Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614655
R. Capello, C. Lenzi
Assessment exercises of research, technological development and innovation measures within the cohesion policy framework do not provide up to now consistent results. Our impression is that the lack of consistency depends on the fact that assessment exercises are developed with no reference to the regional context in which research, technological development and innovation funds are spent. The present paper tries to overcome this gap by providing an assessment of the relevance and utility of research, technological development and innovation which takes into consideration alternative regional innovation contexts. Results indicate that research, technological development and innovation funds are in general relevant to increase innovation. However, our findings warn on the utility of research, technological development and innovation initiatives for socio-economic growth in regions lacking internal scientific research and technological activities. Interesting policy suggestions emerge which go in line with what has been conceptualized in the debate about the regional innovation smart specialization strategy.
{"title":"Relevance and utility of European Union research, technological development and innovation policies for a smart growth","authors":"R. Capello, C. Lenzi","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614655","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment exercises of research, technological development and innovation measures within the cohesion policy framework do not provide up to now consistent results. Our impression is that the lack of consistency depends on the fact that assessment exercises are developed with no reference to the regional context in which research, technological development and innovation funds are spent. The present paper tries to overcome this gap by providing an assessment of the relevance and utility of research, technological development and innovation which takes into consideration alternative regional innovation contexts. Results indicate that research, technological development and innovation funds are in general relevant to increase innovation. However, our findings warn on the utility of research, technological development and innovation initiatives for socio-economic growth in regions lacking internal scientific research and technological activities. Interesting policy suggestions emerge which go in line with what has been conceptualized in the debate about the regional innovation smart specialization strategy.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115418275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614691
N. Makarem
Social capital is widely recognized as an important aspect of regional economies, and social networks in particular have recently been the focus of research in economic sociology and economic geography. Building on this body of work, this research explores the role of social networks in the divergent economic fortunes of two highly advance Californian metropolitan regions over the past three decades, Los Angeles and the Bay Area. Proxies for the two regions' industrial social structures are constructed and analysed at three cross sections over the divergence period: 1982, 1995 and 2010. Network analysis shows that the Bay Area's industrial social structure maintains a high level of connectivity, bridging relations across industrial boundaries, and by 2010 has a highly connected and central business-civic organization, the Bay Area Council. The LA region's social structure, on the other hand, fragments substantially over the period.
{"title":"Social networks and regional economic development: the Los Angeles and Bay Area metropolitan regions, 1980–2010","authors":"N. Makarem","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614691","url":null,"abstract":"Social capital is widely recognized as an important aspect of regional economies, and social networks in particular have recently been the focus of research in economic sociology and economic geography. Building on this body of work, this research explores the role of social networks in the divergent economic fortunes of two highly advance Californian metropolitan regions over the past three decades, Los Angeles and the Bay Area. Proxies for the two regions' industrial social structures are constructed and analysed at three cross sections over the divergence period: 1982, 1995 and 2010. Network analysis shows that the Bay Area's industrial social structure maintains a high level of connectivity, bridging relations across industrial boundaries, and by 2010 has a highly connected and central business-civic organization, the Bay Area Council. The LA region's social structure, on the other hand, fragments substantially over the period.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125283920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614755
A. Faggian, J. Corcoran, Francisco Rowe
High-skilled migration across international borders is becoming increasingly important in policy and academic debates. In Australia, the recognition of the importance of attracting and retaining highly skilled individuals has stimulated fundamental shifts in immigration policies. This paper explores the impacts of one of these policy shifts in focusing on the introduction of a graduate visa scheme. The scheme was introduced in Australia for the first time in September 2007 offering international graduates from Australian universities 18 months of working rights post-graduation. Since the implementation of this visa scheme there has been a sharp increase in the number of overseas graduates staying in Australia. However, no research has been carried out that investigates the working conditions and interregional migration patterns of these graduates remaining in Australia under this temporary 18 months visa. Through the exploration of individual survey data describing the 2005 and 2008 cohorts of graduates representing the ‘before’ and ‘after’ the graduate visa scheme introduction this paper explores the impact of the visa scheme through analysing and comparing the working conditions and migration patterns of two cohorts of graduates. Findings suggest that although the introduction of the graduate visa scheme attracted more international students/graduates into the country, our analysis highlighted that the average working conditions of the international graduates who decided to remain in Australia worsened. Comparing these results with their domestic (Australian) graduate counterparts revealed that this was not due to the overall state of the Australian economy over the period under consideration.
{"title":"Evaluating the effects of Australian policy changes on human capital: the role of a graduate visa scheme","authors":"A. Faggian, J. Corcoran, Francisco Rowe","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614755","url":null,"abstract":"High-skilled migration across international borders is becoming increasingly important in policy and academic debates. In Australia, the recognition of the importance of attracting and retaining highly skilled individuals has stimulated fundamental shifts in immigration policies. This paper explores the impacts of one of these policy shifts in focusing on the introduction of a graduate visa scheme. The scheme was introduced in Australia for the first time in September 2007 offering international graduates from Australian universities 18 months of working rights post-graduation. Since the implementation of this visa scheme there has been a sharp increase in the number of overseas graduates staying in Australia. However, no research has been carried out that investigates the working conditions and interregional migration patterns of these graduates remaining in Australia under this temporary 18 months visa. Through the exploration of individual survey data describing the 2005 and 2008 cohorts of graduates representing the ‘before’ and ‘after’ the graduate visa scheme introduction this paper explores the impact of the visa scheme through analysing and comparing the working conditions and migration patterns of two cohorts of graduates. Findings suggest that although the introduction of the graduate visa scheme attracted more international students/graduates into the country, our analysis highlighted that the average working conditions of the international graduates who decided to remain in Australia worsened. Comparing these results with their domestic (Australian) graduate counterparts revealed that this was not due to the overall state of the Australian economy over the period under consideration.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121043597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614694
Markus Grillitsch
Smart specialisation features prominently in the European regional policy context. This paper discusses how the configuration of the regional institutional framework affects smart specialisation dynamics and policy. It elaborates why and how institutional diversity and integration promote entrepreneurial discovery processes, spillovers and agglomeration effects, and thereby structural change in regions. Policy challenges arising from the regional institutional framework are identified, discussed and related to well-researched system failures of regional innovation systems.
{"title":"Institutions, smart specialisation dynamics and policy","authors":"Markus Grillitsch","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614694","url":null,"abstract":"Smart specialisation features prominently in the European regional policy context. This paper discusses how the configuration of the regional institutional framework affects smart specialisation dynamics and policy. It elaborates why and how institutional diversity and integration promote entrepreneurial discovery processes, spillovers and agglomeration effects, and thereby structural change in regions. Policy challenges arising from the regional institutional framework are identified, discussed and related to well-researched system failures of regional innovation systems.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133576650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614471
R. Capello, Andrea Caragliu, U. Fratesi
Although the crisis is a world phenomenon, its impact is not at all spatially invariant. The aim of the article is to analyse the spatial effects of the crisis, doing so through a scenario-building exercise in which policies are kept constant, and economic growth is mainly driven by macroeconomic and supply side trends on the assumption that the crisis will end in 2015. The final goal is to raise awareness of policy makers on the costs of the present economic crisis and on their spatial impacts, so as to direct growth policies towards more targeted interventions. Our results show that the crisis produces structural breaks in local economy growth patterns; after years of convergence, regional disparities will rise due to an increase in intra-regional disparities, only partially limited by international convergence, strongly reduced in the years of crisis. The scenario is developed thanks to the MASST3 model, a regional growth forecasting model recently updated and enlarged to be able to forecast the impact of the crisis.
{"title":"The costs of the economic crisis: which scenario for the European regions?","authors":"R. Capello, Andrea Caragliu, U. Fratesi","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614471","url":null,"abstract":"Although the crisis is a world phenomenon, its impact is not at all spatially invariant. The aim of the article is to analyse the spatial effects of the crisis, doing so through a scenario-building exercise in which policies are kept constant, and economic growth is mainly driven by macroeconomic and supply side trends on the assumption that the crisis will end in 2015. The final goal is to raise awareness of policy makers on the costs of the present economic crisis and on their spatial impacts, so as to direct growth policies towards more targeted interventions. Our results show that the crisis produces structural breaks in local economy growth patterns; after years of convergence, regional disparities will rise due to an increase in intra-regional disparities, only partially limited by international convergence, strongly reduced in the years of crisis. The scenario is developed thanks to the MASST3 model, a regional growth forecasting model recently updated and enlarged to be able to forecast the impact of the crisis.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133904300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614708
Miguel Atienza, P. Aroca, R. Stimson, R. Stough
In regions whose industrial structure is organized around one or more large firm corporations, the best practices of small and medium enterprises depend on where firms are located in the supply chain. This paper studies 351 small and medium enterprises in the Antofagasta Region in Chile between 2007 and 2008, where multinational and public mining companies are the drivers of the local economy and the government is promoting the formation of a mining cluster. Structural equation model is used to show that first-tier small and medium enterprise mining suppliers, directly related to large corporations, follow business practices that promote international certification, quality control, and investment in innovation, while in contrast second-tier small and medium enterprises are more focused on avoiding insolvency and client orientation. These results cast doubt on the formation of a mining cluster in the region and suggest the need for differentiated policies in these two groups of small and medium enterprises, especially those related to knowledge transfer.
{"title":"Are vertical linkages promoting the creation of a mining cluster in Chile? An analysis of the SMEs' practices along the supply chain","authors":"Miguel Atienza, P. Aroca, R. Stimson, R. Stough","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614708","url":null,"abstract":"In regions whose industrial structure is organized around one or more large firm corporations, the best practices of small and medium enterprises depend on where firms are located in the supply chain. This paper studies 351 small and medium enterprises in the Antofagasta Region in Chile between 2007 and 2008, where multinational and public mining companies are the drivers of the local economy and the government is promoting the formation of a mining cluster. Structural equation model is used to show that first-tier small and medium enterprise mining suppliers, directly related to large corporations, follow business practices that promote international certification, quality control, and investment in innovation, while in contrast second-tier small and medium enterprises are more focused on avoiding insolvency and client orientation. These results cast doubt on the formation of a mining cluster in the region and suggest the need for differentiated policies in these two groups of small and medium enterprises, especially those related to knowledge transfer.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130796742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614720
E. Leeuwen, Y. Ishikawa, P. Nijkamp
This article addresses the differentiated impacts of various sectors and branches in a multi-layer spatial system. The key question is whether in an interdependent spatial system – comprising a local, regional and national component – one or more core industries or sectors can be identified that may act as strategic handles for long-range sustainable development of a local economy. As a case study, the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland is used. In this area, policy makers – at different administrative levels – strongly emphasize the need for new sustainable economic development. We use a novel combination of stakeholder analysis (with household questionnaires) and multi-level interregional input–output analysis to identify which critical local key sectors are acting as carriers for local sustainability. The methodological vehicle employed in our study is based on microsimulation, as a tool to cope with limited data availability. This paper demonstrates how, even for small areas such as the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland, survey information combined with secondary data and existing input–output tables can be integrated into a useful policy toolbox for local sustainable development in a broader regional-national context.
{"title":"Microsimulation and interregional input–output modelling as tools for multi-level policy analysis","authors":"E. Leeuwen, Y. Ishikawa, P. Nijkamp","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614720","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the differentiated impacts of various sectors and branches in a multi-layer spatial system. The key question is whether in an interdependent spatial system – comprising a local, regional and national component – one or more core industries or sectors can be identified that may act as strategic handles for long-range sustainable development of a local economy. As a case study, the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland is used. In this area, policy makers – at different administrative levels – strongly emphasize the need for new sustainable economic development. We use a novel combination of stakeholder analysis (with household questionnaires) and multi-level interregional input–output analysis to identify which critical local key sectors are acting as carriers for local sustainability. The methodological vehicle employed in our study is based on microsimulation, as a tool to cope with limited data availability. This paper demonstrates how, even for small areas such as the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland, survey information combined with secondary data and existing input–output tables can be integrated into a useful policy toolbox for local sustainable development in a broader regional-national context.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132964671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0263774X15614653
M. Feldman, T. Hadjimichael, Lauren Lanahan, T. Kemeny
Despite significant public resources devoted to promoting innovation and entrepreneurship, there is little agreement about how to measure outcomes toward achieving the larger objectives of economic development. This paper starts by defining economic development and then considers the role of government, arguing that public policy should focus on building capacities that are beyond the ability of the market to provide. This shifts the debate toward a neutral role of government as a builder of capacities that enable economic agents, individuals, firms, or communities to realize their potential.
{"title":"The logic of economic development: a definition and model for investment","authors":"M. Feldman, T. Hadjimichael, Lauren Lanahan, T. Kemeny","doi":"10.1177/0263774X15614653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614653","url":null,"abstract":"Despite significant public resources devoted to promoting innovation and entrepreneurship, there is little agreement about how to measure outcomes toward achieving the larger objectives of economic development. This paper starts by defining economic development and then considers the role of government, arguing that public policy should focus on building capacities that are beyond the ability of the market to provide. This shifts the debate toward a neutral role of government as a builder of capacities that enable economic agents, individuals, firms, or communities to realize their potential.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128769335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.1177/0263774X16628181
Norin Arshed, C. Mason, S. Carter
Previous studies have acknowledged the ineffectiveness of enterprise policy. However, the reasons for its ineffectiveness remain a matter for debate. This study examines the extent to which the ineffectiveness of enterprise policy can be attributed to the way it has been implemented. Interviews with central government policy-makers, Regional Development Agency staff and business development managers in local enterprise agencies during the Labour administration (2007–2010) revealed that the implementation process of enterprise policy initiatives is complex and confusing, with fragmented relationships between the actors involved. The abundance of enterprise policy initiatives being delivered at the time, the absence of clearly defined objectives, the limited emphasis on the delivery of business support and the lack of measurement and evaluation combined to create an unnecessarily complicated process of enterprise policy implementation which, in turn, reduced its effectiveness.
{"title":"Exploring the disconnect in policy implementation: A case of enterprise policy in England","authors":"Norin Arshed, C. Mason, S. Carter","doi":"10.1177/0263774X16628181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X16628181","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have acknowledged the ineffectiveness of enterprise policy. However, the reasons for its ineffectiveness remain a matter for debate. This study examines the extent to which the ineffectiveness of enterprise policy can be attributed to the way it has been implemented. Interviews with central government policy-makers, Regional Development Agency staff and business development managers in local enterprise agencies during the Labour administration (2007–2010) revealed that the implementation process of enterprise policy initiatives is complex and confusing, with fragmented relationships between the actors involved. The abundance of enterprise policy initiatives being delivered at the time, the absence of clearly defined objectives, the limited emphasis on the delivery of business support and the lack of measurement and evaluation combined to create an unnecessarily complicated process of enterprise policy implementation which, in turn, reduced its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131803904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.1177/0263774X16628180
A. Ascani, R. Crescenzi, S. Iammarino
This article aims to investigate the economic integration between the European Union and its neighbouring countries by exploring the location drivers of Italian Multinational Enterprises in 33 destination countries including the New Member States of the European Union and the European Neighbouring Countries. The article compares market- and efficiency-seeking motivations with asset-seeking strategies. The analysis is based on a mixed-methods approach. The quantitative analysis assesses the location determinants of 518 Italian Multinational Enterprises that invested in the area in the years 2003–2008, whereas qualitative information on strategic location decisions is collected by means of in-depth interviews with executives in two of the largest Italian Multinational Enterprises active in the region. Market-seeking considerations are still predominant drivers of location decisions in European Union Neighbouring Countries together with resource-seeking motivations. However, different Multinational Enterprises develop diversified strategies to increase their access to these areas, which are of increasing interest for global investors.
{"title":"What drives European multinationals to the European Union neighbouring countries? A mixed-methods analysis of Italian investment strategies","authors":"A. Ascani, R. Crescenzi, S. Iammarino","doi":"10.1177/0263774X16628180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X16628180","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to investigate the economic integration between the European Union and its neighbouring countries by exploring the location drivers of Italian Multinational Enterprises in 33 destination countries including the New Member States of the European Union and the European Neighbouring Countries. The article compares market- and efficiency-seeking motivations with asset-seeking strategies. The analysis is based on a mixed-methods approach. The quantitative analysis assesses the location determinants of 518 Italian Multinational Enterprises that invested in the area in the years 2003–2008, whereas qualitative information on strategic location decisions is collected by means of in-depth interviews with executives in two of the largest Italian Multinational Enterprises active in the region. Market-seeking considerations are still predominant drivers of location decisions in European Union Neighbouring Countries together with resource-seeking motivations. However, different Multinational Enterprises develop diversified strategies to increase their access to these areas, which are of increasing interest for global investors.","PeriodicalId":232420,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128010834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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