanning calorimetry 差示扫描量热法研究碱金属蒸汽电池中的杂质

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180176

Yuzhen Cai , Xinkun Li , Yicheng Deng , Xiong Zhao , Xueyan Han , Fengjiao Wang , Xuefeng Wang

Impurities in alkali-metal vapor cells were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Comparative analysis of vapor cells fabricated with different types of glass and in various sizes suggests that the observed impurity originates from the formation of a rubidium-sodium alloy, which results from a reaction between rubidium and sodium precipitated from the inner surface of borosilicate glass. This conclusion is further supported by the intentional introduction of sodium atoms into the vapor cells. The presence of sodium precipitation is confirmed by the localized heating of the vapor cells. This study provides a method for characterizing the alkali metal impurities in atomic vapor cells and offers guidance for optimizing the rubidium filling process, thereby improving the performance of vapor cells.

用差示扫描量热法（DSC）研究了碱金属蒸汽电池中的杂质。用不同类型和尺寸的玻璃制作的蒸汽电池的对比分析表明，所观察到的杂质来源于铷-钠合金的形成，这是由硼硅酸盐玻璃内表面沉淀的铷和钠之间的反应引起的。有意将钠原子引入蒸汽电池，进一步支持了这一结论。钠析出的存在是通过蒸汽电池的局部加热来证实的。本研究为原子蒸汽电池中碱金属杂质的表征提供了一种方法，并为优化铷填充工艺，从而提高蒸汽电池的性能提供了指导。

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of reliable polyurethane phase change materials with good thermal storage properties and elasticity by introducing long alkyl side chains 通过引入长烷基侧链合成具有良好储热性能和弹性的可靠聚氨酯相变材料

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180173

Zhanlin Gong , Xing Liu , Sumei Liu , Jianqing Zhao

The development of polyurethane phase change materials (PUPCMs) integrating high latent heat and good elasticity is a major challenge for thermal management interface materials. Herein, a diol containing octadecyl side groups (MGAE) was synthesized via the thiol-ene click reaction and used to prepare PUPCMs, with the expectation of resolving the inherent contradiction between high latent heat and good elasticity. The effects of MGAE on the chemical structure, thermal stability, thermal reliability, phase change properties, elasticity, thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance (TCR) of PUPCMs were investigated. All PUPCMs exhibit the excellent leakage resistance characteristic, particularly under pressure conditions. Compared with PUPCMs without MGAE, PUPCMs containing 2.7 wt% MGAE showed a 11.5 % increase in latent heat, a 10.1 °C decrease in phase change temperature, a 26.8 % decrease in Shore hardness, a 147.0 % increase in elongation at break and a 38 % reduction in TCR. These improvements were attributed to the plasticizing effect and heterogeneous nucleation effect of MGAE with octadecyl side groups. This study provides a viable route for the synthesis of PUPCMs with simultaneously enhanced latent heat and elasticity through the introduction of long alkyl side chains, and the resulting PUPCMs have the potential to be used as thermal management interface materials.

开发集高潜热和高弹性于一体的聚氨酯相变材料是热管理界面材料面临的主要挑战。本文通过巯基咔嗒反应合成了一种含有十八烷基侧基的二醇（MGAE），并将其用于制备PUPCMs，以期解决高潜热与良好弹性之间的固有矛盾。研究了MGAE对pupcm的化学结构、热稳定性、热可靠性、相变性能、弹性、导热系数和接触热阻（TCR）的影响。所有pupcm都具有出色的防泄漏特性，特别是在压力条件下。与不含MGAE的PUPCMs相比，含有2.7 wt% MGAE的PUPCMs的潜热增加11.5%，相变温度降低10.1°C， Shore硬度降低26.8%，断裂伸长率提高147.0%，TCR降低38%。这些改进是由于十八烷基侧基的MGAE的塑化作用和非均相成核作用。本研究通过引入长烷基侧链，为合成潜热和弹性同时增强的PUPCMs提供了一条可行的途径，所制得的PUPCMs具有作为热管理界面材料的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A SEBS-stabilized eutectic phase change gel for passive cold chain preservation of perishable produce 一种用于易腐农产品被动冷链保存的sebs稳定共晶相变凝胶

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180171

Jianjie Wang , Yifan Li , Wenzhe Zhang , Dahai Zhu , Naici Bing , Huaqing Xie , Wei Yu

The development of passive, energy-efficient thermal regulation materials is crucial for improving the cold chain logistics of perishable foods. By mixing tetradecane (TD), decyl alcohol (DOL), and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer, a eutectic phase change gel was prepared. The optimized TD/DOL eutectic composition (molar ratio = 0.3) exhibits a high melting enthalpy of 205.1 J/g and a crystallization enthalpy of 201.2 J/g, indicating excellent reversible phase change performance. SEBS forms a continuous three-dimensional elastic network, effectively preventing leakage and providing mechanical reinforcement. Under conditions where SEBS content is 30 wt.%, the gel maintains a melting enthalpy value of 94.4 J/g after 100 thermal cycles, with a decrease of only 10.7 %, demonstrating good thermal stability. When the SEBS content is increased to 30 wt.%, the tensile strength reaches 3.0 MPa and the compressive strength reaches 0.727 MPa, which are 15 times and 60 times higher than those at 10 wt.%, respectively, confirming the reinforcing effect of the SEBS network. The 30 wt.% formulation achieves the optimal balance between thermal performance and structural integrity. In actual testing, 500 g of TD/DOL-SEBS-30 maintains a stable cooling range of 6–10 °C for an extended period without external power in an insulated container. Compared to the no-cooling-source group and the semiconductor-cooling group, the phase-change material group better preserved the appearance and freshness of strawberries, with minimal weight loss and no spoilage. The TD/DOL-SEBS gel thus combines high latent heat, thermal reliability, shape stability, and strong mechanical properties, demonstrating significant potential in cold chain food transportation, wearable thermal management, and other low-energy refrigeration applications.

开发被动式节能热调节材料对于改善易腐食品的冷链物流至关重要。将十四烷（TD）、癸醇（DOL）和苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯（SEBS）三嵌段共聚物混合制备共晶相变凝胶。优化后的TD/DOL共晶组成（摩尔比为0.3）具有较高的熔融焓（205.1 J/g）和结晶焓（201.2 J/g），具有良好的可逆相变性能。SEBS形成连续的三维弹性网络，有效防止泄漏并提供机械加固。在SEBS含量为30 wt.%的条件下，经过100次热循环后，凝胶的熔融焓值保持在94.4 J/g，仅下降10.7%，表现出良好的热稳定性。当SEBS含量增加到30 wt.%时，抗拉强度达到3.0 MPa，抗压强度达到0.727 MPa，分别比10 wt.%时提高了15倍和60倍，证实了SEBS网络的补强作用。30 wt.%的配方实现了热性能和结构完整性之间的最佳平衡。在实际测试中，500g TD/DOL-SEBS-30在绝缘容器中保持6-10°C的稳定冷却范围，无需外部电源。与无冷却源组和半导体冷却组相比，相变材料组更好地保存了草莓的外观和新鲜度，重量损失最小，没有变质。因此，TD/ dl - sebs凝胶结合了高潜热、热可靠性、形状稳定性和强大的机械性能，在冷链食品运输、可穿戴热管理和其他低能耗制冷应用中显示出巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation on the influence of anion structure on the thermal decomposition properties of EMIM-based ionic liquids 阴离子结构对emim基离子液体热分解性能影响的实验研究

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180172

Hui-Sheng Peng

To reveal the relationship between anion structure and thermal decomposition property, an experimental system integrating comprehensive thermal analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is constructed to investigate the thermal decomposition mechanisms of four 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium-based ([EMIM]⁺) ionic liquids with anion structures of thiocyanate ([SCN]^-), dicyanamide ([DCA]^-), tetrafluoroborate ([BF₄]^-), and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imine ([NTF₂]^-). Results show that the thermal stability follows the order of [EMIM][NTF₂] > [EMIM][BF₄] > [EMIM][DCA] > [EMIM][SCN] by decomposition temperature. Spectrum analyses reveal that the anion structures are thoroughly disrupted, forming different gas products, while the cation structure only undergoes substitution and elimination reactions on the imidazole ring. Due to the differences in anion structure, methyl isothiocyanate, trifluoromethanesulfonamide and sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and boron trifluoride are found as key products during the decomposition of [EMIM][SCN], [EMIM][NTF₂], [EMIM][DCA], and [EMIM][BF₄], respectively. Following designs of anion structure for propellant may start from [SCN]^- and [DCA]^- to obtain better decomposition property.

为了揭示阴离子结构与热分解性能之间的关系，构建了综合热分析与傅里叶变换红外光谱相结合的实验系统，研究了四种阴离子结构为硫氰酸盐（[SCN]-）、二氰酰胺（[DCA]-）、四氟硼酸盐（[BF4]-）和双（三氟甲基磺酰基）亚胺（[NTF2]-）的1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑（[EMIM]+）离子液体的热分解机理。结果表明：热稳定性按分解温度排序为[EMIM][NTF2] >； [EMIM][BF4] > [EMIM][DCA] > [EMIM][SCN]；光谱分析表明，阴离子结构被彻底破坏，形成不同的气体产物，而阳离子结构仅在咪唑环上发生取代和消除反应。由于阴离子结构的差异，[EMIM][SCN]、[EMIM][NTF2]、[EMIM][DCA]、[EMIM][BF4]分解过程中的关键产物分别是异硫氰酸甲酯、三氟甲烷磺酰胺和二氧化硫、氨、三氟化硼。推进剂阴离子结构的后续设计可以从[SCN]-和[DCA]-开始，以获得更好的分解性能。

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引用次数: 0