Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.6-28
V. Popov, V. Mileikovskyi, О. Tryhub
Ukraine remains a country dependent on nuclear energy for both heat supply and satellite supply. In cities close to nuclear power plants, electric heating from the electricity they produce is appropriate. On the other hand, Ukraine is the only country in the world where the worst accident at a nuclear power plant occurred at the Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 on the night of April 26, 1986. Another characteristic feature of Ukraine's nuclear energy is the significant number of power units with exhausted project resources - the so-called "old" power units. Their wear is associated with the influence of heat and mass transfer processes, which lead to periodic thermal deformation of the elements, which causes cyclic damage. An example of expert rapid assessment of the residual life of a specific reactor vessel WWER-1000 is given taking into account the combined action of non-stationary heat and mass transfer and mechanical processes. A detailed express calculation of cyclic (tired) damage to the metal of the WWER-1000 reactor vessel due to the dangerous emergency mode has been performed. The WWER-1000 reactor is the last most widespread and most powerful water-water nuclear reactor of the former USSR, operated on 13 of the 15 operating power units of Ukrainian nuclear power plants (NPPs) - Zaporizhia, Rivne, Khmelnytsky and South Ukraine (SUNPP). The reactor is the most important indispensable element of a nuclear power plant, which determines its safety and resource. Given the design resource and the dates of commissioning of Ukrainian NPP units, the issue of rapid expert assessment of the technical condition of WWER-1000 hulls is quite relevant. Of course, modern engineering has the full range of tools needed to perform such estimates, from powerful computers to advanced computing software. But the known and inevitable costs of modern engineering - complex and time-consuming modeling and calculations. Experience has shown that a certain "reasonable" combination of the use of relatively simplified "light" calculation methods allows us to assess the safety, strength and service life of WWER-1000 reactors very quickly and with the necessary accuracy acceptable for expert opinion. The publication considers as an example the real emergency situation of October 22, 1985 and the WWER-1000 reactor of SUNPP Unit 1. Since this emergency situation led to rapid cooling of this reactor, the calculation of the effect of cyclic damage of reactor steel on the strength and reliability of the reactor vessel is shown. This example and the consideration of the real emergency situation demonstrates the effectiveness and acceptability of the use of estimated expert rapid assessments to accurately determine the reliability and safety of such critical elements of nuclear power plants as nuclear reactor buildings.
{"title":"Expert express assessment of the impact of heat and mass transfer processes on the residual life of the WWER-1000 reactor vessel due to cyclic damage","authors":"V. Popov, V. Mileikovskyi, О. Tryhub","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.6-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.6-28","url":null,"abstract":"Ukraine remains a country dependent on nuclear energy for both heat supply and satellite supply. In cities close to nuclear power plants, electric heating from the electricity they produce is appropriate. On the other hand, Ukraine is the only country in the world where the worst accident at a nuclear power plant occurred at the Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 on the night of April 26, 1986. Another characteristic feature of Ukraine's nuclear energy is the significant number of power units with exhausted project resources - the so-called \"old\" power units. Their wear is associated with the influence of heat and mass transfer processes, which lead to periodic thermal deformation of the elements, which causes cyclic damage. An example of expert rapid assessment of the residual life of a specific reactor vessel WWER-1000 is given taking into account the combined action of non-stationary heat and mass transfer and mechanical processes. A detailed express calculation of cyclic (tired) damage to the metal of the WWER-1000 reactor vessel due to the dangerous emergency mode has been performed. The WWER-1000 reactor is the last most widespread and most powerful water-water nuclear reactor of the former USSR, operated on 13 of the 15 operating power units of Ukrainian nuclear power plants (NPPs) - Zaporizhia, Rivne, Khmelnytsky and South Ukraine (SUNPP). The reactor is the most important indispensable element of a nuclear power plant, which determines its safety and resource. Given the design resource and the dates of commissioning of Ukrainian NPP units, the issue of rapid expert assessment of the technical condition of WWER-1000 hulls is quite relevant. Of course, modern engineering has the full range of tools needed to perform such estimates, from powerful computers to advanced computing software. But the known and inevitable costs of modern engineering - complex and time-consuming modeling and calculations. Experience has shown that a certain \"reasonable\" combination of the use of relatively simplified \"light\" calculation methods allows us to assess the safety, strength and service life of WWER-1000 reactors very quickly and with the necessary accuracy acceptable for expert opinion. The publication considers as an example the real emergency situation of October 22, 1985 and the WWER-1000 reactor of SUNPP Unit 1. Since this emergency situation led to rapid cooling of this reactor, the calculation of the effect of cyclic damage of reactor steel on the strength and reliability of the reactor vessel is shown. This example and the consideration of the real emergency situation demonstrates the effectiveness and acceptability of the use of estimated expert rapid assessments to accurately determine the reliability and safety of such critical elements of nuclear power plants as nuclear reactor buildings.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80166288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.29-37
M. Senchuk
he main directions of increasing the efficiency of solid fuel heat generators are analyzed. It is noted that in industrial designs of heat generating installations depending on their class technological schemes of burning of solid fuel are applied at various levels on capital and operational expenses. The most expensive are the technologies of combustion of pre-prepared high-quality fuel in heat generators with complex mechanization at all stages of the combustion process, which provide high thermal and environmental performance. Cheaper combustion technologies are widespread, according to which the normative performance of heat generators is achieved due to the rational ratio of design and mode parameters of the combustion zone with the thermophysical characteristics of the burned fuel, including low-grade. Examples of realization of such technological schemes of combustion on the basis of results of theoretical and experimental researches in designs of solid propellant heat generators are resulted. The paper proposes a constructive scheme of a small-capacity heat generator with a combined technology of two-chamber solid fuel combustion, in which a layered (or shaft-layered) combustion process with combustion in volume is combined: in the primary combustion chamber above the burning fuel layer on the grate, and in the secondary cyclone chamber (or cameras). Due to the vortex motion in the lined secondary chamber of high-temperature gases containing solid particles carried by the flow from the combustion zone of the primary chamber, there is both afterburning of combustible substances and separation of ash particles with their discharge into the ash generator. This combustion technology also allows increasing the forcing of the combustion layer on the grate, increasing the stability of the process and reducing the dimensions of the structure. Improving the efficiency of a solid fuel heat generator with a two-chamber furnace is achieved by reducing heat loss with mechanical incomplete combustion of carbon particles in the exhaust gases, as well as reducing the concentration of ash particles in the gas stream at the inlet of convective heat exchange surfaces and increase their thermal efficiency. This is confirmed by the calculated dependences of the efficiency of the mechanized solid fuel heat generator under different technological schemes of solid fuel combustion
{"title":"Increasing the efficiency of burning solid fuel in the layer","authors":"M. Senchuk","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.29-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.29-37","url":null,"abstract":"he main directions of increasing the efficiency of solid fuel heat generators are analyzed. It is noted that in industrial designs of heat generating installations depending on their class technological schemes of burning of solid fuel are applied at various levels on capital and operational expenses. The most expensive are the technologies of combustion of pre-prepared high-quality fuel in heat generators with complex mechanization at all stages of the combustion process, which provide high thermal and environmental performance. Cheaper combustion technologies are widespread, according to which the normative performance of heat generators is achieved due to the rational ratio of design and mode parameters of the combustion zone with the thermophysical characteristics of the burned fuel, including low-grade. Examples of realization of such technological schemes of combustion on the basis of results of theoretical and experimental researches in designs of solid propellant heat generators are resulted. The paper proposes a constructive scheme of a small-capacity heat generator with a combined technology of two-chamber solid fuel combustion, in which a layered (or shaft-layered) combustion process with combustion in volume is combined: in the primary combustion chamber above the burning fuel layer on the grate, and in the secondary cyclone chamber (or cameras). Due to the vortex motion in the lined secondary chamber of high-temperature gases containing solid particles carried by the flow from the combustion zone of the primary chamber, there is both afterburning of combustible substances and separation of ash particles with their discharge into the ash generator. This combustion technology also allows increasing the forcing of the combustion layer on the grate, increasing the stability of the process and reducing the dimensions of the structure. Improving the efficiency of a solid fuel heat generator with a two-chamber furnace is achieved by reducing heat loss with mechanical incomplete combustion of carbon particles in the exhaust gases, as well as reducing the concentration of ash particles in the gas stream at the inlet of convective heat exchange surfaces and increase their thermal efficiency. This is confirmed by the calculated dependences of the efficiency of the mechanized solid fuel heat generator under different technological schemes of solid fuel combustion","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88304108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.47-52
Т. Tkachenko, V. Mileykovskyі, Ya. Lopatіuk
Today, one of the sources of energy supply is waste incineration. One of the sources of combustible waste is overproduction and stimulation of demand for clothing. The new concept of "fast fashion" is to limit the cost of clothing indefinitely by minimizing the cost of raw materials, wages, working conditions, neglect of basic safety rules, etc., and on the other hand - to stimulate predatory demand for clothing through psychological impact on young people through advertising, suggestion consumer "standards" of life such as "every event is a different image", propaganda of shopaholism, etc. According to research results, burning cotton clothes for heating is possible. However, this produces a significant amount of triatomic (greenhouse) gases, in particular carbon dioxide 102.84 kg / GJ. In terms of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy (emission index), cotton fabric is ahead of all fossil fuels, even coal - 93.74 kg / GJ. Thus, excessive production of garbage through "fast fashion" has more negative consequences for the environment than benefits for heat supply. Thus, the results confirm the 12th goal of sustainable development - "responsible consumption and production". At the same time, the priority is to reduce the amount of waste production. The main stimulus for "fast fashion" is the predatory accumulation of capital by producers. This can be overcome only by reassessing people's values. In particular, it is necessary to form the attitude to money not as an ultimate goal, but as a payment instrument to achieve certain other life goals. In this case, predatory accumulation for the sake of accumulation becomes meaningless. After all, one's own well-being, children's well-being and confidence in the future are impossible in the conditions of low quality of the environment and in anticipation of an ecological catastrophe. This work was done in support of the international campaign "Fashion Revolution" for the global fashion industry, which preserves and restores the environment and values people.
今天，能源供应的来源之一是垃圾焚烧。可燃废物的来源之一是生产过剩和对服装需求的刺激。“快时尚”的新概念是通过最小化原材料成本，工资，工作条件，忽视基本安全规则等来无限制地限制服装成本，另一方面-通过广告对年轻人的心理影响来刺激对服装的掠夺性需求，建议消费者的生活“标准”，如“每个事件都是不同的形象”，宣传购物狂等。根据研究结果，燃烧棉质衣服取暖是可能的。然而，这会产生大量的三原子(温室)气体，特别是二氧化碳102.84 kg / GJ。在单位能源的二氧化碳排放量(排放指数)方面，棉织物领先于所有化石燃料，甚至是煤炭- 93.74 kg / GJ。因此，通过“快时尚”产生的过量垃圾对环境的负面影响大于对供热的好处。因此，结果证实了可持续发展的第十二个目标——“负责任的消费和生产”。同时，首要任务是减少废物产生量。“快时尚”的主要刺激因素是生产者掠夺性的资本积累。这只能通过重新评估人们的价值观来克服。特别是，有必要形成一种态度，即不把金钱作为最终目标，而是作为实现某些其他生活目标的支付工具。在这种情况下，为了积累而进行的掠夺性积累变得毫无意义。毕竟，在环境质量低下和预期发生生态灾难的条件下，个人的幸福、儿童的幸福和对未来的信心是不可能的。这项工作是为了支持全球时装业的“时尚革命”国际运动，该运动保护和恢复环境并重视人。
{"title":"Incineration problems for the heat supply using garbage from the overproduction of fast fashion clothing","authors":"Т. Tkachenko, V. Mileykovskyі, Ya. Lopatіuk","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.47-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.47-52","url":null,"abstract":"Today, one of the sources of energy supply is waste incineration. One of the sources of combustible waste is overproduction and stimulation of demand for clothing. The new concept of \"fast fashion\" is to limit the cost of clothing indefinitely by minimizing the cost of raw materials, wages, working conditions, neglect of basic safety rules, etc., and on the other hand - to stimulate predatory demand for clothing through psychological impact on young people through advertising, suggestion consumer \"standards\" of life such as \"every event is a different image\", propaganda of shopaholism, etc. According to research results, burning cotton clothes for heating is possible. However, this produces a significant amount of triatomic (greenhouse) gases, in particular carbon dioxide 102.84 kg / GJ. In terms of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy (emission index), cotton fabric is ahead of all fossil fuels, even coal - 93.74 kg / GJ. Thus, excessive production of garbage through \"fast fashion\" has more negative consequences for the environment than benefits for heat supply. Thus, the results confirm the 12th goal of sustainable development - \"responsible consumption and production\". At the same time, the priority is to reduce the amount of waste production. The main stimulus for \"fast fashion\" is the predatory accumulation of capital by producers. This can be overcome only by reassessing people's values. In particular, it is necessary to form the attitude to money not as an ultimate goal, but as a payment instrument to achieve certain other life goals. In this case, predatory accumulation for the sake of accumulation becomes meaningless. After all, one's own well-being, children's well-being and confidence in the future are impossible in the conditions of low quality of the environment and in anticipation of an ecological catastrophe. This work was done in support of the international campaign \"Fashion Revolution\" for the global fashion industry, which preserves and restores the environment and values people.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76594623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.38-46
P. Glamazdin, K. Baranchuk, О. Priymak
District heating systems in Ukraine's cities are in deep crisis and need decisive action to overcome it. The crisis began long ago, in the 1990s, and is gradually deepening. Several attempts to stop this process and level the playing field at the state level have failed. At the same time, the process of intensive development of such systems has begun in the countries of Northern Europe. Moreover, both at the theoretical level and in the practical implementation of theoretical developments. According to the theoretical analysis of the life cycle of district heating systems, they are now in the fourth stage of their development in the countries of Northern Europe. This stage has the main features - low temperatures in the network (temperature graph), the combination of district heating systems with district heating systems and their deep integration into the overall energy system of cities, as well as the gradual replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. District heating systems in the cities of Ukraine are only in the second stage of development. In order to remain competitive against decentralized systems, a sharp transition to the third and at least partially the fourth stage of development of such systems is required. district heating systems are in the active phase of their expansion in European countries and have great prospects for further development, including in Ukraine. District heating systems together with cold supply systems in the process of development are integrated into the energy supply systems of cities and in general in the urban economy. Renewable heat sources will increasingly displace the equipment for combustion of excavated fuel with the prospect of complete abandonment of the latter. In order to preserve the remnants of district heating systems in Ukrainian cities, it is necessary to study and use the experience of the Nordic countries and organize this work at the state level. Unfortunately, neither the governing bodies nor the general public have this understanding. The extraordinary task is to improve the skills of managers and the operational status of city district heating systems and officials of city administrations.
{"title":"New approaches to the organization of district heating","authors":"P. Glamazdin, K. Baranchuk, О. Priymak","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.38-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.39.38-46","url":null,"abstract":"District heating systems in Ukraine's cities are in deep crisis and need decisive action to overcome it. The crisis began long ago, in the 1990s, and is gradually deepening. Several attempts to stop this process and level the playing field at the state level have failed. At the same time, the process of intensive development of such systems has begun in the countries of Northern Europe. Moreover, both at the theoretical level and in the practical implementation of theoretical developments. According to the theoretical analysis of the life cycle of district heating systems, they are now in the fourth stage of their development in the countries of Northern Europe. This stage has the main features - low temperatures in the network (temperature graph), the combination of district heating systems with district heating systems and their deep integration into the overall energy system of cities, as well as the gradual replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. District heating systems in the cities of Ukraine are only in the second stage of development. In order to remain competitive against decentralized systems, a sharp transition to the third and at least partially the fourth stage of development of such systems is required. district heating systems are in the active phase of their expansion in European countries and have great prospects for further development, including in Ukraine. District heating systems together with cold supply systems in the process of development are integrated into the energy supply systems of cities and in general in the urban economy. Renewable heat sources will increasingly displace the equipment for combustion of excavated fuel with the prospect of complete abandonment of the latter. In order to preserve the remnants of district heating systems in Ukrainian cities, it is necessary to study and use the experience of the Nordic countries and organize this work at the state level. Unfortunately, neither the governing bodies nor the general public have this understanding. The extraordinary task is to improve the skills of managers and the operational status of city district heating systems and officials of city administrations.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90322751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.7-12
V. Korbut, V. Mileikovskyi, V. Dziubenko, I. Sachenko
The most energy efficient ventilation and air-conditioning is variable air flow (VAV) depending on the needs of a room. To avoid broken air circulation by gravitational forces, the most of air diffusers should change geometrical shape and sizes using additionall automation of them. In contrast, high stability of a scheme of air exchange organization with air supply over a working zone by convex wall jets that interact with each other under conditions of variable air flow, is confirmed. This scheme is useful in cases where it is impossible to supply air directly to the working zone. Simulation of the air exchange organization in an exhibition hall of International Exhibition Centre in Kyiv with ventilation at a variable air volume (VAV) in the entire possible range of performance control has been performed. The floor area is 5258 m2, the height is 19 m. The outdoor air-flow at design conditions (100 % load) is 21.667 m3/s (78000 m3/h). The minimum load corresponds to the absence of solar radiation and only some people in the room. The minimum air-flow is 25 % of the design one. The proposal air scheme is single-zonal using 24 diffusers PES-D-8-10/15-0,9 4 m above the floor and air removal from the upper zone. The air distributor have a diameter of a cylindrical surface and an inlet branch pipe of 8 dm (800 mm). There are 10 rows of nozzles at an angle π/12 (15 °) to the horizon on each distributor. The total area of the air outlet on them is equal to 0.9 of the cross-sectional area of the inlet pipes. Due to forces of the vacuum holding of jets on the wall surfaces, the influence of gravitational forces is significantly reduced. This avoids the automation of air distribution devices to stabilize the scheme of air circulation in the room by gravitational forces. It is enough to install valves with actuators on branches of a network of air ducts. Thus, the economic benefit of the system is confirmed both at the stage of installing and during operation.
{"title":"The use of the interaction of convex wall jets for ventilation with variable air flow","authors":"V. Korbut, V. Mileikovskyi, V. Dziubenko, I. Sachenko","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.7-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.7-12","url":null,"abstract":"The most energy efficient ventilation and air-conditioning is variable air flow (VAV) depending on the needs of a room. To avoid broken air circulation by gravitational forces, the most of air diffusers should change geometrical shape and sizes using additionall automation of them. In contrast, high stability of a scheme of air exchange organization with air supply over a working zone by convex wall jets that interact with each other under conditions of variable air flow, is confirmed. This scheme is useful in cases where it is impossible to supply air directly to the working zone. Simulation of the air exchange organization in an exhibition hall of International Exhibition Centre in Kyiv with ventilation at a variable air volume (VAV) in the entire possible range of performance control has been performed. The floor area is 5258 m2, the height is 19 m. The outdoor air-flow at design conditions (100 % load) is 21.667 m3/s (78000 m3/h). The minimum load corresponds to the absence of solar radiation and only some people in the room. The minimum air-flow is 25 % of the design one. The proposal air scheme is single-zonal using 24 diffusers PES-D-8-10/15-0,9 4 m above the floor and air removal from the upper zone. The air distributor have a diameter of a cylindrical surface and an inlet branch pipe of 8 dm (800 mm). There are 10 rows of nozzles at an angle π/12 (15 °) to the horizon on each distributor. The total area of the air outlet on them is equal to 0.9 of the cross-sectional area of the inlet pipes. Due to forces of the vacuum holding of jets on the wall surfaces, the influence of gravitational forces is significantly reduced. This avoids the automation of air distribution devices to stabilize the scheme of air circulation in the room by gravitational forces. It is enough to install valves with actuators on branches of a network of air ducts. Thus, the economic benefit of the system is confirmed both at the stage of installing and during operation.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"111 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88795918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.42-53
P. Glamazdin, E. Sirokhina
In the context of the need to develop the transport infrastructure of Ukraine and to diversify sources of energy carriers supply to the country, including oil and oil products, the problem of the development of oil terminals arises. This work is devoted to the optimization of the structure of heat supply to oil terminals. In this sense it is relevant. The object of research is the heat supply systems of an oil terminal. At the same time, the subject of research is the energy efficiency of heat supply systems for oil terminals using water vapor and high-temperature organic heat carriers. The following research methods were used: an analytical review of information sources, a technical and economic analysis with the necessary substantiating calculations. As a result of the studies, the possibility of using high-temperature organic heat carriers for organizing heat supply to oil terminals has been shown. The advantage in the efficiency, environmental friendliness and reliability of systems with high-temperature organic heat carriers versus systems using water vapor as a heat carrier is shown. On-site heating networks in the oil terminal are recommended. The main advantages are that the heat losses in them have been reduced and the reliability of the system has increased. The cost estimation of capital investments of the compared variants of the heat supply system arrangement is carried out. The centralized heat supply systems have greater equipment cost compared with the decentralized ones. The operating cost for decentralized systems is also lower due to a decrease in specific fuel and electricity consumption. The materials obtained as a result of the research can be used as recommendations for the design of heat supply systems for oil terminals using high-temperature organic heat carriers.
{"title":"Energy efficient optimization of heat supply system for oil therminal","authors":"P. Glamazdin, E. Sirokhina","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.42-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.42-53","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the need to develop the transport infrastructure of Ukraine and to diversify sources of energy carriers supply to the country, including oil and oil products, the problem of the development of oil terminals arises. This work is devoted to the optimization of the structure of heat supply to oil terminals. In this sense it is relevant. The object of research is the heat supply systems of an oil terminal. At the same time, the subject of research is the energy efficiency of heat supply systems for oil terminals using water vapor and high-temperature organic heat carriers. The following research methods were used: an analytical review of information sources, a technical and economic analysis with the necessary substantiating calculations. As a result of the studies, the possibility of using high-temperature organic heat carriers for organizing heat supply to oil terminals has been shown. The advantage in the efficiency, environmental friendliness and reliability of systems with high-temperature organic heat carriers versus systems using water vapor as a heat carrier is shown. On-site heating networks in the oil terminal are recommended. The main advantages are that the heat losses in them have been reduced and the reliability of the system has increased. The cost estimation of capital investments of the compared variants of the heat supply system arrangement is carried out. The centralized heat supply systems have greater equipment cost compared with the decentralized ones. The operating cost for decentralized systems is also lower due to a decrease in specific fuel and electricity consumption. The materials obtained as a result of the research can be used as recommendations for the design of heat supply systems for oil terminals using high-temperature organic heat carriers.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86116087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.13-23
B. Basok, B. Davydenko, L. Kuzhel, O. Lysenko, A. Veremiichuk
In recent years, biofuels have increasingly been used as fuel in Ukraine. Ukraine is an agro-industrial country with great potential for the production and use of pellets of plant origin. Our country ranks 6th in the world for the production of such biofuels as pellets, but most of them (about 85 %) are exported abroad. This is due to the low demand for pellets in the domestic market. Cereal straw can be used in municipal energy. The amount of straw left after harvest is sufficient for its use as fuel. This biofuel in its composition and calorific value is close to such traditional fuels as wood and peat. Also, raw materials for bio-pellets can be sunflower husks and energy crops. The main objectives of this work are experimental studies of the combustion of different types of agropellets. An experimental installation of a solid fuel boiler with a pellet burner was developed and implemented at the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to study the peculiarities of pellet combustion. With the help of the developed measurement system based on a comb with thermocouples, which is located above the torch in the boiler, the temperature regime in the boiler volume was studied and the peculiarities of the pellet burning process in the burner were determined. As a result of the work, experimental studies of the peculiarities of burning pellets of agricultural origin, namely straw (barley, wheat) and pellets from corn cobs were carried out. On the basis of the constructed graphic dependences the characteristic features of temperature modes of work of a household copper at burning of agropellets were defined. The use of the results is possible in the communal and industrial heat energy, social and budgetary sphere and individual household sector.
{"title":"Experimental studies of burning plant pellets in a domestic boiler","authors":"B. Basok, B. Davydenko, L. Kuzhel, O. Lysenko, A. Veremiichuk","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.13-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.13-23","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, biofuels have increasingly been used as fuel in Ukraine. Ukraine is an agro-industrial country with great potential for the production and use of pellets of plant origin. Our country ranks 6th in the world for the production of such biofuels as pellets, but most of them (about 85 %) are exported abroad. This is due to the low demand for pellets in the domestic market. Cereal straw can be used in municipal energy. The amount of straw left after harvest is sufficient for its use as fuel. This biofuel in its composition and calorific value is close to such traditional fuels as wood and peat. Also, raw materials for bio-pellets can be sunflower husks and energy crops. The main objectives of this work are experimental studies of the combustion of different types of agropellets. An experimental installation of a solid fuel boiler with a pellet burner was developed and implemented at the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to study the peculiarities of pellet combustion. With the help of the developed measurement system based on a comb with thermocouples, which is located above the torch in the boiler, the temperature regime in the boiler volume was studied and the peculiarities of the pellet burning process in the burner were determined. As a result of the work, experimental studies of the peculiarities of burning pellets of agricultural origin, namely straw (barley, wheat) and pellets from corn cobs were carried out. On the basis of the constructed graphic dependences the characteristic features of temperature modes of work of a household copper at burning of agropellets were defined. The use of the results is possible in the communal and industrial heat energy, social and budgetary sphere and individual household sector.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80738908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-08DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.36.37-50
V. Korbut, V. Mileikovskyi
The scheme of air exchange organization using air supply above a working zone by convex wall jets that interact with each other has been substantiated. This scheme is advisable in cases where it is impossible to supply air directly to the working zone. It provides optimal microclimate parameters with minimal recirculation of polluted air from the upper zone. Simulation of the air exchange organization in an exhibition hall in International Exhibition Centre in Kyiv with ventilation at a constant air volume (CAV) has been performed. The floor area is 5258 m2, the height is 19 m, the minimum outdoor air flow is 21.667 m3/s (78000 m3/h). The current design scheme of air exchange organization is zonal. General air exchange is 43.3333 m3/s (156000 m3/h). Recirculation is accepted 50 %. The air flow supplied in the upper and middle zones is, respectively, 22.5 m3/s (81000 m3/h) and 20.833 m3/s (75000 m3/h). Inlet air has temperature 291.65 K (18.5 °C). It is supplied downward by twisted jets. There are 65 Trox VDL-AHLD-E3/800/0/0/0/RAL 9010 air diffusers with a diameter of 800 mm. The proposed scheme is single-zonal using 24 diffusers PES-D-8-10/15-0,9 4 m above the floor and air removal from the upper zone. This scheme allows halving the air exchange to the minimum outdoor air without recirculation. The air temperature should be decreased by 3.3 K to 288.35 K (15.2 °С). The number of air-conditioners is decreased twice. The calculated consumption of cold decreased by 65.58 W/m2 or 29 %, the calculated consumption of heat for the second heating – by 7.17 W/m2 or 18 %. Saving of capital investments in prices of February 2020 is 792.16 UAH/m2 or 55 %, and decrease of operating costs for the cooling period is 6.61 UAH/m2 or 15 %. Thus, the system is economically beneficial from the beginning of its installation. In the future, its operation will be simulated in a mode with a variable flow rate.
{"title":"Air distribution in convex wall jets for ventilation with a constant air flow","authors":"V. Korbut, V. Mileikovskyi","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.36.37-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.36.37-50","url":null,"abstract":"The scheme of air exchange organization using air supply above a working zone by convex wall jets that interact with each other has been substantiated. This scheme is advisable in cases where it is impossible to supply air directly to the working zone. It provides optimal microclimate parameters with minimal recirculation of polluted air from the upper zone. Simulation of the air exchange organization in an exhibition hall in International Exhibition Centre in Kyiv with ventilation at a constant air volume (CAV) has been performed. The floor area is 5258 m2, the height is 19 m, the minimum outdoor air flow is 21.667 m3/s (78000 m3/h). The current design scheme of air exchange organization is zonal. General air exchange is 43.3333 m3/s (156000 m3/h). Recirculation is accepted 50 %. The air flow supplied in the upper and middle zones is, respectively, 22.5 m3/s (81000 m3/h) and 20.833 m3/s (75000 m3/h). Inlet air has temperature 291.65 K (18.5 °C). It is supplied downward by twisted jets. There are 65 Trox VDL-AHLD-E3/800/0/0/0/RAL 9010 air diffusers with a diameter of 800 mm. The proposed scheme is single-zonal using 24 diffusers PES-D-8-10/15-0,9 4 m above the floor and air removal from the upper zone. This scheme allows halving the air exchange to the minimum outdoor air without recirculation. The air temperature should be decreased by 3.3 K to 288.35 K (15.2 °С). The number of air-conditioners is decreased twice. The calculated consumption of cold decreased by 65.58 W/m2 or 29 %, the calculated consumption of heat for the second heating – by 7.17 W/m2 or 18 %. Saving of capital investments in prices of February 2020 is 792.16 UAH/m2 or 55 %, and decrease of operating costs for the cooling period is 6.61 UAH/m2 or 15 %. Thus, the system is economically beneficial from the beginning of its installation. In the future, its operation will be simulated in a mode with a variable flow rate.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88667522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-08DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2021.36.62-79
A. Moskvitina, M. Shyshyna, M. Korchminskyi
The main factor contributing to greenhouse gas emissions is the building up of the surrounding area. Studies have shown that buildings globally consume 30-40 % of energy use and release 40-50 % of global carbon dioxide emissions. Among all systems in houses, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are by far the most energy intensive. They consume approximately 50 % of the total energy demand of buildings. However, the systems are some of the most important systems in today's buildings. The number of these systems that are being installed has increased dramatically over the past few years. This is mainly due to the increasing demands for thermal energy, comfort and climate change. This paper presents a feasibility and ecology study between two ventilation or air-conditioning systems: constant air volume (CAV) and variable air volume (VAV). One of the purposes of this work is to determine the energy costs for each of the systems. An air conditioning system that saves operating costs usually requires a large initial investment. In this case, engineers must decide whether it is worth paying the additional upfront costs for a system that has lower operating costs. Despite the low attractiveness from the point of view of the investor, the VAV systems reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of energy resources for servicing the commercial sector. Such system have less metal consumption. Thus, the cost of metal processing is also reduced. The results of this study can contribute to the future selection of ventilation systems, as well as contribute to the design and improvement of the systems under study. Energy saving is one of the main reasons why VAV systems are very popular today for the design of ventilation and air conditioning systems for office buildings and in many industries abroad. With these systems, the volume of transported air is reduced as soon as the operating load falls below the maximum projected load. The calculation of emissions of harmful substances into the environment was made while ensuring the operation of CAV and VAV systems.
{"title":"Feasibility study for the use of variable air volume systems for office buildings","authors":"A. Moskvitina, M. Shyshyna, M. Korchminskyi","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2021.36.62-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.36.62-79","url":null,"abstract":"The main factor contributing to greenhouse gas emissions is the building up of the surrounding area. Studies have shown that buildings globally consume 30-40 % of energy use and release 40-50 % of global carbon dioxide emissions. Among all systems in houses, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are by far the most energy intensive. They consume approximately 50 % of the total energy demand of buildings. However, the systems are some of the most important systems in today's buildings. The number of these systems that are being installed has increased dramatically over the past few years. This is mainly due to the increasing demands for thermal energy, comfort and climate change. This paper presents a feasibility and ecology study between two ventilation or air-conditioning systems: constant air volume (CAV) and variable air volume (VAV). One of the purposes of this work is to determine the energy costs for each of the systems. An air conditioning system that saves operating costs usually requires a large initial investment. In this case, engineers must decide whether it is worth paying the additional upfront costs for a system that has lower operating costs. Despite the low attractiveness from the point of view of the investor, the VAV systems reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of energy resources for servicing the commercial sector. Such system have less metal consumption. Thus, the cost of metal processing is also reduced. The results of this study can contribute to the future selection of ventilation systems, as well as contribute to the design and improvement of the systems under study. Energy saving is one of the main reasons why VAV systems are very popular today for the design of ventilation and air conditioning systems for office buildings and in many industries abroad. With these systems, the volume of transported air is reduced as soon as the operating load falls below the maximum projected load. The calculation of emissions of harmful substances into the environment was made while ensuring the operation of CAV and VAV systems.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76237326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-27DOI: 10.32347/2409-2606.2020.35.21-25
Y. Burda, A. Cherednik, I. Redko, Y. Pivnenko
The work is devoted to the topical problem of increasing the efficiency of cleaning process of gases in packed-type scrubbers in order to reduce emissions of harmful substances and solid impurities into the atmosphere and improve the technical and economic indicators of wet gas cleaning systems. For this, a triangular cross-cut packing has been developed. Due to the size of the holes and their specific shape, the triangular packing provides longer contact of the packaging with water, which reduces water consumption. The packing is made of alloy steel AISI 316, so it can be used even in the most aggressive environment. In the work, the efficiency of cleaning with a scrubber with this packing is experimentally determined. The tests were performed at an ambient temperature of 23 °C. Several measurements were made for each type of packing, in a typical scrubber design. To conduct these industrial tests, a thermohygrometer-carbon dioxide gas analyzerAZ-7797 was used with high-precision NDIR (infrared) sensor, automatic background calibration (W/ABC), and compensation for deviations during long-term operation. The concentration measurement range is 0-9999 ppm with an error of ± 5 %. The gases were cooled in two stages. At first, they were cooled with ammonia water from 750 to 80 °C. Then they were fed to a primary gas refrigerator (basic type) of direct action, where its temperature were falled to 15 °C. Carbon dioxide concentration was measured after the first stage of cooling, after the final cooling, and after the cleaning process. The comparison is carried out with the most effective types of packing for wet gas cleaning today – chordal wood and Raschig rings. It is shown that the developed triangular packing with cross-shaped notches during the purification of coke oven gas from carbon dioxide improves the purification by 25 % in comparison with the wooden chord one, and by 15 % - with Raschig rings. This allows us to recommend it for widespread implementation.
{"title":"Improving the efficiency of cleaning gas emissions from foundry","authors":"Y. Burda, A. Cherednik, I. Redko, Y. Pivnenko","doi":"10.32347/2409-2606.2020.35.21-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2020.35.21-25","url":null,"abstract":"The work is devoted to the topical problem of increasing the efficiency of cleaning process of gases in packed-type scrubbers in order to reduce emissions of harmful substances and solid impurities into the atmosphere and improve the technical and economic indicators of wet gas cleaning systems. For this, a triangular cross-cut packing has been developed. Due to the size of the holes and their specific shape, the triangular packing provides longer contact of the packaging with water, which reduces water consumption. The packing is made of alloy steel AISI 316, so it can be used even in the most aggressive environment. In the work, the efficiency of cleaning with a scrubber with this packing is experimentally determined. The tests were performed at an ambient temperature of 23 °C. Several measurements were made for each type of packing, in a typical scrubber design. To conduct these industrial tests, a thermohygrometer-carbon dioxide gas analyzerAZ-7797 was used with high-precision NDIR (infrared) sensor, automatic background calibration (W/ABC), and compensation for deviations during long-term operation. The concentration measurement range is 0-9999 ppm with an error of ± 5 %. The gases were cooled in two stages. At first, they were cooled with ammonia water from 750 to 80 °C. Then they were fed to a primary gas refrigerator (basic type) of direct action, where its temperature were falled to 15 °C. Carbon dioxide concentration was measured after the first stage of cooling, after the final cooling, and after the cleaning process. The comparison is carried out with the most effective types of packing for wet gas cleaning today – chordal wood and Raschig rings. It is shown that the developed triangular packing with cross-shaped notches during the purification of coke oven gas from carbon dioxide improves the purification by 25 % in comparison with the wooden chord one, and by 15 % - with Raschig rings. This allows us to recommend it for widespread implementation.","PeriodicalId":23499,"journal":{"name":"Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77109423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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