Thermochimica Acta最新文献

英文中文

The influence of material shape on the intra-particle temperature during biomass pyrolysis under direct heating with high-temperature gas 高温气体直接加热生物质热解过程中物料形状对颗粒内温度的影响

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180178

Xiaoan Song , Lulu Teng , Ruina Zhang , Lijie Yin , Dezhen Chen , Shanping Chen

In the process of fuel pyrolysis, direct pyrolysis using high-temperature gas is currently the most economical method. For larger fuel particles, shape exerts a significant influence on the rate of temperature increase and the completion time of decomposition. In this study, an experimental apparatus for single-particle pyrolysis was designed, and a back propagation (BP) neural network model was constructed. Based on experimental and prediction results, the influences of the sphericity, characteristic length, and windward area ratio of the particles on the intra-particle temperature during the pyrolysis process were analysed. The rates of temperature increase and weight loss of near-spherical particles were higher than those of nonspherical particles; the weight loss ratios (mass loss per unit time divided by initial mass) of the cylinder and the quadrangular prism were 54.62 % and 44.67 % of those of the sphere. Additionally, the windward area ratio had the greatest impact on the intra-particle temperature and weight loss ratio.

在燃料热解过程中，利用高温气体直接热解是目前最经济的方法。对于较大的燃料颗粒，形状对升温速率和分解完成时间有显著影响。设计了单颗粒热解实验装置，建立了BP神经网络模型。基于实验和预测结果，分析了热解过程中颗粒的球形度、特征长度和迎风面积比对颗粒内温度的影响。近球形颗粒的升温速率和失重速率均高于非球形颗粒；圆柱体和四边形棱镜的失重率（单位时间内的质量损失除以初始质量）分别为球面的54.62%和44.67%。此外，迎风面积比对颗粒内温度和失重比的影响最大。

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引用次数: 0

In-situ isothermal calorimetry of cement pastes — Unraveling mixer effects, viscous heat dissipation, and heat of hydration 水泥浆的原位等温量热法。溶解混合剂效应、粘性热耗散和水化热

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180089

Tobias Lange , Daniel Axthammer , Daniel Jansen , Torben Gädt

The chemical reactivity of inorganic binders such as Portland cement is frequently studied using isothermal heat flow calorimetry. Most often, water and binder are mixed outside of the calorimeter, and the paste is inserted into the calorimeter after 5 to 10 min at the earliest. Consequently, the heat of early hydration reactions is usually not included in the experimental data. The only way to record the heat of hydration from the first contact of water with the binder is to use custom-built internal mixing devices. For this purpose, different mixers have been reported. However, their reliability has yet to be studied and compared systematically. This study compares three internal mixer designs regarding the early heat flow, experimental repeatability, and mixing quality at different water-to-cement ratios. Finally, we study the phase composition of the cement before and during hydration using quantitative X-ray diffraction. Combining the experimental Rietveld data with thermodynamic modeling demonstrates that the observed experimental heat after 60 min of hydration corresponds to the formation of ettringite from C₃A and sulfates, while the contribution of the other cement phases is small.

无机粘结剂如硅酸盐水泥的化学反应性经常使用等温热流量热法进行研究。大多数情况下，水和粘合剂在量热计外混合，浆料最早在5 ~ 10分钟后插入量热计。因此，早期水化反应的热通常不包括在实验数据中。记录水与粘合剂第一次接触时的水化热的唯一方法是使用定制的内部混合装置。为此目的，已经报道了不同的混合器。然而，它们的可靠性还没有得到系统的研究和比较。本研究比较了三种内部混合器设计在不同水灰比下的早期热流、实验可重复性和混合质量。最后，利用定量x射线衍射研究了水泥水化前和水化过程中的物相组成。将实验Rietveld数据与热力学模型相结合表明，水化60 min后观察到的实验热量对应于C3A和硫酸盐形成钙矾石，而其他水泥相的贡献较小。

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引用次数: 0

Testing and analysis of thermal safety parameters of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine 非对称二甲肼热安全参数的测试与分析

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180159

Zhen-Li Yang , Wu-Quan Meng , Yan Zhang , Shuang Jing , Ya-Dong Yao

This study investigated the thermal decomposition behavior and safety of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), which is a highly volatile compound. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to analyze thermal disintegration and derive kinetic parameters using isoconversional methods and nonlinear regression. The DSC test was conducted using high-pressure sealed crucibles. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) assessed adiabatic decomposition, with results corrected for thermal inertia (Φ) to determine adiabatic temperature rise (ΔT_ad) and maximum temperature rise rate (TMR_ad). Corrected ARC data revealed higher thermal risks than measured, leading to a thermal hazard assessment of level III (unacceptable danger) based on thermal runaway criticality classes. UDMH decomposition was consistently exothermic, with peak temperatures exceeding 300 °C, indicating excellent inherent thermal stability.

本文研究了不对称二甲肼（UDMH）的热分解行为和安全性。采用差示扫描量热法（DSC），采用等转换方法和非线性回归方法对其进行热分解分析和动力学参数推导。DSC试验采用高压密封坩埚进行。加速量热法（ARC）评估绝热分解，并对结果进行热惯性校正（Φ），以确定绝热温升（ΔTad）和最大温升速率（TMRad）。校正后的ARC数据显示，热风险高于测量值，导致基于热失控临界等级的热危害评估为III级（不可接受的危险）。UDMH的分解始终是放热的，峰值温度超过300℃，表明了良好的固有热稳定性。

引用次数: 0

A machine learning based calibration method for differential scanning calorimetry 基于机器学习的差示扫描量热标定方法

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180158

Aohua Xiao , Zhengyang Zhang , Zhongxin Qian , Ao Xiao , Dongfang Hu , Jinxin Xu , Xudong Lu , Mohammad Mahdi Heyhat , Jiong Ding

Due to temperature differences, heating non-uniformity, and sensor drift, the measurements of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) usually require calibration; however, traditional calibration methods are difficult to apply under different experimental conditions. To solve the problem, a neural network-based calibration method is proposed in this article. First, a second-order heat transfer model of DSC is established, and its temperature difference is calculated using the sapphire. Second, a neural network is developed to model the relationship between the experimental and model-based temperature differences. Finally, the neural network is trained on the experimental data. The resulting model is then validated using experimental data obtained under different conditions. The results demonstrate that the machine-learning-based calibration method significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of DSC calibration.

由于温度差异、加热不均匀性和传感器漂移，差示扫描量热法（DSC）的测量通常需要校准；然而，传统的标定方法难以适用于不同的实验条件。为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种基于神经网络的标定方法。首先，建立DSC的二阶传热模型，利用蓝宝石计算DSC的温差；其次，建立了一个神经网络来模拟实验和模型温差之间的关系。最后，利用实验数据对神经网络进行训练。然后用不同条件下得到的实验数据对所得模型进行验证。结果表明，基于机器学习的DSC标定方法显著提高了DSC标定的效率和精度。

引用次数: 0

Hierarchical niobium phosphate-engineered ZSM-5 for selective pyrolysis of epoxy resin toward aromatics: Synergistic effects and kinetic elucidations 分级磷酸铌工程ZSM-5选择性热解环氧树脂制备芳烃：协同效应及动力学分析

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180175

Shangpeng Pan , Hengbin Zhang , Rui Shan , Chengyu Li , Jun Zhang

This study systematically investigates the process of catalytic selective pyrolysis of epoxy resin to high-value aromatics over niobium phosphate-modified ZSM-5 and provides a detailed analysis of the pyrolysis reaction kinetics. The introduction of amorphous niobium phosphate resulted in abundant mesopores and strong acid sites, which enhanced the deoxygenation performance of the zeolite during high-temperature pyrolysis and significantly improved aromatic selectivity. Notably, the niobium phosphate-modified ZSM-5 achieving a maximum aromatic selectivity of 63.5 % at 650 °C significantly outperformed commercial HZSM-5 zeolite, where monocyclic aromatics account for 31.7 % of the total liquid products and polycyclic aromatics account for 31.8 %. Furthermore, the hierarchical pore structure and excellent anti-coking properties of the modified catalyst effectively reduced the activation energy required for epoxy resin pyrolysis, decreasing the apparent activation energy significantly from 325.6 kJ/mol to 240.4 kJ/mol. The findings of this study provide deep insights into metal-modified zeolite-catalyzed pyrolysis of epoxy resin and contribute to the valorization of waste epoxy resin.

本研究系统研究了磷酸铌改性ZSM-5催化环氧树脂选择性热解制备高值芳烃的过程，并对热解反应动力学进行了详细分析。无定形磷酸铌的引入使沸石具有丰富的介孔和强酸位点，增强了沸石高温热解过程中的脱氧性能，显著提高了芳烃选择性。值得一提的是，经磷酸铌改性的ZSM-5分子筛在650℃时的最大芳香选择性为63.5%，明显优于HZSM-5分子筛，后者的液体产物中单环芳烃占31.7%，多环芳烃占31.8%。此外，改性催化剂的分层孔结构和优异的抗结焦性能有效降低了环氧树脂热解所需的活化能，将表观活化能从325.6 kJ/mol显著降低至240.4 kJ/mol。本研究结果为金属改性沸石催化环氧树脂热解提供了深入的见解，并有助于废环氧树脂的增值。

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引用次数: 0

A novel near-infrared fluoro-photoacoustic probe for NIR/PA dual-model imaging and photothermal therapy in breast cancer 一种新型近红外荧光光声探针，用于近红外/PA双模型成像和乳腺癌光热治疗

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180168

Pin Wang , Jie Wang , Neng-weng Chen , Li-heng Lu , Jie Xing , Bo Yuan , Ai-guo Wu , Juan Li

Introducing multiple iodine atoms into a heptamethine cyanine scaffold harnesses the heavy-atom effect to promote non-radiative decay, thereby achieving a remarkably high photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 61.0%) while retaining intense fluorescence in the near-infrared II (NIR-II) window. This structural optimization enables efficient light-to-heat conversion and enhanced photoacoustic contrast, making the system suitable for dual-modality imaging. Upon encapsulation into biocompatible nanomicelles, the resulting probes form stable, tumor-targeting colloids that exhibit concentration-dependent photothermal heating and superior photoacoustic responses compared with conventional cyanine analogues. In vivo studies confirm efficient tumor accumulation, low systemic toxicity, and optimal photothermal ablation. Collectively, these findings highlight heavy-atom-engineered heptamethine cyanines as a quantitatively optimized and mechanistically innovative platform for NIR-II fluorescence/photoacoustic dual imaging and image-guided photothermal cancer therapy.

将多个碘原子引入到七甲基菁支架中，利用重原子效应促进非辐射衰变，从而实现了非常高的光热转换效率（η = 61.0%），同时在近红外II （NIR-II）窗口中保持了强烈的荧光。这种结构优化实现了高效的光热转换和光声对比度增强，使系统适合双模成像。在被封装到生物相容性纳米胶束中后，所得到的探针形成稳定的肿瘤靶向胶体，与传统的花青素类似物相比，它们表现出浓度依赖的光热加热和优越的光声响应。体内研究证实了有效的肿瘤积累，低全身毒性和最佳光热消融。总之，这些发现突出了重原子工程七甲基菁氨酸作为定量优化和机械创新的平台，用于NIR-II荧光/光声双成像和图像引导光热癌症治疗。

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引用次数: 0

Learning to hear: Predicting speed of sound in deep eutectic solvents via molecular signatures 学习听力：通过分子特征预测深共晶溶剂中的声速

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180169

Pouya Rouhollahi , Newsha Moghoufe , Ana Rita C. Duarte , Reza Haghbakhsh

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are gaining attention as sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents due to their tunable properties and environmental advantages. Yet, predicting their physical behavior, particularly acoustic properties like the speed of sound, remains limited, especially in approaches that consider chemical structure. This study introduces a hybrid machine learning framework that incorporates molecular-level information to predict the speed of sound in DES systems with high accuracy and interpretability. A dataset of 1001 experimental data points, collected from 92 distinct DESs under atmospheric pressure and varying temperatures, was used to train and evaluate the models. Instead of relying solely on bulk experimental parameters, the models integrate structural descriptors based on group and atomic contributions, capturing detailed chemical features of both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. These structure-based inputs were embedded into machine learning algorithms to develop robust and generalizable predictive tools. The resulting models demonstrated excellent performance, achieving average absolute relative deviations below 1 %. In addition to strong predictive power, the framework allows for interpretation of how specific molecular characteristics influence acoustic behavior, offering a transparent view into the structure–property relationship. This work advances the application of machine learning in solvent science by uniting chemical intuition with data-driven modeling. The hybrid approach not only enhances predictive capability but also provides mechanistic insight, making it a valuable tool for the rational design and selection of DESs in green chemistry, materials processing, and related fields.

深共晶溶剂（DESs）由于其可调节的特性和环境优势，作为传统溶剂的可持续替代品，越来越受到人们的关注。然而，预测它们的物理行为，特别是像声速这样的声学特性，仍然有限，特别是在考虑化学结构的方法中。本研究引入了一种混合机器学习框架，该框架结合分子级信息来预测DES系统中的声速，具有高精度和可解释性。在不同的大气压和温度下，从92个不同的DESs收集了1001个实验数据点，用于训练和评估模型。这些模型不是仅仅依赖于大量的实验参数，而是整合了基于基团和原子贡献的结构描述符，捕捉了氢键供体和受体的详细化学特征。这些基于结构的输入被嵌入到机器学习算法中，以开发健壮且可推广的预测工具。所得模型表现出优异的性能，实现平均绝对相对偏差低于1%。除了强大的预测能力外，该框架还允许解释特定分子特征如何影响声学行为，为结构-性质关系提供透明的视图。这项工作通过将化学直觉与数据驱动建模结合起来，推进了机器学习在溶剂科学中的应用。该混合方法不仅提高了预测能力，而且提供了机理洞察，为绿色化学、材料加工等相关领域的DESs的合理设计和选择提供了有价值的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation on the influence of anion structure on the thermal decomposition properties of EMIM-based ionic liquids 阴离子结构对emim基离子液体热分解性能影响的实验研究

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180172

Hui-Sheng Peng

To reveal the relationship between anion structure and thermal decomposition property, an experimental system integrating comprehensive thermal analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is constructed to investigate the thermal decomposition mechanisms of four 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium-based ([EMIM]⁺) ionic liquids with anion structures of thiocyanate ([SCN]^-), dicyanamide ([DCA]^-), tetrafluoroborate ([BF₄]^-), and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imine ([NTF₂]^-). Results show that the thermal stability follows the order of [EMIM][NTF₂] > [EMIM][BF₄] > [EMIM][DCA] > [EMIM][SCN] by decomposition temperature. Spectrum analyses reveal that the anion structures are thoroughly disrupted, forming different gas products, while the cation structure only undergoes substitution and elimination reactions on the imidazole ring. Due to the differences in anion structure, methyl isothiocyanate, trifluoromethanesulfonamide and sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and boron trifluoride are found as key products during the decomposition of [EMIM][SCN], [EMIM][NTF₂], [EMIM][DCA], and [EMIM][BF₄], respectively. Following designs of anion structure for propellant may start from [SCN]^- and [DCA]^- to obtain better decomposition property.

为了揭示阴离子结构与热分解性能之间的关系，构建了综合热分析与傅里叶变换红外光谱相结合的实验系统，研究了四种阴离子结构为硫氰酸盐（[SCN]-）、二氰酰胺（[DCA]-）、四氟硼酸盐（[BF4]-）和双（三氟甲基磺酰基）亚胺（[NTF2]-）的1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑（[EMIM]+）离子液体的热分解机理。结果表明：热稳定性按分解温度排序为[EMIM][NTF2] >； [EMIM][BF4] > [EMIM][DCA] > [EMIM][SCN]；光谱分析表明，阴离子结构被彻底破坏，形成不同的气体产物，而阳离子结构仅在咪唑环上发生取代和消除反应。由于阴离子结构的差异，[EMIM][SCN]、[EMIM][NTF2]、[EMIM][DCA]、[EMIM][BF4]分解过程中的关键产物分别是异硫氰酸甲酯、三氟甲烷磺酰胺和二氧化硫、氨、三氟化硼。推进剂阴离子结构的后续设计可以从[SCN]-和[DCA]-开始，以获得更好的分解性能。

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引用次数: 0

Synthesis of reliable polyurethane phase change materials with good thermal storage properties and elasticity by introducing long alkyl side chains 通过引入长烷基侧链合成具有良好储热性能和弹性的可靠聚氨酯相变材料

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180173

Zhanlin Gong , Xing Liu , Sumei Liu , Jianqing Zhao

The development of polyurethane phase change materials (PUPCMs) integrating high latent heat and good elasticity is a major challenge for thermal management interface materials. Herein, a diol containing octadecyl side groups (MGAE) was synthesized via the thiol-ene click reaction and used to prepare PUPCMs, with the expectation of resolving the inherent contradiction between high latent heat and good elasticity. The effects of MGAE on the chemical structure, thermal stability, thermal reliability, phase change properties, elasticity, thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance (TCR) of PUPCMs were investigated. All PUPCMs exhibit the excellent leakage resistance characteristic, particularly under pressure conditions. Compared with PUPCMs without MGAE, PUPCMs containing 2.7 wt% MGAE showed a 11.5 % increase in latent heat, a 10.1 °C decrease in phase change temperature, a 26.8 % decrease in Shore hardness, a 147.0 % increase in elongation at break and a 38 % reduction in TCR. These improvements were attributed to the plasticizing effect and heterogeneous nucleation effect of MGAE with octadecyl side groups. This study provides a viable route for the synthesis of PUPCMs with simultaneously enhanced latent heat and elasticity through the introduction of long alkyl side chains, and the resulting PUPCMs have the potential to be used as thermal management interface materials.

开发集高潜热和高弹性于一体的聚氨酯相变材料是热管理界面材料面临的主要挑战。本文通过巯基咔嗒反应合成了一种含有十八烷基侧基的二醇（MGAE），并将其用于制备PUPCMs，以期解决高潜热与良好弹性之间的固有矛盾。研究了MGAE对pupcm的化学结构、热稳定性、热可靠性、相变性能、弹性、导热系数和接触热阻（TCR）的影响。所有pupcm都具有出色的防泄漏特性，特别是在压力条件下。与不含MGAE的PUPCMs相比，含有2.7 wt% MGAE的PUPCMs的潜热增加11.5%，相变温度降低10.1°C， Shore硬度降低26.8%，断裂伸长率提高147.0%，TCR降低38%。这些改进是由于十八烷基侧基的MGAE的塑化作用和非均相成核作用。本研究通过引入长烷基侧链，为合成潜热和弹性同时增强的PUPCMs提供了一条可行的途径，所制得的PUPCMs具有作为热管理界面材料的潜力。

{"title":"Synthesis of reliable polyurethane phase change materials with good thermal storage properties and elasticity by introducing long alkyl side chains","authors":"Zhanlin Gong , Xing Liu , Sumei Liu , Jianqing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.tca.2025.180173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tca.2025.180173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of polyurethane phase change materials (PUPCMs) integrating high latent heat and good elasticity is a major challenge for thermal management interface materials. Herein, a diol containing octadecyl side groups (MGAE) was synthesized via the thiol-ene click reaction and used to prepare PUPCMs, with the expectation of resolving the inherent contradiction between high latent heat and good elasticity. The effects of MGAE on the chemical structure, thermal stability, thermal reliability, phase change properties, elasticity, thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance (TCR) of PUPCMs were investigated. All PUPCMs exhibit the excellent leakage resistance characteristic, particularly under pressure conditions. Compared with PUPCMs without MGAE, PUPCMs containing 2.7 wt% MGAE showed a 11.5 % increase in latent heat, a 10.1 °C decrease in phase change temperature, a 26.8 % decrease in Shore hardness, a 147.0 % increase in elongation at break and a 38 % reduction in TCR. These improvements were attributed to the plasticizing effect and heterogeneous nucleation effect of MGAE with octadecyl side groups. This study provides a viable route for the synthesis of PUPCMs with simultaneously enhanced latent heat and elasticity through the introduction of long alkyl side chains, and the resulting PUPCMs have the potential to be used as thermal management interface materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23058,"journal":{"name":"Thermochimica Acta","volume":"754 ","pages":"Article 180173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on impurity in alkali-metal vapor cells by use of differential scanning calorimetry 差示扫描量热法研究碱金属蒸汽电池中的杂质

IF 3.5 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Thermochimica Acta

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2025.180176

Yuzhen Cai , Xinkun Li , Yicheng Deng , Xiong Zhao , Xueyan Han , Fengjiao Wang , Xuefeng Wang

Impurities in alkali-metal vapor cells were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Comparative analysis of vapor cells fabricated with different types of glass and in various sizes suggests that the observed impurity originates from the formation of a rubidium-sodium alloy, which results from a reaction between rubidium and sodium precipitated from the inner surface of borosilicate glass. This conclusion is further supported by the intentional introduction of sodium atoms into the vapor cells. The presence of sodium precipitation is confirmed by the localized heating of the vapor cells. This study provides a method for characterizing the alkali metal impurities in atomic vapor cells and offers guidance for optimizing the rubidium filling process, thereby improving the performance of vapor cells.

用差示扫描量热法（DSC）研究了碱金属蒸汽电池中的杂质。用不同类型和尺寸的玻璃制作的蒸汽电池的对比分析表明，所观察到的杂质来源于铷-钠合金的形成，这是由硼硅酸盐玻璃内表面沉淀的铷和钠之间的反应引起的。有意将钠原子引入蒸汽电池，进一步支持了这一结论。钠析出的存在是通过蒸汽电池的局部加热来证实的。本研究为原子蒸汽电池中碱金属杂质的表征提供了一种方法，并为优化铷填充工艺，从而提高蒸汽电池的性能提供了指导。

引用次数: 0

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