Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110980
Cagatay Esin, Busra Uzun
Feline Arterial Thromboembolism (FATE) is a challenging problem that requires urgent intervention. This study evaluated inflammatory markers' prognostic value in feline arterial thromboembolism (FATE), a devastating cardiac complication often necessitating euthanasia. We analysed inflammatory ratios (NLR, MLR, PLR, AISI, SIRI, SII) and echocardiographic measurements in FATE cats (n = 25) versus controls (n = 10). FATE patients demonstrated significantly elevated inflammatory markers and cardiac measurements. NLR showed strong correlation with cardiac parameters including LAMAX (r = 0.629), LA:Ao ratio (r = 0.489), IVSD (r = 0.422), and LVPWD (r = 0.607). Other inflammatory ratios similarly correlated with cardiac measurements. NLR emerged as the most accurate diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 1.000). Median survival time was 334 days overall. Cats with LAMAX >18 mm showed reduced survival (213 vs. 333 days). High NLR (>8) was associated with dramatically shortened survival (51 days) compared to moderate (5-8; 174 days) and low NLR (<5; 457 days). Elevated inflammatory markers (NLR >2, MLR >0.15, PLR >80, AISI >276, SIRI >1.08, SII >441) indicate poor prognosis. These accessible biomarkers may assist clinicians in emergency diagnosis confirmation and prognostication of FATE patients.
{"title":"Prognostic and diagnostic value of systemic inflammatory blood markers (NLR, MLR, PLR, AISI, SIRI, and SII) in feline arterial thromboembolism.","authors":"Cagatay Esin, Busra Uzun","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feline Arterial Thromboembolism (FATE) is a challenging problem that requires urgent intervention. This study evaluated inflammatory markers' prognostic value in feline arterial thromboembolism (FATE), a devastating cardiac complication often necessitating euthanasia. We analysed inflammatory ratios (NLR, MLR, PLR, AISI, SIRI, SII) and echocardiographic measurements in FATE cats (n = 25) versus controls (n = 10). FATE patients demonstrated significantly elevated inflammatory markers and cardiac measurements. NLR showed strong correlation with cardiac parameters including LA<sub>MAX</sub> (r = 0.629), LA:Ao ratio (r = 0.489), IVSD (r = 0.422), and LVPWD (r = 0.607). Other inflammatory ratios similarly correlated with cardiac measurements. NLR emerged as the most accurate diagnostic biomarker (AUC = 1.000). Median survival time was 334 days overall. Cats with LA<sub>MAX</sub> >18 mm showed reduced survival (213 vs. 333 days). High NLR (>8) was associated with dramatically shortened survival (51 days) compared to moderate (5-8; 174 days) and low NLR (<5; 457 days). Elevated inflammatory markers (NLR >2, MLR >0.15, PLR >80, AISI >276, SIRI >1.08, SII >441) indicate poor prognosis. These accessible biomarkers may assist clinicians in emergency diagnosis confirmation and prognostication of FATE patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"287 ","pages":"110980"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110982
Sugandhika G. Welikadage , Habtamu B. Derseh , Trent Perry , Clare A. Anstead , Jean-Pierre Y. Scheerlinck , Vern M. Bowles
Breech strike is a major parasitic problem affecting wool-producing sheep. While skin wrinkles and fecal soiling are recognized risk factors, much of the difference in susceptibility between individual sheep remains unexplained. This study compared the early immune response of 3-year-old Merino ewes genetically selected to be resistant to breech strike to that of the non-selected ewes following a brief Lucilia cuprina larval challenge. Fourteen sheep (seven breech strike resistant and seven non-selected sheep) were challenged with L. cuprina eggs at four random sites on their back. Skin biopsies were collected 31 h post-implantation from the four infested and four mock sites (dental plugs without blow fly eggs) from each sheep and analysed using immunohistochemical staining for different cell biomarkers. A Milliplex ovine cytokine/chemokine assay was used to analyse the local cytokine response at these sites. An infiltration of leukocytes was observed at the larval feeding sites that predominantly comprised neutrophils. Significant increases in lymphocytes expressing T cell markers for CD4, CD1, CD8, T19, γδ-T cell, as well as the B cell marker CD45R, were observed compared to the mock sites. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17a, and chemoattractants including IL-8 and MIP-1α were significantly elevated in challenged sites. These results demonstrated a selective innate immune response in sheep following a brief larval challenge, which was similar in breech strike resistant and non-selected sheep, suggesting that the observed resistance to flystrike in the breech strike resistant flock is unlikely to be primarily mediated by local innate immune mechanisms at the tissue level.
{"title":"Characterising the innate immune response in breech strike resistant and non-selected sheep to the sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina)","authors":"Sugandhika G. Welikadage , Habtamu B. Derseh , Trent Perry , Clare A. Anstead , Jean-Pierre Y. Scheerlinck , Vern M. Bowles","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breech strike is a major parasitic problem affecting wool-producing sheep. While skin wrinkles and fecal soiling are recognized risk factors, much of the difference in susceptibility between individual sheep remains unexplained. This study compared the early immune response of 3-year-old Merino ewes genetically selected to be resistant to breech strike to that of the non-selected ewes following a brief <em>Lucilia cuprina</em> larval challenge. Fourteen sheep (seven breech strike resistant and seven non-selected sheep) were challenged with <em>L. cuprina</em> eggs at four random sites on their back. Skin biopsies were collected 31 h post-implantation from the four infested and four mock sites (dental plugs without blow fly eggs) from each sheep and analysed using immunohistochemical staining for different cell biomarkers. A Milliplex ovine cytokine/chemokine assay was used to analyse the local cytokine response at these sites. An infiltration of leukocytes was observed at the larval feeding sites that predominantly comprised neutrophils. Significant increases in lymphocytes expressing T cell markers for CD4, CD1, CD8, T19, γδ-T cell, as well as the B cell marker CD45R<strong>,</strong> were observed compared to the mock sites. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17a, and chemoattractants including IL-8 and MIP-1α were significantly elevated in challenged sites. These results demonstrated a selective innate immune response in sheep following a brief larval challenge, which was similar in breech strike resistant and non-selected sheep, suggesting that the observed resistance to flystrike in the breech strike resistant flock is unlikely to be primarily mediated by local innate immune mechanisms at the tissue level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110982"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110983
Eun-Yeong Bok , Mooyoung Jung , Ui-Hyung Kim , Han Gyu Lee , Yoon Jung Do , Young-Bum Son , Yoonyoung Choi , Seungmin Ha
Aims
To evaluate the humoral immune response to the initial Lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccination in three cattle breeds, namely Korean native cattle (Hanwoo), Holstein, and Jersey, up to 18 weeks post-vaccination.
Methods
Overall, 65 cattle were vaccinated with the live attenuated Neethling strain of the LSD vaccine (Lumpyvax®, MSD Animal Health). Antibody titers were measured using ELISA from blood samples collected before and at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 weeks post-vaccination. Pre-vaccination complete blood count parameters were analyzed to determine their correlation with antibody responses.
Results
Significant breed-specific differences were observed in antibody titers and seropositivity rates. Eighteen weeks post-vaccination, Holstein cattle exhibited the most significant increase in LSD antibody concentrations, followed by Hanwoo and Jersey cattle (p < 0.05). Additionally, Holstein cattle achieved the highest seroconversion rates (73.3 %), whereas Hanwoo cattle showed the lowest seropositivity (33.3 %) during the same period. Additionally, pre-vaccination immune cell profiles, particularly lymphocyte and basophil levels, were correlated with antibody responses, emphasizing the role of innate immunity in vaccine efficacy.
Conclusions
We should consider breed-specific immune responses and pre-vaccination immune cell profiles when developing vaccination strategies. Tailored approaches may enhance vaccine efficacy and improve disease control across different cattle breeds.
Clinical Relevance
We evaluated the antibody titers across different cattle breeds following LSD vaccination, providing critical insights into breed-specific vaccine efficacy. These findings support the development of tailored vaccination strategies, contributing to improved disease prevention, control measures, and overall livestock productivity.
{"title":"Breed-specific humoral immune responses to lumpy skin disease vaccination and its associated factors in cattle","authors":"Eun-Yeong Bok , Mooyoung Jung , Ui-Hyung Kim , Han Gyu Lee , Yoon Jung Do , Young-Bum Son , Yoonyoung Choi , Seungmin Ha","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To evaluate the humoral immune response to the initial Lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccination in three cattle breeds, namely Korean native cattle (Hanwoo), Holstein, and Jersey, up to 18 weeks post-vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Overall, 65 cattle were vaccinated with the live attenuated Neethling strain of the LSD vaccine (Lumpyvax®, MSD Animal Health). Antibody titers were measured using ELISA from blood samples collected before and at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 weeks post-vaccination. Pre-vaccination complete blood count parameters were analyzed to determine their correlation with antibody responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant breed-specific differences were observed in antibody titers and seropositivity rates. Eighteen weeks post-vaccination, Holstein cattle exhibited the most significant increase in LSD antibody concentrations, followed by Hanwoo and Jersey cattle (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Additionally, Holstein cattle achieved the highest seroconversion rates (73.3 %), whereas Hanwoo cattle showed the lowest seropositivity (33.3 %) during the same period. Additionally, pre-vaccination immune cell profiles, particularly lymphocyte and basophil levels, were correlated with antibody responses, emphasizing the role of innate immunity in vaccine efficacy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We should consider breed-specific immune responses and pre-vaccination immune cell profiles when developing vaccination strategies. Tailored approaches may enhance vaccine efficacy and improve disease control across different cattle breeds.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Relevance</h3><div>We evaluated the antibody titers across different cattle breeds following LSD vaccination, providing critical insights into breed-specific vaccine efficacy. These findings support the development of tailored vaccination strategies, contributing to improved disease prevention, control measures, and overall livestock productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110983"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110981
Robson Sfaciotti Barducci , Anderson Aparecido Dias Santos , Letícia Graziele Pacheco , Thaila Cristina Putarov , João Fernando Albers Koch , Francine Carla Cadoná , Samay Zillmann Rocha Costa , Eduardo Kelm Battisti , Fernando Jonas Sutili
This study evaluated the effects of a β-glucan, proanthocyanidin, and saponin-based additive on growth performance, innate immunity, intestinal morphometry, water quality, and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Experimental groups were designated GPS 1 (1.35 g/kg), GPS 2 (2.025 g/kg), and GPS 3 (2.7 g/kg) based on the additive’s key ingredients, with a non-supplemented control (CO) for comparison. Fish were fed these diets for 90 days. Fish fed GPS 2 exhibited significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate than CO. Plasma hemolytic activity (complement activity) was highest in GPS 1 and GPS 2. Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly greater in GPS 1. GPS 3 showed the highest superoxide anion production in blood leukocytes and elevated reactive oxygen species levels in plasma, but also the lowest free circulating DNA (dsDNA) concentrations. Intestinal morphometry analysis revealed greater villous height in GPS 1, followed by GPS 2, while villous density and total absorptive surface area were highest in GPS 2, followed by GPS 1. The intraepithelial lymphocyte score was significantly higher in GPS 3 than in CO. Water quality analysis showed significantly lower ammonia and nitrite levels in all supplemented groups after 48 h in a closed-system assay designed to evaluate nitrogenous waste accumulation. The bacterial challenge revealed higher survival rates in the supplemented groups (GPS 1: 95 %; GPS 2 and GPS 3: 100 %) compared to CO (70 %). In conclusion, GPS 2 provided the most balanced benefits, optimizing growth, immune response, intestinal integrity, and survival. GPS 3 appeared to induce a predominantly oxidative immune response, accompanied by an increase in intraepithelial lymphocyte density, suggesting enhanced mucosal immune activity. GPS 1 exhibited a robust immune response alongside improvements in intestinal histology. Overall, all three tested inclusion levels provided health and performance benefits when compared to the control group.
{"title":"Functional additive containing β-glucan, proanthocyanidins and saponins improves growth, immunity and gut health in rainbow trout","authors":"Robson Sfaciotti Barducci , Anderson Aparecido Dias Santos , Letícia Graziele Pacheco , Thaila Cristina Putarov , João Fernando Albers Koch , Francine Carla Cadoná , Samay Zillmann Rocha Costa , Eduardo Kelm Battisti , Fernando Jonas Sutili","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of a β-glucan, proanthocyanidin, and saponin-based additive on growth performance, innate immunity, intestinal morphometry, water quality, and disease resistance in rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>). Experimental groups were designated GPS 1 (1.35 g/kg), GPS 2 (2.025 g/kg), and GPS 3 (2.7 g/kg) based on the additive’s key ingredients, with a non-supplemented control (CO) for comparison. Fish were fed these diets for 90 days. Fish fed GPS 2 exhibited significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate than CO. Plasma hemolytic activity (complement activity) was highest in GPS 1 and GPS 2. Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly greater in GPS 1. GPS 3 showed the highest superoxide anion production in blood leukocytes and elevated reactive oxygen species levels in plasma, but also the lowest free circulating DNA (dsDNA) concentrations. Intestinal morphometry analysis revealed greater villous height in GPS 1, followed by GPS 2, while villous density and total absorptive surface area were highest in GPS 2, followed by GPS 1. The intraepithelial lymphocyte score was significantly higher in GPS 3 than in CO. Water quality analysis showed significantly lower ammonia and nitrite levels in all supplemented groups after 48 h in a closed-system assay designed to evaluate nitrogenous waste accumulation. The bacterial challenge revealed higher survival rates in the supplemented groups (GPS 1: 95 %; GPS 2 and GPS 3: 100 %) compared to CO (70 %). In conclusion, GPS 2 provided the most balanced benefits, optimizing growth, immune response, intestinal integrity, and survival. GPS 3 appeared to induce a predominantly oxidative immune response, accompanied by an increase in intraepithelial lymphocyte density, suggesting enhanced mucosal immune activity. GPS 1 exhibited a robust immune response alongside improvements in intestinal histology. Overall, all three tested inclusion levels provided health and performance benefits when compared to the control group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110981"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-25DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110979
Cennet Nur Ünal , Mustafa İssi̇
This study aimed to investigate the association between endothelial damage and inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and procalcitonin (PCT) by evaluating the endothelial markers endocan and E-selectin in cases of calf diarrhea. The study population comprised 49 calves (42 with diarrhea and 7 healthy controls). Blood samples were collected from the diarrheic calves on the 7th and 10th days following diagnosis. Treatment was initiated after the first round of blood sampling. In within-group comparisons, the initial measurements revealed significantly elevated levels of endocan and PCT in the E. coli group compared to the measurements taken on the 7th and 10th days. In between-group comparisons, significant differences were observed between the E. coli and control, rotavirus and control, and C. parvum and control groups. The infected groups exhibited markedly higher levels of endocan on days 1, 7, and 10, and elevated IL-6 levels on day 1. Additionally, E-selectin levels were significantly elevated in the infected groups on day 1, with statistically significant differences noted between the E. coli and control groups, as well as the C. parvum and control groups. PCT level was higher in the infected groups on day 1, but there was a significant difference between E. coli and Control, Rotavirus and Control groups. In conclusion, inflammation and endothelial damage were determined in calves infected with E. coli, Rotavirus, and C. parvum. There was also a positive correlation between inflammation and endothelial damage. According to the data obtained, it was concluded that endocan and E-selectin may be useful biomarkers in determining endothelial damage in calves with diarrhea.
{"title":"Investigation of the relationship between serum endocan level and interleukin-6, procalcitonin, e-selectin in calves with diarrhea, according to the etiological factor","authors":"Cennet Nur Ünal , Mustafa İssi̇","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the association between endothelial damage and inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and procalcitonin (PCT) by evaluating the endothelial markers endocan and E-selectin in cases of calf diarrhea. The study population comprised 49 calves (42 with diarrhea and 7 healthy controls). Blood samples were collected from the diarrheic calves on the 7th and 10th days following diagnosis. Treatment was initiated after the first round of blood sampling. In within-group comparisons, the initial measurements revealed significantly elevated levels of endocan and PCT in the <em>E. coli</em> group compared to the measurements taken on the 7th and 10th days. In between-group comparisons, significant differences were observed between the <em>E. coli</em> and control, rotavirus and control, and <em>C. parvum</em> and control groups. The infected groups exhibited markedly higher levels of endocan on days 1, 7, and 10, and elevated IL-6 levels on day 1. Additionally, E-selectin levels were significantly elevated in the infected groups on day 1, with statistically significant differences noted between the <em>E. coli</em> and control groups, as well as the <em>C. parvum</em> and control groups. PCT level was higher in the infected groups on day 1, but there was a significant difference between <em>E. coli</em> and Control, Rotavirus and Control groups. In conclusion, inflammation and endothelial damage were determined in calves infected with <em>E. coli</em>, Rotavirus, and <em>C. parvum</em>. There was also a positive correlation between inflammation and endothelial damage. According to the data obtained, it was concluded that endocan and E-selectin may be useful biomarkers in determining endothelial damage in calves with diarrhea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-23DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110978
Romina Scian , Maria Pilar Mejías , Cecilia Caldevilla , Sabrina Cardillo , Viviana Malirat , Ingrid E. Bergmann
Vaccination is the most effective strategy to control and prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Its effectiveness may be influenced by factors like vaccine formulation, vaccine potency, vaccination strategies, and by circulating variants, which may lead to changes in vaccine requirements and in their control. Serological assays detecting antibodies against structural proteins, such as virus neutralization test (VNT) and structural-protein ELISAs, are widely used to monitor vaccine effectiveness. In overall, serotype-specific tests are required, which should include antigens capable of detecting all variants within a given serotype, particularly those included in the vaccines. This study evaluates the performance of four commercial ELISA kits to detect FMD virus-specific antibody responses in vaccinated cattle and pigs. ELISA results were compared to VNT considered the reference standard. A total of 417 cattle and 189 pig serum samples from animals vaccinated with various formulations, containing O1 Campos, A24 Cruzeiro, A2001, Asia 1 2015 and SAT 2 2015 strains, were analyzed, along with 50 bovine and 47 pig sera from unvaccinated animals. Analysis of 4170 assays revealed varying ELISA sensitivities across different test formats, influenced by both host species and serotype. Kits demonstrating satisfactory performance and strong correlation with VNT, as measured by Cohen´s kappa coefficient, were identified as potential alternatives to VNT. As expected, tests with antigens homologous to the vaccine strain demonstrated almost perfect agreement with VNT. Nevertheless, some kits which use heterologous, or presumably heterologous, antigens also exhibited very good performances, with kappa values indicating almost perfect to substantial agreement with VNT. All assays showed high specificity, opening the possibility of improving the performance of low-sensitivity kits by adjusting cutoff values. It is highlighted the relevance of using kits with proper validation to ensure the ability to recognize antibodies generated by the vaccines in use.
疫苗接种是控制和预防口蹄疫最有效的策略。其有效性可能受到疫苗配方、疫苗效力、疫苗接种策略和流行变种等因素的影响，这些因素可能导致疫苗需求及其控制的变化。检测结构蛋白抗体的血清学试验，如病毒中和试验（VNT）和结构蛋白elisa，被广泛用于监测疫苗的有效性。总体而言，需要血清型特异性检测，其中应包括能够检测特定血清型内所有变异的抗原，特别是疫苗中包含的那些抗原。本研究评估了四种商用ELISA试剂盒检测接种牛和猪口蹄疫病毒特异性抗体反应的性能。将ELISA结果与作为参考标准的VNT进行比较。共分析了417份牛血清样本和189份猪血清样本，这些样本来自接种了各种配方的动物，其中包括O1 Campos、A24 Cruzeiro、A2001、Asia 1 2015和sat2 2015菌株，以及来自未接种疫苗动物的50份牛血清和47份猪血清。对4170项试验的分析显示，受宿主物种和血清型的影响，不同测试格式的ELISA敏感性不同。通过Cohen ' s kappa系数测量，试剂盒表现出令人满意的性能和与VNT的强相关性，被确定为VNT的潜在替代品。正如预期的那样，用与疫苗株同源的抗原进行的测试表明与VNT几乎完全一致。然而，一些使用异种或可能是异种抗原的试剂盒也表现出非常好的性能，kappa值表明与VNT几乎完全一致。所有检测结果均显示出高特异性，这为通过调整截止值来提高低灵敏度试剂盒的性能提供了可能。它强调了使用经过适当验证的试剂盒的相关性，以确保能够识别使用中的疫苗产生的抗体。
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of serological assays for detecting antibodies against structural proteins elicited by foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines of serotypes O, A, Asia 1 and SAT 2","authors":"Romina Scian , Maria Pilar Mejías , Cecilia Caldevilla , Sabrina Cardillo , Viviana Malirat , Ingrid E. Bergmann","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccination is the most effective strategy to control and prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Its effectiveness may be influenced by factors like vaccine formulation, vaccine potency, vaccination strategies, and by circulating variants, which may lead to changes in vaccine requirements and in their control. Serological assays detecting antibodies against structural proteins, such as virus neutralization test (VNT) and structural-protein ELISAs, are widely used to monitor vaccine effectiveness. In overall, serotype-specific tests are required, which should include antigens capable of detecting all variants within a given serotype, particularly those included in the vaccines. This study evaluates the performance of four commercial ELISA kits to detect FMD virus-specific antibody responses in vaccinated cattle and pigs. ELISA results were compared to VNT considered the reference standard. A total of 417 cattle and 189 pig serum samples from animals vaccinated with various formulations, containing O<sub>1</sub> Campos, A24 Cruzeiro, A2001, Asia 1 2015 and SAT 2 2015 strains, were analyzed, along with 50 bovine and 47 pig sera from unvaccinated animals. Analysis of 4170 assays revealed varying ELISA sensitivities across different test formats, influenced by both host species and serotype. Kits demonstrating satisfactory performance and strong correlation with VNT, as measured by Cohen´s kappa coefficient, were identified as potential alternatives to VNT. As expected, tests with antigens homologous to the vaccine strain demonstrated almost perfect agreement with VNT. Nevertheless, some kits which use heterologous, or presumably heterologous, antigens also exhibited very good performances, with kappa values indicating almost perfect to substantial agreement with VNT. All assays showed high specificity, opening the possibility of improving the performance of low-sensitivity kits by adjusting cutoff values. It is highlighted the relevance of using kits with proper validation to ensure the ability to recognize antibodies generated by the vaccines in use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110977
M. Nesane , A. Pretorius , W. van Wyngaardt , S.I. Tshilwane , F.E. Faber , H. Steyn , Y. Lemmer , M. van Kleef , N. Thema
Heartwater is a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium, that has a major economic impact on smallholder farmers. This study investigates the potential of Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery system for the pLAMP multi-epitope DNA vaccine against heartwater. The vaccine was designed to enhance antigen presentation and activation of specific immune responses, including CD4 + and CD8 + T cell activation. Spherical microspheres with smooth surfaces ranging from 180 nm to 5 µm in diameter were produced, with an adsorption efficiency of 83 %. The in vitro release kinetics demonstrated an initial release of adsorbed pLAMP DNA from PLGA NPs peaking at day 7 and again at day 35. Cellular uptake and gene expression were confirmed using the Vitality hrGFP II plasmid that was adsorbed onto PLGA NPs. High throughput transcriptome sequencing was utilized to determine the immune response activated by the vaccine in vitro in immune sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The pLAMP plasmid transcripts were shown to be present, and key immune pathways, including DNA sensing pathways, MHC presentation and CD4 + T cell and CD8 + T cell pathways were activated that corresponded to those identified and used for the vaccine design previously. This is an indication of the capability of the pLAMP-NP vaccine to induce the desired immune responses, demonstrating potential for in vivo studies.
{"title":"In vitro characterization of the E. ruminantium pLAMP multi-epitope DNA poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle vaccine in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells","authors":"M. Nesane , A. Pretorius , W. van Wyngaardt , S.I. Tshilwane , F.E. Faber , H. Steyn , Y. Lemmer , M. van Kleef , N. Thema","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heartwater is a tick-borne disease caused by <em>Ehrlichia ruminantium</em>, that has a major economic impact on smallholder farmers. This study investigates the potential of Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery system for the pLAMP multi-epitope DNA vaccine against heartwater. The vaccine was designed to enhance antigen presentation and activation of specific immune responses, including CD4 + and CD8 + T cell activation. Spherical microspheres with smooth surfaces ranging from 180 nm to 5 µm in diameter were produced, with an adsorption efficiency of 83 %. The <em>in vitro</em> release kinetics demonstrated an initial release of adsorbed pLAMP DNA from PLGA NPs peaking at day 7 and again at day 35. Cellular uptake and gene expression were confirmed using the Vitality hrGFP II plasmid that was adsorbed onto PLGA NPs. High throughput transcriptome sequencing was utilized to determine the immune response activated by the vaccine <em>in vitro</em> in immune sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The pLAMP plasmid transcripts were shown to be present, and key immune pathways, including DNA sensing pathways, MHC presentation and CD4 + T cell and CD8 + T cell pathways were activated that corresponded to those identified and used for the vaccine design previously. This is an indication of the capability of the pLAMP-NP vaccine to induce the desired immune responses, demonstrating potential for <em>in vivo</em> studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110977"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immersion vaccination with a biomimetic mucoadhesive nanovaccine has been shown to induce a strong mucosal immune response against Edwardsiellosis, a serious bacterial disease in Nile tilapia caused by Edwardsiella tarda. This study aims to develop and investigate the efficacy of immersion delivery using a chitosan nano-vaccine (CS) with β-glucan (BG) as an adjuvant to enhance the mucoadhesive properties of the vaccine. The prepared vaccines were nano-sized and spherical as confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the images show that nano vaccine greatly increased the binding and penetrating ability into gills when compared with formalin-killed vaccine. Fingerling-sized Nile tilapia (12 ± 2 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: control, Formalin Killed vaccine (Positive control), Chitosan/β-glucan alone (CS/BG), and Chitosan/β-glucan Vaccine (CS/BG V). Fish received immersion baths on days 1 and 21 with a 30-min booster dose. Samples were collected at two time intervals (14, and 28 days post-vaccination (Dpv)) to evaluate innate immune responses through lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, NBT, and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly elevated in vaccinated fish compared to the control group (p < 0.05). IgM antibody titers, measured by ELISA, peaked at 14 and 28Dpv compared to the non-vaccinated group. Furthermore, after vaccination, gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR showed a significant increase in IgM, TNF-α, IL-1β, TCR- β, MHC-I, and IL-8 in the spleen of CS/BG V fishes, with similar antibody responses observed. The efficacy of the vaccine was further assessed by challenging the fish with virulent E. tarda after 36 Dpv, and observed 15 days for cumulative mortality. The results demonstrate that the vaccine showed significant protection of 24.44 %, 37.78 %, 48.89 % and 68.89 % respectively, in groups and high relative percentage survival (RPS) in the C/BG V group compared to the control group. Histopathological examinations of head kidney, spleen, and gills were performed for all four groups showed mild infiltrations. This chitosan nano formulation, adjuvanted with a β-glucan immersion vaccine delivery method, will prove effective for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), significantly impacting aquaculture and potentially being applicable against other pathogens in global aquaculture systems.
{"title":"Mucoadhesive chitosan-based nano vaccine as promising immersion vaccine against Edwardsiella tarda challenge in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","authors":"Nandhakumar , Ishwarya Ramachandran , Preetham Elumalai","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immersion vaccination with a biomimetic mucoadhesive nanovaccine has been shown to induce a strong mucosal immune response against Edwardsiellosis, a serious bacterial disease in Nile tilapia caused by <em>Edwardsiella tarda</em>. This study aims to develop and investigate the efficacy of immersion delivery using a chitosan nano-vaccine (CS) with β-glucan (BG) as an adjuvant to enhance the mucoadhesive properties of the vaccine. The prepared vaccines were nano-sized and spherical as confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the images show that nano vaccine greatly increased the binding and penetrating ability into gills when compared with formalin-killed vaccine. Fingerling-sized Nile tilapia (12 ± 2 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: control, Formalin Killed vaccine (Positive control), Chitosan/β-glucan alone (CS/BG), and Chitosan/β-glucan Vaccine (CS/BG V). Fish received immersion baths on days 1 and 21 with a 30-min booster dose. Samples were collected at two time intervals (14, and 28 days post-vaccination (<em>Dpv</em>)) to evaluate innate immune responses through lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, NBT, and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly elevated in vaccinated fish compared to the control group (<em>p </em>< 0.05). IgM antibody titers, measured by ELISA, peaked at 14 and 28<em>Dpv</em> compared to the non-vaccinated group. Furthermore, after vaccination, gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR showed a significant increase <em>in IgM, TNF-α, IL-1β, TCR- β, MHC-I, and IL-8</em> in the spleen of CS/BG V fishes, with similar antibody responses observed. The efficacy of the vaccine was further assessed by challenging the fish with virulent <em>E. tarda</em> after 36 <em>Dpv</em>, and observed 15 days for cumulative mortality. The results demonstrate that the vaccine showed significant protection of 24.44 %, 37.78 %, 48.89 % and 68.89 % respectively, in groups and high relative percentage survival (RPS) in the C/BG V group compared to the control group. Histopathological examinations of head kidney, spleen, and gills were performed for all four groups showed mild infiltrations. This chitosan nano formulation, adjuvanted with a β-glucan immersion vaccine delivery method, will prove effective for Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>), significantly impacting aquaculture and potentially being applicable against other pathogens in global aquaculture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-08DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110975
Joan K. Lunney
Swine immune reagents are required for scientists to reveal the mechanisms underlying responses to infectious disease and vaccines. This review highlights availability of antibodies and immune proteins to assess complex cellular and tissue interactions and the issues involved in assuring the best panel of reagents continue to be available for the research community. Continuing issues are discussed for the production, characterization and availability of expressed swine immune proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive with those proteins and immune cell subset CD (cluster of differentiation) markers. Finally, suggestions are presented for future investments in veterinary immune toolkit efforts.
{"title":"Progress and challenges in developing swine immune reagents","authors":"Joan K. Lunney","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swine immune reagents are required for scientists to reveal the mechanisms underlying responses to infectious disease and vaccines. This review highlights availability of antibodies and immune proteins to assess complex cellular and tissue interactions and the issues involved in assuring the best panel of reagents continue to be available for the research community. Continuing issues are discussed for the production, characterization and availability of expressed swine immune proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive with those proteins and immune cell subset CD (cluster of differentiation) markers. Finally, suggestions are presented for future investments in veterinary immune toolkit efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110975"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110974
Stacey C. Engel , Tanya J. Kerr , Gian D. van der Spuy , Tracey Jooste , Peter E. Buss , Jennifer L. Johns , Michele A. Miller , Léanie Kleynhans
Understanding immune responses to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), is essential for developing diagnostic tests and studying disease progression. Although TB affects African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana), few studies have investigated immune cells and function in this species, especially in the respiratory tract. Techniques for isolating immune cells from elephant bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples have not been previously reported. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimise a protocol to isolate and characterise alveolar cell types in BAL fluid collected from free-ranging, African savanna elephants. The optimised protocol incorporated a mucin digestion step, filtration, Ficoll gradient separation and wash steps to remove contaminants and successfully isolate viable populations of alveolar mononuclear cells. The isolated cells were stained with Rapi-Diff and microscopically examined to differentiate and characterise each cell type present. Cells isolated from healthy African elephant BAL samples, using this method, were predominantly alveolar macrophages (92.5 – 100.0 %) followed by lymphocytes (0.0 – 6.0 %), neutrophils (0.0 – 3.0 %) and eosinophils (0.0 – 1.0 %). This study provides the first optimised protocol for the isolation of alveolar mononuclear cells for future investigations into local immune responses to respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis.
{"title":"Optimisation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid preparation for mononuclear cell isolation and cytologic evaluation in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana)","authors":"Stacey C. Engel , Tanya J. Kerr , Gian D. van der Spuy , Tracey Jooste , Peter E. Buss , Jennifer L. Johns , Michele A. Miller , Léanie Kleynhans","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding immune responses to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), is essential for developing diagnostic tests and studying disease progression. Although TB affects African savanna elephants (<em>Loxodonta africana)</em>, few studies have investigated immune cells and function in this species, especially in the respiratory tract. Techniques for isolating immune cells from elephant bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples have not been previously reported. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimise a protocol to isolate and characterise alveolar cell types in BAL fluid collected from free-ranging, African savanna elephants. The optimised protocol incorporated a mucin digestion step, filtration, Ficoll gradient separation and wash steps to remove contaminants and successfully isolate viable populations of alveolar mononuclear cells. The isolated cells were stained with Rapi-Diff and microscopically examined to differentiate and characterise each cell type present. Cells isolated from healthy African elephant BAL samples, using this method, were predominantly alveolar macrophages (92.5 – 100.0 %) followed by lymphocytes (0.0 – 6.0 %), neutrophils (0.0 – 3.0 %) and eosinophils (0.0 – 1.0 %). This study provides the first optimised protocol for the isolation of alveolar mononuclear cells for future investigations into local immune responses to respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110974"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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