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Trichoderma: Fungal Antagonist Used to Control Diseases in Agriculture 木霉:用于农业病害防治的真菌拮抗剂
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/2231-1750.2015.00015.3
L. Rawat, Y. Singh, N. Shukla, J. Kumar
Biocontrol or Biological Control can be defined as the use of natural organisms or genetically modified genes or gene products, to reduce the effects of undesirable organisms to favour organisms useful to human, such as crops, trees, animals and beneficial microorganisms. This strategy of control is ecologically clean and compatible with different models of agriculture: organic, biological and integrated pest/pathogen management (IPM) programmes. The main antagonist used in disease control in agriculture is the fungus Trichoderma, a low cost biocontrol agent that can establish it in different pathosystems, has moderate effects on soil balance and does not harm beneficial organism that contribute towards pathogen's control. This biocontrol agent has no harmful effects on humans, wildlife and other beneficial organisms. Trichoderma spp. is safe and effective biocontrol agents in both natural and controlled environments that does not accumulate in the food chain and to which resistance has not been described. Trichoderma strains used as biocontrol agents can act by colonising the soil and/or parts of the plant, occupying a physical space and avoiding the multiplication of the pathogens or producing cell wall degrading enzymes against the pathogens or producing antibiotics that can kill the pathogens or promoting the plant development and inducing the defensive mechanisms of the plant. Antifungal formulations based on Trichoderma strains and proteins require, as in the case of chemical fungicides, a costly and sound registration process previous to their commercialisation. For this reason, many of these biological products are being offered to the farmers under the category of fertilisers and other commercial products that are not tightly regulated, and, hence, they do not offer sufficient guarantee of quality and sanitary control. This fraud must be prosecuted since most of these wrongly registered formulations have not got a Trichoderma inoculums ’, shelf life or other properties stated on their label.
生物防治或生物防治可以定义为使用天然生物体或转基因基因或基因产品,以减少不良生物体的影响,以有利于对人类有用的生物体,如作物,树木,动物和有益微生物。这种控制战略在生态上是清洁的,并与不同的农业模式:有机、生物和病虫害/病原体综合管理(IPM)方案兼容。在农业疾病防治中使用的主要拮抗剂是真菌木霉,这是一种低成本的生物防治剂,可以在不同的病理系统中建立它,对土壤平衡有适度的影响,并且不会伤害有助于控制病原体的有益生物。这种生物防治剂对人类、野生动物和其他有益生物无有害影响。木霉在自然环境和受控环境中都是安全有效的生物防治剂,不会在食物链中积累,也没有对其产生耐药性的描述。作为生物防治剂的木霉菌株可以定殖在土壤和/或植物的部分,占据物理空间,避免病原体的繁殖,或产生针对病原体的细胞壁降解酶,或产生可杀死病原体的抗生素,或促进植物发育和诱导植物的防御机制。与化学杀菌剂一样,基于木霉菌株和蛋白质的抗真菌制剂在商业化之前需要一个昂贵而合理的注册过程。因此,这些生物产品中有许多是作为没有严格管制的肥料和其他商业产品提供给农民的,因此,它们不能提供足够的质量保证和卫生控制。这种欺诈行为必须被起诉,因为大多数这些错误注册的配方没有在标签上注明接种木霉,保质期或其他属性。
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引用次数: 0
Gibberellic Acid Modulates the Changes Induced by Phenolic Compounds on the Germination and Seedling Growth in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) 赤霉素酸调节酚类化合物对黄瓜萌发和幼苗生长的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/J.2231-1750.3.2.013
B. Ali, S. Muzaffar, N. A. Wani, N. Amin
Phytohormones play critical a role in the plant growth and development and enhance the resistance to several stress situations. Phenolic compounds are some of the most widespread molecules among plant secondary metabolites, which inhibit seed germination and seedling growth in cucumber. With an objective to explore the possible ameliorators of inhibitory impact of phenolic compounds, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cv. Long Green seeds exposed to 10−4 M each of catechol, gallic acid or pyrogallic acid were treated with 10−3 M of gibberellic acid (GA3). Exposure of the seeds to the phenolic compounds significantly decreased the germination percentage, growth of radicle and hypocotyls and the fresh and dry weight of the seedlings. However, the follow up treatment with 10−3 M of GA3 reversed the inhibitory impact of the phenolic compounds and there was a significant improvement in these parameters after GA3 treatment. However, total phenolic content in the seedlings increased in response to phenolic compound treatments.
植物激素在植物生长发育中起着至关重要的作用,增强了植物对多种逆境的抗性。酚类化合物是植物次生代谢产物中分布最广的一类分子,对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长具有抑制作用。为了探讨黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)抗氧化活性的可能改善剂。长绿色种子分别暴露于10−4 M的儿茶酚、没食子酸或焦性没食子酸中,再用10−3 M的赤霉素酸(GA3)处理。酚类化合物显著降低了种子发芽率、胚根和下胚轴的生长以及幼苗的鲜重和干重。然而,10−3 M GA3的后续处理逆转了酚类化合物的抑制作用,GA3处理后这些参数有显著改善。但复合酚处理的幼苗总酚含量增加。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of Leaf Extract of Neem and Eucalyptus Plants on Mortality of Seed Gall Nematode, ANGUINA TRITICI 印楝和桉叶提取物对种子瘿线虫死亡率的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/2231-1750.2016.00015.9
A. Ibrahim, A. Khan
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引用次数: 0
Differential Response of Chickpea Genotypes Under Salt Stress 鹰嘴豆基因型对盐胁迫的差异响应
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/J.2231-1742.2.1.006
Saiema Rasool, Altaf Ahmad, T. Siddiqi
The study was carried out to study the effect of salt stress on the total ascorbate, reduced glutathione, proline and protein contents in salt tolerant (SKUA-06, SKUA-07) and salt sensitive (SKUA-04, SKUA-05) genotypes of chickpea. Fifteen-day-old plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50 and 100 mM). Observations were recorded on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after treatment. Significant genotypic variation was observed in response to different salt concentrations. In salt-tolerant genotypes the total ascorbate, reduced glutathione (GSH), proline and protein contents increased with the increase in salt concentration; whereas in salt-sensitive genotypes there was significant reduction in all these parameters under high salinity except in proline, which did not show any change when compared to control. The salt tolerance could be attributed to the increase in non-enzymatic antioxidants, proline and protein content.
本试验旨在研究盐胁迫对鹰嘴豆耐盐基因型(SKUA-06、SKUA-07)和盐敏感基因型(SKUA-04、SKUA-05)总抗坏血酸、还原性谷胱甘肽、脯氨酸和蛋白质含量的影响。15日龄植株处理不同浓度的NaCl(0、50和100 mM)。分别于治疗后第1、3、5天进行观察。对不同盐浓度的反应存在显著的基因型变异。耐盐基因型的总抗坏血酸、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、脯氨酸和蛋白质含量随盐浓度的增加而增加;而在盐敏感基因型中,除脯氨酸外,所有这些参数在高盐条件下均显著降低,与对照相比没有变化。耐盐性的提高可归因于非酶抗氧化剂、脯氨酸和蛋白质含量的增加。
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引用次数: 5
Effects of Rhizobium Inoculation on in vitro Germination and in vivo Nodulation and Early Plant Growth in Black gram and Green gram 接种根瘤菌对黑革和绿革离体萌发和体内结瘤及植株早期生长的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/J.2231-1750.4.1.006
N. Lal, Z. Khan
Experiments were conducted on black gram and green gram to evaluate the effects of rhizobium inoculation on some germination parameters and early plant growth. In vitro germination data showed that inoculation with rhizobium accelerated the germination velocity during first five days and caused subsequent improvement in root and shoot length and biomass. Rhizobium inoculation drastically enhanced the mobilization efficiency which resulted in vigourous seedlings. In vivo studies on nodulation and plant growth showed nodulation in untreated and inoculated seed-derived plants both; however, the later had significantly high values for plant height and biomass, and nodule number and biomass in both the crops. Physiological improvement of germination and early plant growth due to rhizobia inoculation points towards their role not only as nitrogen fixer but also as growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria.
以黑革和绿革为试验材料,研究了接种根瘤菌对发芽参数和植株早期生长的影响。体外萌发数据表明,接种根瘤菌可加快前5天的萌发速度,并可提高根、茎长和生物量。接种根瘤菌可显著提高根瘤菌的动员效率,使幼苗茁壮成长。在体内对结瘤和植物生长的研究表明,未经处理和接种的种子源植物都有结瘤;而后者的株高、生物量、根瘤数和生物量均显著高于后者。根瘤菌接种对植物萌发和早期生长的生理改善表明,根瘤菌不仅具有固氮剂的作用,还具有促进根际细菌生长的作用。
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引用次数: 2
Study of Growth Performance of Chickpea in Agricultural Soil of Katsina, Nigeria 鹰嘴豆在尼日利亚卡齐纳农业土壤中的生长性能研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/2231-1750.2014.00007.9
Im Rukayya, A. Khan, Zd Umar, A. Bashir
The plant growth performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in agricultural soil of Katsina state amended with different levels of farmyard manure (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%) was studied. The plant growth performance in terms of length of shoot and root, fresh weight of shoot and root, dry weight of shoot and root, leaf number and branch number was increased significantly up to 50%, and then decreased gradually in the rest of levels. The highest growth was observed at 50% (root length = 26.0 cm, shoot length = 15.0 cm, root fresh wt. = 2.87 g, shoot fresh wt. = 4.89 g, root dry wt. = 0.60 g, shoot dry wt. = 0.92 g, number of leaves = 153, number of branch = 19 and number of nodules = 00) farmyard manure level. The lowest growth performance was observed in control (root length = 10.0 cm, shoot length = 6.2 cm, root fresh weight = 1.04 g, shoot fresh weight = 1.89 g, root dry weight = 0.15 g, shoot dry weight 0.19 g, number of leaf = 20, number of branch = 4 and number of nodules = 00).
研究了不同农家肥处理水平(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%和100%)对卡齐纳州农业土壤鹰嘴豆(Cicer arietinum L.)植株生长性能的影响。地上部和根长、地上部和根鲜重、地上部和根干重、叶数和分枝数的生长性能在不同水平上均显著提高,最高可达50%,其余水平上则逐渐降低。在50%农家肥水平(根长26.0 cm,新梢长15.0 cm,根鲜重2.87 g,新梢鲜重4.89 g,根干重0.60 g,新梢干重0.92 g,叶数153个,分枝数19个,根瘤数00个)生长最快。对照(根长10.0 cm,地上部长6.2 cm,根鲜重1.04 g,地上部鲜重1.89 g,根干重0.15 g,地上部干重0.19 g,叶数20个,分枝数4个,根瘤数00个)生长性能最低。
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引用次数: 0
Green Tea [Camellia sinensis]: A Gateway to Health and Longevity 绿茶[茶树]:健康长寿的门户
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/J.2231-1742.1.1.003
K. Chauhan, Sheel Sharma, Neelam Chauturvedi, B. Chauhan
Tea is the most consumed drink in the world after water. Since ancient times, traditional Chinese medicine considers green tea as a healthful beverage. Green tea a ‘non-fermented’ product contains high level of catechins. Catechins have been found to be strong antioxidants both in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition an adequate presence of minerals and vitamins gives a further philip to the antioxidant potential of green tea. Recent human and animal studies suggest that green tea may contribute to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and some forms of cancer, besides contributing towards the promotion of oral health and other physiological functions such as anti-hypertensive effect, body weight control, antibacterial and antiviral activity, solar ultraviolet protection, bone mineral density promotion, antifibrotic and neuroprotective effects. Increasing interest in its health benefits has led to the inclusion of green tea in the group of beverages with functional properties. Though research evidence on green tea is very promising, future studies are necessary to fully understand its contributions to human health, so as to make advice for its regular consumption in the diets based on firm grounds.
茶是世界上仅次于水的消费最多的饮料。自古以来,中医就认为绿茶是一种有益健康的饮料。绿茶是一种“非发酵”产品,含有高水平的儿茶素。儿茶素在体外和体内研究中都被发现是强抗氧化剂。此外,绿茶中充足的矿物质和维生素进一步发挥了绿茶的抗氧化作用。最近的人体和动物研究表明,绿茶可能有助于降低心血管疾病和某些癌症的风险,此外还有助于促进口腔健康和其他生理功能,如抗高血压作用、控制体重、抗菌和抗病毒活性、太阳紫外线防护、促进骨矿物质密度、抗纤维化和神经保护作用。人们对绿茶的健康益处越来越感兴趣,这使得绿茶被列入具有功能特性的饮料组。虽然关于绿茶的研究证据非常有希望,但未来的研究需要充分了解它对人类健康的贡献,以便根据坚实的基础提出在饮食中经常食用绿茶的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Alleviation of Zinc Toxicity Consequences on Trigonella foenum-graecum Seedlings using Ammonium Sulphate 硫酸铵缓解三角藤幼苗锌毒性的研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/2231-1750.2015.00003.7
D. Radwan, A. Gaafar
Although zinc (Zn) is an essential element required for normal growth, excessive amounts may be toxic for plants. This study highlighted the negative impact of Zn toxicity on the growth of Trigonella foenum-graecum and the role of ammonium sulphate (AMS) to ameliorate the induced oxidative stress. Growth parameters of seedlings as well as mitotic behaviour of root tip cells were monitored. Under Zn stress, a remarkable growth suppression of seedlings including low rate of germination, reduced root lengths, decreased fresh and dry matters were recorded. At the same time, high protein contents, high malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 levels and induced peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were recorded in Zn-stressed seedlings. Meanwhile, the seedlings treated with AMS and Zn/AMS were more or less similar to the control treatment. On the other side, the mitotic index (MI) of Zn-treated root tip cells showed significantly lowered values. The microscopic studies of Zn-stressed root tip cells showed several kinds of aberrations including sticky and lagging, fragmentation, multipolarity and formation of single and multi-chromatid bridges, which affected negatively on mitotic behaviour of root tip cells and overall growth of roots. These mitotic abnormalities were not detected in root tip cells treated with AMS and Zn/AMS. This study indicated that growth retardation and mitotic abnormalities of fenugreek resulted from Zn stress can be ameliorated by the application of AMS. AMS could work against Zn toxicity through supplying the plants with ammonium required for protein synthesis working in Zn detoxification.
虽然锌(Zn)是正常生长所必需的元素,但过量可能对植物有毒。本研究重点研究了锌毒性对青翠Trigonella foenum-graecum生长的负面影响以及硫酸铵(AMS)对氧化应激的改善作用。监测幼苗的生长参数和根尖细胞的有丝分裂行为。锌胁迫下幼苗生长受到明显抑制,包括发芽率低、根长缩短、鲜干物质减少。同时,锌胁迫幼苗的蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量以及诱导过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均较高。同时,AMS和Zn/AMS处理的幼苗与对照处理基本相似。另一方面,锌处理的根尖细胞有丝分裂指数(MI)显著降低。对锌胁迫下的根尖细胞进行显微观察发现,锌胁迫下的根尖细胞出现粘滞、断裂、多极化、单染色单体桥和多染色单体桥的形成等多种畸变,对根尖细胞的有丝分裂行为和根的整体生长产生不利影响。在AMS和Zn/AMS处理的根尖细胞中没有发现这些有丝分裂异常。本研究表明,施用AMS可以改善锌胁迫导致的胡芦巴生长迟缓和有丝分裂异常。AMS可以通过为植物提供锌解毒蛋白质合成所需的铵来对抗锌毒性。
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引用次数: 0
Improved Growth of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. with Potassium Supplementation Involves Physiological and Biochemical Implications 补钾促进青黄沟三角蜂生长的生理生化意义
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/2231-1750.2016.00014.7
M. Shrivastava, M. A. Ahanger, R. Agarwal
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引用次数: 1
A Review on Physical-Biochemical Characterization and Breeding Aspects of the Mango Peel 芒果皮理化特性及选育研究进展
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5958/2231-1750.2020.00003.7
Karanjalker Gourish Ranganath
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Functional and Environmental Botany
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