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Ageratum houstonianum toxicosis in zebu cattle. zebu牛的灰斑枯病菌中毒。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
Mario Noa, Luz María Sánchez, Reina Durand

Ageratum houstonianum (Ageratum, flossflower, blue billygoat weed) is an annual plant that tends to become a pest in gardens and pastures. Clinical signs for A. houstonianum toxicosis in cattle are characterized by either an acute hemorrhagic course or sub-acute photodynamic dermatitis. The toxicosis has often been associated with Holstein-Friesian or crossbreed Holstein cattle less resistant to tropical climate conditions. During a recent especially dry spring about 40 adult Zebu cattle were found dead, while another 40/800 animals were sacrificed. The animals had been relocated to the problem area about 4 mo before, where due to the prolonged drought, A. houstonianum was almost exclusively the only pasture available. The intoxicated cattle did not show the characteristic toxic dermatitis reported for A. houstonianum acute toxicosis; but post-mortem examination revealed bloody serous fluid in coccyx-femoral joints and hemorrhages in the large muscle tissues, while liver, kidney and heart also had hemorrhages. To confirm the toxic plant as cause of the toxicosis, phytochemical Qualitative screening and a novel thin-layer chromatographic characterization of plant extracts were done. The chromatographic profiles of coumarin compounds, alkaloids and triterpens in ruminal and intestinal contents were similar to those obtained from A. houstonianum plants from the same area, confirming ingestion of A. houstonianum as cause of the toxicosis. The coincidence of adverse nutritional conditions together with the cattle's ignorance of the grazing area predisposed the plant toxicosis.

Ageratum houstonianum (Ageratum, flossflower, blue billygoat weed)是一种一年生植物,容易成为花园和牧场的害虫。临床症状的牛休斯敦假单胞杆菌中毒的特点是急性出血过程或亚急性光动力皮炎。中毒通常与对热带气候条件抵抗力较差的荷斯泰因-弗里西亚或杂交荷斯泰因牛有关。在最近一个特别干燥的春天,大约有40头成年泽布牛被发现死亡,另有40/800头牛被宰杀。大约4个月前,这些动物被重新安置到问题地区,由于长期干旱,那里几乎是唯一可用的牧场。中毒的牛没有表现出休斯顿假单胞杆菌急性中毒的特征性中毒性皮炎;但尸检发现尾骨-股关节有血性浆液,大肌肉组织有出血,肝脏、肾脏和心脏也有出血。为了确定有毒植物是中毒的原因,进行了植物化学定性筛选和植物提取物薄层色谱表征。瘤胃和肠道内容物中香豆素化合物、生物碱和三萜素的色谱图谱与同一地区的胡芦巴植物相似,证实了摄入胡芦巴是中毒的原因。不利的营养条件加上牛对放牧地区的无知,使植物中毒成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the effect of a public educator on calls and poisonings reported to a regional poison center. 评估一名公共教育工作者对向地区中毒中心报告的电话和中毒事件的影响。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
Henry A Spiller, James B Mowry

There are few studies that use measurable outcomes to gauge the effect of a public educator on the mission of the poison center. Human exposures, penetrance and total call volume from 2 regional poison centers for 7y (1996-2002) were evaluated. In poison center 1 a dedicated educator was employed for the final 4y of data (1999-2002). Poison center 2 data acted as a control with no dedicated educator for the 7-y period. The 2 centers were comparable in a number of ways: similar demographic rural and urban populations; similar geographic and economic region; and served the entire state. Human exposures in poison center 1 increased 4.3 % after employment of a dedicated educator, while exposure continued to decline at center 2 (1.7%). A steep decline in penetrance in poison center 1 was reversed after employment of a dedicated educator. Human exposures and penetrance for poison center 2 continued to decline during the study years. Total calls to center 1 increased 13.8% while total calls to center 2 remained flat (0.2%). This is the first study to use measurable outcomes to evaluate the impact of a public educator on the mission of a poison center. The addition of a public educator was associated with a positive impact on human exposures and penetrance reported to a regional poison center.

很少有研究使用可测量的结果来衡量公共教育工作者对中毒中心使命的影响。对1996-2002年7年间2个区域毒物中心的人体暴露、外显率和总呼呼量进行了评估。最后4年(1999-2002年),毒物中心1聘请了一位专门的教育工作者。毒物中心2号数据作为对照,在7岁期间没有专门的教育工作者。这两个中心在很多方面具有可比性农村和城市人口相似;相似的地理和经济区域;为整个州服务。在雇用了专门的教育工作者后,1号中心的人类暴露量增加了4.3%,而2号中心的暴露量继续下降(1.7%)。在雇佣了一位敬业的教育工作者后,戒毒中心1的出勤率急剧下降的情况得到了扭转。在研究期间,人类暴露量和毒素中心2的外显率持续下降。呼叫中心1的总呼叫增加了13.8%,而呼叫中心2的总呼叫保持不变(0.2%)。这是第一个使用可测量的结果来评估公共教育工作者对中毒中心使命的影响的研究。增加一名公共教育工作者与向区域毒物中心报告的人类暴露和外显率的积极影响有关。
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引用次数: 0
Epidemiology of scorpion envenomations in Texas. 德克萨斯州蝎子中毒的流行病学。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
Mathias B Forrester, Sharilyn K Stanley

About 90 scorpion species occur in the US, and scorpion stings accounted for over 15,600 calls to poison centers in the US in 2002. However, epidemiologic information on scorpion envenomations in the US, and Texas in particular, is limited. This study investigated the relationship between epidemiological factors and the scorpion stings reported to the Texas poison centers. Cases consisted of all human exposure calls of scorpion stings to Texas poison centers during 1998-2003; there were 11,545 total cases. The reported scorpion envenomation penetrance increased during 1998-2002. Among cases with a known patient age, 10.9% were < 6 y of age, 21.7% were age 6-19 y and 67.3% were > 19 y of age. Females accounted for 55.8% of the cases and males for 44.2% of the cases. Scorpion stings were most frequently reported in May and June with envenomation penetrance lowest in northeast Texas and highest in west Texas. The exposure site was the patient's own residence for 93.9% of the cases. The management site was not a health care facility for 95.8% of cases, and there were minor effects in 88.4% of cases with a known clinical outcome.

在美国大约有90种蝎子,在2002年,美国中毒中心接到了超过15600个蝎子蜇伤的电话。然而,在美国,尤其是德克萨斯州,关于蝎子中毒的流行病学信息是有限的。本研究调查了流行病学因素与得克萨斯中毒中心报告的蝎子蜇伤的关系。病例包括1998-2003年期间所有人类接触蝎子蜇伤的呼叫;共11545例。在1998-2002年期间,报告的蝎子中毒外显率有所增加。在已知患者年龄的病例中,10.9%的患者年龄小于6岁,21.7%的患者年龄为6-19岁,67.3%的患者年龄> 19岁。女性占55.8%,男性占44.2%。5月和6月是报告蝎子蜇伤最频繁的季节,毒外显率在德州东北部最低,在德州西部最高。93.9%的病例暴露地点为患者自己的住所。95.8%的病例的管理地点不是卫生保健机构,88.4%的已知临床结果的病例有轻微影响。
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引用次数: 0
5-fluorouracil toxicity with severe bone marrow suppression in a dog. 5-氟尿嘧啶毒性伴犬严重骨髓抑制。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
Michael M Fry, Marnin A Forman

This report describes 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) toxicity in a dog that resulted in severe bone marrow suppression. The dog initially was presented with neurologic and gastrointestinal signs and developed pancytopenia characterized by severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Examination of bone marrow aspirate showed aplasia. The dog also had marked echinocytosis, which has been previously associated with in vitro 5-FU exposure. The patient was given aggressive supportive care and recovered within 25 d of exposure. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a case of 5-FU toxicity in a dog to include results of bone marrow examination, as well as the first to describe echinocytosis related to 5-FU toxicity.

本报告描述了5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)在狗体内的毒性,导致严重的骨髓抑制。狗最初表现为神经系统和胃肠道症状,并发展为全血细胞减少症,其特征是严重的中性粒细胞减少症和血小板减少症。骨髓穿刺检查显示发育不全。这只狗也有明显的棘细胞增多症,这与体外5-FU暴露有关。患者接受积极的支持性治疗,并在暴露后25天内康复。据作者所知,这是第一个包括骨髓检查结果的犬5-FU毒性病例的报告,也是第一个描述与5-FU毒性相关的棘细胞增多症的报告。
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引用次数: 0
It's been another busy Spring--hasn't it! 这又是一个忙碌的春天——不是吗?
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
William O Robertson
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引用次数: 0
Potential heavy metal exposure from tiger tail cucumber (Holothuria thomas) envenomation. 虎尾黄瓜(Holothuria thomas)中毒的潜在重金属暴露。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
R Robinson, M Nahata, J Mahan, M Casavant
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引用次数: 0
The evolution of safety assessments for veterinary medicinal products in the European Union. 欧盟兽药产品安全评估的演变。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
Kevin Woodward

The contents of the safety section of dossiers supporting marketing authorisation applications for veterinary medicinal products have improved markedly over the last 15-20y. This is particularly true for products intended for use in food producing animals and well exemplified in the European Union. The concept of the acceptable daily intake has been refined and in addition to toxicological safety, pharmacological and microbiological considerations are also now taken into account. All of these factors are built into the approach for the elaboration of maximum residue limits for residues of veterinary drugs in food of animal origin, and the subsequent determination of their withdrawal periods in each species. These developments have been matched by improvements in residues surveillance. More emphasis is now given to the safety of those using veterinary medicinal products, and to possible environmental effects. Consumers, users and the environment are therefore better protected from any potential harmful effects. Both industry and regulatory authorities have invested significant efforts into communicating these developments to the public. However, it is still worthwhile questioning whether more can be done to bring these achievements to a wider public audience, and thus to increase confidence in the safety of veterinary medicines by both consumers and user alike.

过去15-20年间,支持兽药上市许可申请的档案中安全部分的内容有了显著改善。对于用于食品生产动物的产品尤其如此,这在欧盟得到了很好的例证。每日可接受摄入量的概念已经得到完善,除了毒理学安全之外,药理学和微生物学方面的考虑现在也被考虑在内。所有这些因素都被纳入制定动物源性食品中兽药残留最大残留限量的方法,以及随后确定每种兽药的停药期。这些发展与残留物监测的改进相匹配。现在更加强调使用兽药产品的人的安全性以及可能的环境影响。消费者、使用者和环境因此得到更好的保护,免受任何潜在的有害影响。行业和监管机构都投入了大量精力向公众宣传这些发展。然而,是否还可以做更多的工作,将这些成果带给更广泛的公众受众,从而增加消费者和使用者对兽药安全的信心,这仍然值得质疑。
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引用次数: 0
An epidemiological evaluation of 1098 acute poisoning cases from Turkey. 土耳其1098例急性中毒病例的流行病学评价。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
Meltem Akkas, Figen Coskun, Nadir Ulu, Bulent Sivri

This study evaluated the characteristics of orally poisoned patients admitted to our emergency department (ED) between January 1, 1998 and February 28, 2002. This study included 1098 patients. Poisoning cases annualy accounted for 0.5-1.3% of total patient admission during this period. The average age of the patients was 26y old. Poisoning was particulary common in students and housewives. Poisoning cases presented to the ED most commonly between 6 pm and 12 am (38%). More than half of study patients (52%) were admitted to the ED within 2 h of exposure. The incidence of concomitant alcohol intake with another intoxicant was 11%. The ingested drugs were 32% various antidepressants, 23% paracetamol, 20% analgesics (excluding paracetamol and salicylates), 10% antibiotics, 9% benzodiazepines, 7% salicylates and 7% cardiovascular drugs. Most patients received at least 1 of the following treatments: gastric lavage, oral activated charcoal, iv hydration, or diuresis. Thirty-two percent of patients were hospitalized beyond 24 h and 68% of were discharged within 24 h. The mortality rate of the overall cohort was < 1%. Psychiatric consultation was obtained for 55% of patients.

本研究评估1998年1月1日至2002年2月28日在急诊科(ED)收治的口腔中毒患者的特征。本研究纳入1098例患者。在此期间,每年的中毒病例占住院总患者的0.5-1.3%。患者平均年龄26岁。中毒在学生和家庭主妇中尤为常见。到急诊科就诊的中毒病例最常见于下午6点至凌晨12点之间(38%)。超过一半的研究患者(52%)在暴露后2小时内被送入急诊科。同时摄入酒精和其他麻醉剂的发生率为11%。服用的药物为各种抗抑郁药32%、扑热息痛23%、镇痛药(不包括扑热息痛和水杨酸酯)20%、抗生素10%、苯二氮卓类药物9%、水杨酸酯7%和心血管药物7%。大多数患者接受了以下治疗中的至少一种:洗胃、口服活性炭、静脉水化或利尿。32%的患者住院时间超过24小时,68%的患者在24小时内出院。整个队列的死亡率< 1%。55%的患者接受了精神科咨询。
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引用次数: 0
Post-interval syndrome after carbon monoxide poisoning. 一氧化碳中毒后的间隔后综合症。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
Sahin Aslan, Ozgur Karcioglu, Fatih Bilge, Mehmet Meral, Zulal Ozkurt, Mustafa Uzkeser

Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure and toxicity is a potentially lethal disorder with immediate and delayed side effects. A 24-y-old driver was admitted to the University-based emergency department with altered mental status. He was found unconscious in the driver's seat of his vehicle in an indoor garage the morning before. An estimated 7 h later, he was comatose and taken to a nearby village clinic. Oxygen was administered immediately. Later, he was transferred to the university hospital. At the 12th h after exposure, the Glasgow Coma Scale score was 12/15 (E3, M5, V4). Co-oximetry disclosed a carboxyhemoglobin concentration of 10.5%. Normobaric oxygen was administered. He recovered completely the 3rd d after exposure; however, on the 7th d disorientation and agitation was noted, and the interval form of CO poisoning and leukoencephelopaty were suspected, for which he was readmitted the 10th d after exposure. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and blood revealed no abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging on the 11th d after exposure demonstrated an ischemic area in the posterior temporoparietal area. The patient continued improvement to discharge at 7th d of the second admission. Close follow-up should be scheduled for CO-poisoned patients to rule out the post-interval syndrome for at least 1 mo. This should also include those with apparent clinical and laboratory recovery.

一氧化碳(CO)暴露和中毒是一种具有即时和延迟副作用的潜在致命疾病。一名24岁的司机因精神状态异常被送往大学急诊科。前一天早上,他被发现在室内车库的汽车驾驶座上失去知觉。大约7小时后,他处于昏迷状态,被送往附近的乡村诊所。立即给氧。后来,他被转到大学医院。暴露后第12 h,格拉斯哥昏迷评分为12/15 (E3, M5, V4)。共氧测定显示,羧基血红蛋白浓度为10.5%。给予常压氧。暴露后第3天完全康复;但在第7 d发现定向障碍和躁动,怀疑间隔期形式的一氧化碳中毒和脑白质病变,暴露后第10 d再次入院。脑脊液及血液分析未见异常。暴露后第11 d的磁共振成像显示后颞顶区有缺血区。患者病情持续好转至第二次入院第7天出院。对一氧化碳中毒患者应安排密切随访,以排除间隔后综合征至少1个月。这也应包括那些临床和实验室明显恢复的患者。
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引用次数: 0
Toxicological aspects of fire. 火的毒理学方面。
Pub Date : 2004-08-01
M Stefanidou, S Athanaselis

Most fatalities from fires are not due to burns, but are a result of inhalation of toxic gases produced during combustion. Fire produces a complex toxic environment, involving flame, heat, oxygen depletion, smoke and toxic gases. As a wide variety of synthetic materials is used in buildings (insulation, furniture, carpeting, electric wiring covering, decorative items), the potential for poisoning from inhalation of products of combustion is continuously increasing. In the present review, the problems that are present in a fire event, the toxicology of the toxic substances and the specific chemical hazards to firefighters are described. Regulatory toxicology aspects are presented concerning the use of non-flammable building and furnishing materials to prevent fires and decrease of poisonings and deaths resulting from fires.

火灾造成的大多数死亡不是由于烧伤,而是由于吸入燃烧过程中产生的有毒气体。火灾产生复杂的有毒环境,涉及火焰、热量、氧气消耗、烟雾和有毒气体。由于各种各样的合成材料被用于建筑物(绝缘材料、家具、地毯、电线覆盖物、装饰物品),吸入燃烧产物中毒的可能性不断增加。在目前的审查,目前的问题是在火灾事件,有毒物质的毒理学和具体的化学危害消防员进行了描述。介绍了关于使用不可燃建筑和家具材料以防止火灾和减少火灾引起的中毒和死亡的管制毒理学方面的问题。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Veterinary and human toxicology
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