TSitologiia i genetika最新文献

Development of RNAi-based therapeutics is a fast growing field of pharmaceutical industry. Using plants for production of pharmaceutically valuable siRNAs may have significant advantages of cost-effectiveness, scalability and low risk of contamination with human pathogens. If edible plant species are genetically engineered to synthesize siRNAs, the costly stage of target product purification may be omitted. We describe the establishment of transgenic lettuce plants producing shRNA targeting delta isoform of protein kinase C (PKC-delta), an effective target for RNAi-based treatment of arterial hypertension. Transgenic lettuce plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with genetic constructs harboring antiPKC and scrambled (control) shRNA genes. The presence of transgenes was proved by PCR analysis, and the accumulation of antiPKC shRNA was estimated using RT-qPCR technique. Six transgenic lettuce lines showed varying levels of antiPKC shRNA expression with the highest value reaching 14 ± 9 % of highly abundant endogenous lettuce micro RNA (miR156a), or 12.7 fmol/g dry weight. Plants carrying either antiPKC or scrambled shRNA genes flowered normally, but did not produce seeds. The described transgenic lettuce plants accumulating antiPKC siRNA are the subject for animal testing and can be considered as a raw material for the development of novel antihypertensive drugs.

Nuruozak (Salvia leriifolia Benth), is a perennial herbaceous plant that is endemic to Iran and has recently been introduced as a medicinal plant. Artificial polyploidy is an efficient method to increase the production of secondary metabolites and can result in a whole spectrum of genetic, molecular and physiological modifications. In order to produce an autotetraploid population of nuruozak, various concentrations of colchicine (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 or 0.50 % w/v) were applied to the seeds and shoot apical meristems of young seedlings at the fourth leaf-stage. Microscopic studies, flow cytometry analysis and chromosome counting were conducted to select tetraploid nuruozak plants. Furthermore, the effects of ploidy level on the essential oil content and composition and biomass production of nuruozak plants, as well as selected structural and physiological characteristics were studied. Based on the number of the obtained tetraploids, treatment of shoot apical meristems was more efficient than seed treatment. Structural and phytochemical characteristics, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were affected by the increase in ploidy level. In addition to the higher potential in biomass production, tetraploid plants produced eight new compounds which were absent in diploids.

The results of study interaction of genes CTR1, ALF3 and NPH4, IAR2 inheritance attributes of the root system Arabidopsis. It is set that there is a recession epistasis in the second generation of crossing of plants mutant lines ctr1-1 × alf3-1 (alf3-1 alf3-1 > CTR1_). At crossing of plants mutant lines nph4-1 × iar2-1 there is polymeric co-operation of genes NPH4 and IAR2 in the generation of F2.

Formaldehyde (FA) interacts with biological molecules such as DNA and it induces DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs), oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), methylation, chromosomal damage, fragmentation, and adducts of DNA, which are considered the most important genotoxic effects caused by exposure to FA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the percentage of DNA fragmentation on lymphocytes and spermatozoa from Wistar rats exposed to different doses of FA. The results about the percentage of fragmentation of DNA in lymphocytes and spermatozoa, were statistical different from controlled group versus treated groups respectively to (p < 0.05). Pathological changes were observed in the seminiferous tubules, especially in rats exposed to 30 mg/kg of FA. This study provided additional evidence supporting that FA induces DNA strand breaks in both cells and therefore genotoxic damage in Wistar rats.

The transcriptomes from different organs and tissues of western poplar, eucalyptus, soybean and common bean were studied. The expression level of cellulose synthase genes was notably different in different types of tissues and organs in studied plants. For common bean and eucalyptus transcriptome the domination of certain cellulose synthase genes was typical. These prevailing genes made up more than 50 % of the total expression pull of cellulose synthases. On the contrary, cellulose synthase expression pulls of wes-tern poplar and soybean were distributed between multiple genes. The different expression strategies of CesA-genes may reflect a phylogenetic processes that occurred in genomes studied.

ISSR-PCR markers were used to assess genetic diversity and to elucidate relatedness among 21 Ukrainian and 3 West European sweet cherry varieties, which are widely cultivated in Ukraine. The discriminatory potential was tested for 11 ISSR-PCR primers, which produced 193 amplicons. UBC 835, 836, 841 and 881 were identified as the best primers suitable for routine application. The studied cultivars appear to be genetically highly heterogenic and can be divided in two main groups. The first one includes closely related cultivars obtained by hybridization of Drogan’s Yellow (Drogans gelbe Knorpelkirsche), Valerii Chkalov and some other forms. The second group comprises less similar cultivars derived from several West-European and unknown ancestors. Origin of several Ukrainian cultivars is discussed.

Results of fluorescence microscopic research and quantitative luminescent analysis of pathogen induced callose accumulation in winter wheat seedlings of two cultivars different in resistance to eye spot causal agent are presented. Higher content of constitutive callose in intact seedlings of unsusceptible cultivar at the initial stages of vegetation was determined. It correlates with resistance of this cultivar to the eye spot causal agent. The increased pathogen induced accumulation of callose in seedlings of susceptible cultivar is revealed, but didn’t influence it protection against pathogen.

The degree of dominance and the coefficient of heritability have been investigated as indicators of the allelic interaction at loci Rht8 and Rht-B1, which is characterized by the partial, complete or over dominance of greater plant height and by the low or medium heritability. Alleles with a weaker or without direct negative effect dominate under alleles reducing the plant height stronger. The impact of weather conditions on a change of the dominance is discussed. The line Kooperatorka has an additional allele (alleles), causing the greater heights of plants, with partially recessive mode of inheritance. An unidentified half-dominant dwarfing gene (genes) is present in a genotype of the line Odeska 3. The presence of a heterosis, caused by heterozygosity for genes, which are not critical in our research, distorts the evaluation of the allelic relationship characteristics studied.

In the last 60 years dramatically increased the content of nitrates in groundwater due to intensive use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture. Research in post-Chernobyl period has shown that a sharp increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer depends not only on the level of thyroid dose, but also on the level of nitrates in groundwater.

Thirty years after the Chernobyl explosion we still lack information regarding the genetic effects of radionuclide contamination on the plant population. For example, are plants adapting to the low dose of chronic ionising irradiation and showing improved resistance to radiation damage? Are they coping with changing/increased pathogenicity of fungi and viruses in the Chernobyl exclusion zone? Are plant populations rapidly accumulating mutational load and should we expect rapid microevolutionary changes in plants in the Chernobyl area? This review will try to summarise the current knowledge on these aspects of plant genetics and ecology and draw conclusions on the importance of further studies in the area around Chernobyl.