Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00038.9
H. Sandhu, S. Dhindsa, M. Honparkhe, Bilawal Singh, S. Singhal, R. Jindal
The study was carried out on 60 postpartum cyclic buffaloes subjected to Presynch-Heatsynch (n=30) and Heatsynch (n=30) synchronization treatments. In Presynch-Heatsynch group, two injections of PGF2α analogue were administered at 12 days apart (Day -14 and -2) with last injection two days before GnRH administration (Day 0). A third PGF2α alpha was given on day 7 followed by estradiol benzoate injection on day 8 and fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) on day 10. In Heatsynch group, first two PGF2 alpha injections were not given; however, rest of the treatment was same. Frequent urination, vulvar swelling and bellowing were prominent estrus signs observed in all buffaloes of both groups at the time of FTAI. The study revealed significantly pronounced (p<0.01) cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) discharge and high uterine tonicity in buffaloes that became pregnant (100.00 and 70.00 %) than those failed to become pregnant (60.00 and 20.00 %) in group I and II, respectively. Further, it was observed that none of the buffaloes that became pregnant had low uterine tonicity, whereas 40.00 and 55.55% buffaloes which failed to become pregnant showed low uterine tonicity on rectal examination. In conclusion, appearance of CVM at vulva and rectal finding of high uterine tonicity at the time of AI had positive influence on the pregnancy rates in buffaloes subjected to estradiol based synchronization protocols. Thus, successful pregnancy may be predicted if a buffalo shows above two estrus signs at the time of FTAI.
{"title":"Relationship between Estrus Signs and Subsequent Fertility Rates in Buffaloes Subjected to Estradiol based Synchronization Treatments","authors":"H. Sandhu, S. Dhindsa, M. Honparkhe, Bilawal Singh, S. Singhal, R. Jindal","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00038.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00038.9","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out on 60 postpartum cyclic buffaloes subjected to Presynch-Heatsynch (n=30) and Heatsynch (n=30) synchronization treatments. In Presynch-Heatsynch group, two injections of PGF2α analogue were administered at 12 days apart (Day -14 and -2) with last injection two days before GnRH administration (Day 0). A third PGF2α alpha was given on day 7 followed by estradiol benzoate injection on day 8 and fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) on day 10. In Heatsynch group, first two PGF2 alpha injections were not given; however, rest of the treatment was same. Frequent urination, vulvar swelling and bellowing were prominent estrus signs observed in all buffaloes of both groups at the time of FTAI. The study revealed significantly pronounced (p<0.01) cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) discharge and high uterine tonicity in buffaloes that became pregnant (100.00 and 70.00 %) than those failed to become pregnant (60.00 and 20.00 %) in group I and II, respectively. Further, it was observed that none of the buffaloes that became pregnant had low uterine tonicity, whereas 40.00 and 55.55% buffaloes which failed to become pregnant showed low uterine tonicity on rectal examination. In conclusion, appearance of CVM at vulva and rectal finding of high uterine tonicity at the time of AI had positive influence on the pregnancy rates in buffaloes subjected to estradiol based synchronization protocols. Thus, successful pregnancy may be predicted if a buffalo shows above two estrus signs at the time of FTAI.","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"36 1","pages":"199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87157023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00032.8
N. Munyaneza, J. Niyukuri, Y. E. Hachimi
The milk urea nitrogen concentration can be used as a tool management of the nutritional strategies in dairy farm and of improving proteins utilization efficiency by dairy cows. The level of dietary crude protein is the most nutritional factor that influence the milk urea nitrogen concentrations in lactating cows. Recent researches suggest that the milk urea nitrogen content depends mainly on the nitrogen/energy ratio in the diet, but other many factors may affect ureogenesis. Level and quality of protein contents, milk yield, season effects or lactation stage, parity and lactation number, weight and breed, feeding frequency and water intake are factors associated with the variation of milk urea concentration. Several studies have suggested that measuring milk urea nitrogen may serve as indicator to monitor nitrogen efficiency in dairy cows and to improve milk nitrogen production. However, the targeted milk urea nitrogen values for optimizing the nitrogen utilization efficiency are different from those required for milk protein production. Thus, an increase in milk protein production can be expected at milk urea nitrogen levels >11 mg/dL, while protein utilization efficiency is below this level (<11 mg/dL). Normal MUN values range from 10 to 14 mg/dL, but for many countries, the recommended milk urea nitrogen values for cow’s milk are ideally ranged from 10 to 16 mg/dL of milk. Finally, to ensure a balance between milk protein production and reducing urea nitrogen excretion in urine and milk, recent studies suggest to include 16.5% of crude protein supply in dairy cows diets.
{"title":"Milk Urea Nitrogen as an Indicator of Nitrogen Metabolism Efficiency in Dairy Cows: A Review","authors":"N. Munyaneza, J. Niyukuri, Y. E. Hachimi","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00032.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00032.8","url":null,"abstract":"The milk urea nitrogen concentration can be used as a tool management of the nutritional strategies in dairy farm and of improving proteins utilization efficiency by dairy cows. The level of dietary crude protein is the most nutritional factor that influence the milk urea nitrogen concentrations in lactating cows. Recent researches suggest that the milk urea nitrogen content depends mainly on the nitrogen/energy ratio in the diet, but other many factors may affect ureogenesis. Level and quality of protein contents, milk yield, season effects or lactation stage, parity and lactation number, weight and breed, feeding frequency and water intake are factors associated with the variation of milk urea concentration. Several studies have suggested that measuring milk urea nitrogen may serve as indicator to monitor nitrogen efficiency in dairy cows and to improve milk nitrogen production. However, the targeted milk urea nitrogen values for optimizing the nitrogen utilization efficiency are different from those required for milk protein production. Thus, an increase in milk protein production can be expected at milk urea nitrogen levels >11 mg/dL, while protein utilization efficiency is below this level (<11 mg/dL). Normal MUN values range from 10 to 14 mg/dL, but for many countries, the recommended milk urea nitrogen values for cow’s milk are ideally ranged from 10 to 16 mg/dL of milk. Finally, to ensure a balance between milk protein production and reducing urea nitrogen excretion in urine and milk, recent studies suggest to include 16.5% of crude protein supply in dairy cows diets.","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"102 1","pages":"145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85875994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00027.4
Rouf Rashid Dar, F. Lone, A. Sheikh, Sheikh Firdous Ahmad, Sheikh Tajamul Islam, N. Lakhani
Leptin, an adipocyte hormone plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis by inhibiting hunger, interacts with the reproductive axis of mammals at multiple sites with stimulatory effect at the hypothalamus and pituitary and its high dose has inhibitory action on steroidogenesis. As a marker whether nutrition stores are adequate, leptin may act in concert with gonadotrophins and growth hormone axis for the initiation of complex phenomenon of puberty. The expression and secretion of leptin are correlated with body fat mass and are acutely affected by feed intake. Moreover, circulating leptin increases during pubertal development in rodents and domestic animals. Effects of leptin are mediated mainly via receptor activation of the JAK-STAT pathway; however, activation of alternative pathways, such as MAP kinase, has also been reported. Leptin helps in oocyte development and maturation .It also has angiogenic, immuno-modulatory and anti inflammatory activities helps in implantation and prevents embryo rejection by the maternal immune system, invasion of trophoblast and cause mammary growth development.
{"title":"Role of Leptin in Reproduction","authors":"Rouf Rashid Dar, F. Lone, A. Sheikh, Sheikh Firdous Ahmad, Sheikh Tajamul Islam, N. Lakhani","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00027.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00027.4","url":null,"abstract":"Leptin, an adipocyte hormone plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis by inhibiting hunger, interacts with the reproductive axis of mammals at multiple sites with stimulatory effect at the hypothalamus and pituitary and its high dose has inhibitory action on steroidogenesis. As a marker whether nutrition stores are adequate, leptin may act in concert with gonadotrophins and growth hormone axis for the initiation of complex phenomenon of puberty. The expression and secretion of leptin are correlated with body fat mass and are acutely affected by feed intake. Moreover, circulating leptin increases during pubertal development in rodents and domestic animals. Effects of leptin are mediated mainly via receptor activation of the JAK-STAT pathway; however, activation of alternative pathways, such as MAP kinase, has also been reported. Leptin helps in oocyte development and maturation .It also has angiogenic, immuno-modulatory and anti inflammatory activities helps in implantation and prevents embryo rejection by the maternal immune system, invasion of trophoblast and cause mammary growth development.","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"1 1","pages":"113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89284724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00022.5
D. Jena, A. Khatti, Shiv Singh, K. Kavya, R. Rautela, B. Balamurugan, N. Kharayat, P. Kumar, K. Narayanan
A Holstein Friesian cow in its third parity was presented with complaints of severe straining and complete anorexia since last 24 hours. The water bag had been ruptured 24 hours before albeit the term was of seven and half month. As evident from the history and symptoms, it was a case of dystocia associated with premature delivery. After delivery of one male fetus by manual traction, another fetus was delivered which was found to be a case of Amorphous globosus and had only insufficient digestive tract developed. The detailed handling of the case, obstetrical correction and post-delivery care and management is discussed.
{"title":"Amorphous Globosus in a Cow: A Case Report","authors":"D. Jena, A. Khatti, Shiv Singh, K. Kavya, R. Rautela, B. Balamurugan, N. Kharayat, P. Kumar, K. Narayanan","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00022.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00022.5","url":null,"abstract":"A Holstein Friesian cow in its third parity was presented with complaints of severe straining and complete anorexia since last 24 hours. The water bag had been ruptured 24 hours before albeit the term was of seven and half month. As evident from the history and symptoms, it was a case of dystocia associated with premature delivery. After delivery of one male fetus by manual traction, another fetus was delivered which was found to be a case of Amorphous globosus and had only insufficient digestive tract developed. The detailed handling of the case, obstetrical correction and post-delivery care and management is discussed.","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"67 1","pages":"79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76533040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00019.5
R. Arun
{"title":"Successful Management of Dystocia in Jaffarabadi Buffaloe","authors":"R. Arun","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00019.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00019.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"13 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75233162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00009.2
Sanjolly Gupta, S. Kotwal, S. Singh, T. Ahmed, Amitoz Kour, A. Anand
The current study was carried out with an aim to determine the epidemiological factors responsible for mastitis in dairy cattle and generating epidemiological data on this important disease in an organized cattle farm in Jammu. Screening was done on 100 randomly selected animals. A questionnaire was framed and completed with detailed management practices, including the risk factors like age, parity and lactation number along with the management practices. The samples were screened using Modified California Mastitis Test (MCMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Management practices and detailed questionnaire revealed the high risk groups. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical practices was found to be 43% (SCM: 41% and CM: 2%). Further, the highest prevalence of sub clinical mastitis was found in cattle belonging to groups; 8 to 10 years age (40%); in 5th to 7th month lactation stage (36%) and 3rd to 6th parity (38.8%) whereas clinical mastitis showed highest prevalence in 2-7 year old (2.4%); 5th to 7th month lactation stage (4%) and 3rd to 4th parity (2.7%) groups. A significant (p<0.05) difference in Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) was observed between control and subclinical and clinical cases. MCMT proved to be an important screening test in the field conditions. Managemental practices and risk factors contribute to the occurrence of disease. Preventive and control measures need to be adopted strictly to reduce the disease in animals.
{"title":"Epidemiological study on mastitis in holstein friesian cattle on organized farm in Jammu, India.","authors":"Sanjolly Gupta, S. Kotwal, S. Singh, T. Ahmed, Amitoz Kour, A. Anand","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00009.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00009.2","url":null,"abstract":"The current study was carried out with an aim to determine the epidemiological factors responsible for mastitis in dairy cattle and generating epidemiological data on this important disease in an organized cattle farm in Jammu. Screening was done on 100 randomly selected animals. A questionnaire was framed and completed with detailed management practices, including the risk factors like age, parity and lactation number along with the management practices. The samples were screened using Modified California Mastitis Test (MCMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Management practices and detailed questionnaire revealed the high risk groups. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical practices was found to be 43% (SCM: 41% and CM: 2%). Further, the highest prevalence of sub clinical mastitis was found in cattle belonging to groups; 8 to 10 years age (40%); in 5th to 7th month lactation stage (36%) and 3rd to 6th parity (38.8%) whereas clinical mastitis showed highest prevalence in 2-7 year old (2.4%); 5th to 7th month lactation stage (4%) and 3rd to 4th parity (2.7%) groups. A significant (p<0.05) difference in Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) was observed between control and subclinical and clinical cases. MCMT proved to be an important screening test in the field conditions. Managemental practices and risk factors contribute to the occurrence of disease. Preventive and control measures need to be adopted strictly to reduce the disease in animals.","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"19 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74970790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00017.1
A. Sachan, Alok K. Singh, Dharamendra Kanojiya
This descriptive-analytic study was carried out in Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) slaughter house during 12 months period from Feb. 2014 to Jan. 2015. The 1175 carcasses were observed and inspected. The overall prevalence of hydatid cyst was (40%). Among which the carcass contaminated with hydatid cyst in liver is (56%), while (81%) cyst found in lung. The prevalence was highest (52%) and lowest (30%) in winter and autumn season respectively.
{"title":"Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts among Buffaloes Slaughtered in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India","authors":"A. Sachan, Alok K. Singh, Dharamendra Kanojiya","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00017.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00017.1","url":null,"abstract":"This descriptive-analytic study was carried out in Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) slaughter house during 12 months period from Feb. 2014 to Jan. 2015. The 1175 carcasses were observed and inspected. The overall prevalence of hydatid cyst was (40%). Among which the carcass contaminated with hydatid cyst in liver is (56%), while (81%) cyst found in lung. The prevalence was highest (52%) and lowest (30%) in winter and autumn season respectively.","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"26 1","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75984486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00021.3
M. Anil, M. Rajashri, K. Reddy
{"title":"Management of Post Partum Cevico-Vaginal Prolapse in a Non-Descript Cow: A Case Report","authors":"M. Anil, M. Rajashri, K. Reddy","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00021.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00021.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"112 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77059660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00029.8
M. Sitali, D. Mwiinga, A. Mwanza, E. S. Mwaanga, V. Zulu
{"title":"Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita from a Holstein Friesian Cow","authors":"M. Sitali, D. Mwiinga, A. Mwanza, E. S. Mwaanga, V. Zulu","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00029.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00029.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"40 1","pages":"131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80834418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00024.9
T. Rao, B. Kumar, Archita Singh, V. Sharma, Anushmita Baishya, A. Verma
To achieve precocious puberty in heifers, female calf should be selected with their birth earlier in calving season i.e., heifers born in the first 21 days of calving season. Essential points for successful heifer raising include colostrum feeding to produce best start in the life, monitoring growth rate regularly, accommodation in spacious ventilated barn, body capacity and frame improved by quality forage supplementation. Proper disease control along with maintenance of health and welfare as well as use of sire selected for calving ease. Monitoring of nutrition and pre-weaning growth to achieve early weaning. Standardized target weight is essential to achiev optimum pregnancy at early age. Ionophores and hormones may be used, for achieving precocious puberty provided stair step gain in body weight along with vaccination and de-worming. Feeds with high phytoestrogen may be avoided. Scoring for Body condition, frame and reproductive tract is essential steps at interval for all heifers. Estrus synchronization together with on time estrus detection may be utilized to achieve better conception and pregnancy after early puberty.
{"title":"Benchmark to Reach Precocious Puberty in Replacement Heifers: A Review","authors":"T. Rao, B. Kumar, Archita Singh, V. Sharma, Anushmita Baishya, A. Verma","doi":"10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00024.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-3371.2017.00024.9","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve precocious puberty in heifers, female calf should be selected with their birth earlier in calving season i.e., heifers born in the first 21 days of calving season. Essential points for successful heifer raising include colostrum feeding to produce best start in the life, monitoring growth rate regularly, accommodation in spacious ventilated barn, body capacity and frame improved by quality forage supplementation. Proper disease control along with maintenance of health and welfare as well as use of sire selected for calving ease. Monitoring of nutrition and pre-weaning growth to achieve early weaning. Standardized target weight is essential to achiev optimum pregnancy at early age. Ionophores and hormones may be used, for achieving precocious puberty provided stair step gain in body weight along with vaccination and de-worming. Feeds with high phytoestrogen may be avoided. Scoring for Body condition, frame and reproductive tract is essential steps at interval for all heifers. Estrus synchronization together with on time estrus detection may be utilized to achieve better conception and pregnancy after early puberty.","PeriodicalId":23078,"journal":{"name":"Theriogenology Insight - An International Journal of Reproduction in all Animals","volume":"4 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89948302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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