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Cytochrome P450-mediated activation and toxicity of chlorpyrifos in male and female rats. 细胞色素p450介导毒死蜱在雌雄大鼠体内的活化及毒性作用。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
Ramesh R Dalvi, Prasad S Dalvi, Candace Lane

This study compared CYP-mediated activation and toxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in male and female rats, since gender difference in CPF toxicity in rats has been reported. A dose of 50 mg/kg of CPF in corn oil was administered ip to 2 groups of male and female rats while the respective control groups received the vehicle alone. Measurement of cholinesterase activity in brain showed no difference in cholinesterase inhibition between male and female rats 3 h following CPF administration. In contrast, inhibition of plasma cholinesterase was significantly greater in females than males. The activities of microsomal CYP 1A1, 2B1, 2E1 and 3AV 2 determined whether CPF, a suicide substrate of cytochrome P450 enzymes, was metabolized by the liver CYP enzymes. The CYP 1A1 and 2B1 activities were significantly decreased in both male and female rats, with the CYP 1A1 decrease in females markedly greater than that in males. CPF produced a significant inhibition of only CYP 3A1/2 activity, but not CYP 2E1 activity, irrespective of gender effect. These results demonstrated that CYP 1A1, 2B1 and 3A1/2 were differentially involved in the metabolism of CPF to CPF-oxon in both genders and the extent of plasma cholinesterase inhibition was significantly greater in female than male rats.

本研究比较了毒死蜱(CPF)在雄性和雌性大鼠中cypp介导的激活和毒性,因为有报道称CPF在大鼠中的毒性存在性别差异。以玉米油中CPF 50 mg/kg的剂量给药给雄、雌两组大鼠,对照组单独给药。脑内胆碱酯酶活性测定显示,CPF给药3 h后,雄性和雌性大鼠对胆碱酯酶的抑制无差异。相比之下,女性对血浆胆碱酯酶的抑制明显大于男性。微粒体CYP 1A1、2B1、2E1和3AV 2的活性决定了细胞色素P450酶的自杀底物CPF是否被肝脏CYP酶代谢。雌雄大鼠CYP 1A1和2B1活性均显著降低,且雌性大鼠CYP 1A1活性降低幅度明显大于雄性大鼠。CPF仅对CYP 3A1/2活性有显著抑制作用,而对CYP 2E1活性无明显抑制作用。这些结果表明,CYP 1A1、2B1和3A1/2在两性中参与CPF向CPF-oxon的代谢存在差异,雌性大鼠血浆胆碱酯酶抑制程度明显大于雄性大鼠。
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引用次数: 0
Vietnamese centipede envenomation. 越南蜈蚣中毒。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
N C Bouchard, G M Chan, R S Hoffman

The Vietnamese centipede (Scolopendra subspinipes) is one of the largest and most aggressive tropical centipedes. It has become a popular pet among arthropod enthusiasts and the general public. Despite their reputation, few well-documented cases of envenomation are reported in the medical literature. A 53-yo man developed severe pain, swelling and erythema of his left hand and forearm after being bitten on the hand by his pet Vietnamese centipede. The neurological and vascular examination of the arm was normal. He was admitted to the hospital, treated with arm elevation, analgesics and parenteral antibiotics. His symptoms gradually resolved and he was discharged after 4 d with no neurological or cosmetic sequelae.

越南蜈蚣(Scolopendra subspinipes)是最大和最具攻击性的热带蜈蚣之一。它已经成为节肢动物爱好者和普通大众的热门宠物。尽管它们名声在外,但在医学文献中很少有充分记录的中毒病例报告。一名53岁的男子被他的宠物越南蜈蚣咬伤后,左手和前臂出现了剧烈的疼痛、肿胀和红斑。手臂神经和血管检查正常。他被送进了医院,接受了手臂抬高、止痛药和静脉注射抗生素的治疗。患者症状逐渐缓解,4 d后出院,无神经或美容后遗症。
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引用次数: 0
Antimony toxicity from the use of tartar emetic for the treatment of alcohol abuse. 吐酒石治疗酒精滥用的锑毒性。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
Asim F Tarabar, Yasmin Khan, Lewis S Nelson, Robert S Hoffman

Antimony is a poisonous element with toxic properties that mimic those of arsenic. Numerous reports describe gastrointestinal complications of vomiting, diarrhea and stomatitis associated with antimony exposure. However, antimony toxicity from the use of tartar emetic as a treatment for alcohol abuse has never been described previously. A 19-y-o man with a history of alcohol abuse ingested a 10 mL bottle of "Soluto Vital" (tartar emetic, 50 mg/mL), produced in Guatemala for treatment of alcohol abuse. He presented 60 min after ingestion with severe vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, weakness and orthostasis. Initial laboratory evaluations were remarkable for creatinine of 2.5 mg/dL, potassium 6.1 mEq/L, and 60% hematocrit. He was given activated charcoal, iv saline and antiemetics. Over the next 48 h his creatinine normalized to 1.1 mg/dL and the hematocrit returned to 53%; urine had an antimony concentration of 1200 mcg/L (normal = < 10 mcg/L). It is important to recognize that foreign alcohol therapies aversive therapy other than disulfiram may be used, the contents of such a foreign product should be identified.

锑是一种有毒元素,具有类似砷的毒性。许多报告描述了与锑接触有关的呕吐、腹泻和口炎等胃肠道并发症。然而,使用吐酒石治疗酗酒所产生的锑毒性,以前从未有过报道。一名有酗酒史的19岁男子服用了危地马拉为治疗酗酒而生产的一瓶10毫升"至关重要"(吐酒石,50毫克/毫升)。患者在摄入后60分钟出现严重呕吐、腹部痉挛、腹泻、虚弱和直立。最初的实验室评估显示肌酐为2.5 mg/dL,钾为6.1 mEq/L,红细胞压积为60%。给他注射了活性炭、生理盐水和止吐药。在接下来的48小时内,他的肌酐恢复到1.1 mg/dL,红细胞压积恢复到53%;尿锑浓度1200 mcg/L(正常= < 10 mcg/L)。重要的是要认识到,可以使用除双硫仑以外的外国酒精疗法,这种外国产品的成分应加以确定。
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引用次数: 0
Clinical course of a loxosceles spider bite in Turkey. 土耳其一棘足蜘蛛咬伤的临床过程。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
Ridvan Atilla, Arif Alper Cevik, Ozge Duman Atilla, Sedat Yanturali

We report the first case from Turkey of a dermonecrotic wound associated with possible Loxosceles spider bite and offer the complete clinical course that resulted in a permanent scar. Emergency physicians in western Turkey should be aware of Loxosceles spider bites as a cause of necrotizing wounds.

我们报告了第一例来自土耳其的皮肤坏死伤口与可能的Loxosceles蜘蛛咬伤相关,并提供了完整的临床过程,导致永久性疤痕。土耳其西部的急诊医生应该意识到Loxosceles蜘蛛咬伤是导致伤口坏死的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Atypical poisonings with botanicals raise suspicion of malicious activity. 非典型的植物中毒引起了对恶意活动的怀疑。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
Anthony Burda, Michael Wahl, Connie Fischbein, Carol DesLauriers

Heightened toxicovigilance since the terrorist actions of 9/11 has raised concerns for malicious use of highly toxic botanicals, as the 3 cases reported illustrate.

自9/11恐怖主义行动以来,毒物警惕性的提高引起了人们对恶意使用剧毒植物药物的担忧,正如报告的三个案例所说明的那样。
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引用次数: 0
Preparing for an era of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)--are we there yet? Why we should all be concerned. Part II. 为大规模杀伤性武器(WMD)时代做准备——我们到了吗?为什么我们都应该担心。第二部分。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
R B McFee, J B Leikin, Kathleen Kiernan

September 11, 2001 demonstrated dramatic voids in national preparedness, and catalyzed massive efforts to identify and remedy vulnerabilities. Since Part I of this series appeared in August 2002, significant improvements have been achieved especially in bioterrorism and chemical terrorism for first responders and emergency medicine, law enforcement, and public health (surveillance). Such efforts manifested benefits during the SARS outbreaks and monkeypox cases of 2003. Nevertheless, emerging infectious diseases will continue to pose a threat if we do not remain vigilant and continue to invest in training, surveillance, and treatments. As expected, many poison centers and toxicologists have taken leadership roles nationwide. In regions where such leadership existed, preparedness levels are strong and collaborations resulted in the development of valuable response plans and training, including the Advanced Hazardous Life Support (AHLS) and Basic Disaster Life Support (BDLS) courses. Early success notwithstanding, experts suggest that current national preparedness has improved slightly from "1" (9/11) to "3" out of "10". Increasingly it has become evident that the nuclear threat, including radiation terrorism, is significant, against which the US remains inadequately prepared. Arguably the nuclear threat-whether accidental or planned-remains our highest consequence vulnerability, and we must rapidly improve our readiness across disciplines. Special populations including the elderly and children remain marginalized in preparedness protocols. Local vulnerabilities including chemical manufacturing and transportation--not just a risk for terrorism but industrial accidents--continue unabated. Our early success is not an endpoint; much work remains and time is fleeting. This report examines vulnerabilities that must be addressed to enhance preparedness.

2001年9月11日表明了国家准备工作的巨大空白,并促使人们作出巨大努力,以查明和补救脆弱性。自本系列第一部分于2002年8月发表以来,已经取得了重大进展,特别是在生物恐怖主义和化学恐怖主义方面,第一反应者和紧急医疗、执法和公共卫生(监督)方面。这些努力在2003年SARS疫情和猴痘病例期间显示出效益。然而,如果我们不保持警惕并继续投资于培训、监测和治疗,新出现的传染病将继续构成威胁。不出所料,许多毒物中心和毒理学家在全国范围内发挥了领导作用。在具备这种领导能力的地区,备灾水平很高,通过合作制定了宝贵的应对计划和培训,包括高级危险生命支持(AHLS)和基本灾害生命支持(BDLS)课程。尽管早期取得了成功,但专家们认为,目前的国家准备程度已经从“1”(9/11)轻微提高到“3”(满分10分)。越来越明显的是,包括辐射恐怖主义在内的核威胁十分严重,而美国对此仍准备不足。可以说,核威胁——无论是意外的还是计划中的——仍然是我们的最高后果脆弱性,我们必须迅速提高各学科的准备程度。包括老人和儿童在内的特殊人群在防范协议中仍然处于边缘地位。包括化工制造和运输在内的地方脆弱性——不仅有恐怖主义的风险,还有工业事故的风险——依然有增无减。我们早期的成功不是终点;还有很多工作要做,时间转瞬即逝。本报告审查了为加强防范而必须解决的脆弱性。
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引用次数: 0
Prolonged hemolysis and methemoglobinemia following organic copper fungicide ingestion. 摄入有机铜杀菌剂后的长期溶血和高铁血红蛋白血症。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
Chen-Chang Yang, Ming-Lin Wu, Jou-Fang Deng

Acute ingestion of copper sulfate has been reported to cause gastrointestinal injury, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, hepatorenal failure, shock; or even death. The toxicity of organocopper compounds, however, remains largely unknown. A 40-y-old man attempted suicide by ingesting some 50 ml of Sesamine fungicide. He immediately developed headache, vomiting and abdominal pain, followed by progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, dark urine and diarrhea. Severe methemoglobinemia and hemolysis were documented, and treatment with ascorbic acid and hydration was commenced. He was referred to our service 3 d later for methylene blue treatment. Despite the above treatment, his symptomatology persisted and it was not until 5 d post-ingestion that the implicated fungicide was identified as copper-8-hydroxyquinolate. BAL therapy and plasma exchange were instituted, which decreased his plasma hemoglobin from 1,300 mg/dL to 29.1 mg/dL, and lowered his methemoglobin level from 20.9% to 1.1%. His serum and urine copper concentration dropped from 238 microg/dL to 96 microg/dL and from 112 microg/dL to 16 microg/dL, respectively. He was discharged uneventfully 18 d post-ingestion. Pre-existing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency as well as copper-induced inhibition of G6PD activity was documented during hospitalization. Organocopper compounds may cause prolonged hemolysis and methemoglobinemia through oxidative stress, especially among patients with G6PD deficiency. Antidotal therapy with methylene blue is not likely to be effective in this setting: treatment with intensive supportive measures and other therapeutic options, such as plasma exchange, should be sought.

据报道,急性摄入硫酸铜可引起胃肠道损伤、溶血、高铁血红蛋白血症、肝肾衰竭、休克;甚至是死亡。然而,有机铜化合物的毒性在很大程度上仍是未知的。一名四十岁男子企图吞下约五十毫升芝麻素杀菌剂自杀。他立即出现头痛、呕吐和腹痛,随后出现进行性呼吸困难、紫绀、深色尿和腹泻。记录了严重的高铁血红蛋白血症和溶血,并开始用抗坏血酸和水合治疗。3天后,他被转介到我们这里进行亚甲基蓝治疗。尽管进行了上述治疗,但他的症状持续存在,直到摄入后5天,才确定所涉及的杀菌剂为8-羟基喹啉铜。经BAL治疗和血浆置换治疗,血浆血红蛋白由1300 mg/dL降至29.1 mg/dL,高铁血红蛋白由20.9%降至1.1%。血清和尿铜浓度分别从238微克/分升降至96微克/分升和从112微克/分升降至16微克/分升。他在摄入后18天顺利出院。住院期间记录了先前存在的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏以及铜诱导的G6PD活性抑制。有机铜化合物可通过氧化应激引起长期溶血和高铁血红蛋白血症,特别是在G6PD缺乏症患者中。在这种情况下,亚甲蓝解毒治疗不太可能有效:应寻求强化支持措施和其他治疗选择,如血浆置换。
{"title":"Prolonged hemolysis and methemoglobinemia following organic copper fungicide ingestion.","authors":"Chen-Chang Yang,&nbsp;Ming-Lin Wu,&nbsp;Jou-Fang Deng","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute ingestion of copper sulfate has been reported to cause gastrointestinal injury, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, hepatorenal failure, shock; or even death. The toxicity of organocopper compounds, however, remains largely unknown. A 40-y-old man attempted suicide by ingesting some 50 ml of Sesamine fungicide. He immediately developed headache, vomiting and abdominal pain, followed by progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, dark urine and diarrhea. Severe methemoglobinemia and hemolysis were documented, and treatment with ascorbic acid and hydration was commenced. He was referred to our service 3 d later for methylene blue treatment. Despite the above treatment, his symptomatology persisted and it was not until 5 d post-ingestion that the implicated fungicide was identified as copper-8-hydroxyquinolate. BAL therapy and plasma exchange were instituted, which decreased his plasma hemoglobin from 1,300 mg/dL to 29.1 mg/dL, and lowered his methemoglobin level from 20.9% to 1.1%. His serum and urine copper concentration dropped from 238 microg/dL to 96 microg/dL and from 112 microg/dL to 16 microg/dL, respectively. He was discharged uneventfully 18 d post-ingestion. Pre-existing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency as well as copper-induced inhibition of G6PD activity was documented during hospitalization. Organocopper compounds may cause prolonged hemolysis and methemoglobinemia through oxidative stress, especially among patients with G6PD deficiency. Antidotal therapy with methylene blue is not likely to be effective in this setting: treatment with intensive supportive measures and other therapeutic options, such as plasma exchange, should be sought.</p>","PeriodicalId":23486,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and human toxicology","volume":"46 6","pages":"321-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24851493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acute sheep poisoning from a copper sulfate footbath. 硫酸铜足浴导致绵羊急性中毒。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
Enrico Lippi Ortolani, Alexandre Coutinho Antonelli, Jorge Eduardo de Souza Sarkis

An outbreak of footrot occurred in a flock of Corriedale sheep; 27 animals were treated with antibiotic and footbathed in a 5% copper sulfate solution. Being deprived of water for > 17 h, many sheep drank the footbath solution. After 6 h 16 sheep became ill with acute copper poisoning, 10 animals died within 10 h; 6 were severely ill and were sent to Veterinary Hospital, and 4 had mild signs and recovered without treatment. The sick sheep had anorexia, dullness, grinding teeth, moaning, rumen atony, dehydration, dark blue-green diarrheic feces and congested membranes. They were treated with 3.4 mg tetrathiomolybdate/kg body weight and lactated Ringer's solution iv, oral molybdate, sulfate, kaolin and pectin, and drenched with antacids. Two of the 6 sheep died during hospitalization. The ingestion of copper solution caused an intense gastrointestinal injury that resulted in ulcers, petechial and echymotic hemorrhages in the mucosa, mild hemolysis detected by microscopic hemoglobinuria and a lowered packed cell volume, severe hepatic injury that raised the AST and gammaGT blood values, and moderate kidney lesions with increasing serum blood urea and nitrogen creatinine levels.

在一群科瑞代尔羊中爆发了小跑;27只动物用抗生素治疗,并用5%硫酸铜溶液进行足浴。被剥夺水超过17小时,许多羊喝足浴液。6 h后16只羊急性铜中毒,10 h内死亡;6例病情严重,送兽医医院治疗,4例症状轻微,经治疗后痊愈。病羊厌食、迟钝、磨牙、呻吟、瘤胃无力、脱水、大便呈深蓝绿色、肠膜充血。每公斤体重3.4 mg四硫钼酸盐和乳酸林格氏液,口服钼酸盐、硫酸盐、高岭土和果胶,并用抗酸剂浸泡。6只羊中有2只在住院期间死亡。铜溶液的摄入引起严重的胃肠道损伤,导致溃疡、粘膜点状出血和渗水性出血,显微镜下血红蛋白尿检测到轻度溶血,堆积细胞体积降低,严重的肝损伤导致AST和gammaGT血值升高,中度肾脏病变,血清尿素和氮肌酐水平升高。
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引用次数: 0
Incubation of European yew (Taxus baccata) with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) rumen fluid reduces taxine A concentrations. 欧洲红豆杉(Taxus baccata)与白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)瘤胃液孵育可降低taxine A浓度。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
J D Weaver, D L Brown

Yew ( Taxus baccata) foliage was co-incubated with rumen fluid (RF) taken from fistulated cattle (Bos taurus), anesthetized white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and O. virginianus killed by bow hunters. The first trial with live deer resulted in statistically significant 59% reduction of taxine A by deer RF and no reduction by cattle RF. The second intubation trial, in which half the samples were stopped after 12 h, resulted in slightly less taxine A reduction by deer (46%) and 12% reduction by cattle RF. RF obtained by hunters eQuipped with thermos bottles and trained to collect RF immediatey upon field dressing their deer caused the most (88-96%) taxine A destruction: cattle RF reduced 68-88% the toxin. Obtaining RF from freshly killed deer was less expensive and more consistently successful than taking RF by intubation of anesthetized deer. The greater ability of white-tailed deer RF to detoxify yew taxines may not entirely explain the advantage white-tailed deer have over cattle to surviveyew ingestions without toxic effects.

红豆杉(Taxus baccata)叶子与从瘘管牛(Bos taurus)、麻醉白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)和弓形猎人杀死的O. virginianus中提取的瘤胃液(RF)共同孵育。第一次用活鹿进行的试验结果显示,鹿射频减少了59%的出租车A,而牛射频没有减少。在第二次插管试验中,一半的样本在12小时后停止,鹿的taxine A减少略少(46%),牛的RF减少12%。猎人配备了保温瓶,并训练他们在野外给鹿包扎后立即收集RF,他们获得的RF造成了最多(88% -96%)的taxine A破坏;牛RF减少了68% -88%的毒素。从刚宰杀的鹿身上获得射频比通过麻醉鹿的气管插管获得射频更便宜,也更持久成功。白尾鹿对红豆杉毒素的解毒能力更强,这可能并不能完全解释白尾鹿比牛在摄入红豆杉后存活而没有毒性作用的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Two plant fish-poisons in Lebanon. 两种在黎巴嫩种植鱼毒。
Pub Date : 2004-12-01
F Nigel Hepper

The use of a powder for poisoning sea fish off Lebanon is reported for the first time. The powder is prepared from the seeds of storax (Styrax officinalis L) and tubers of common cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill.), both species growing wild in Lebanon. References to the properties of these species are provided.

首次报道了在黎巴嫩海域使用一种粉末毒死海鱼的事件。这种粉末是由土芹(Styrax officinalis L)的种子和普通仙客来(cyclamen persicum Mill.)的块茎制成的,这两种植物都生长在黎巴嫩的野外。提供了这些物种特性的参考资料。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Veterinary and human toxicology
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