Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110899
Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam , Summiya Khalid , Nadia Dar , Zaigham Abbas , Iram Gull , Zoha Khan , Sehreen Ashraf , Zahoor Qadir Samra
Chicken respiratory disease “Ornithobacteriosis” caused by Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) badly affect the poultry industry. In this study, ORT was isolated from chicken tracheal samples by streaking on 5 % sheep blood agar plates and characterized by morphological analysis, biochemical tests and identification by species specific PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Characterized ORT was cultured, fixed with formalin and mixed with the normal feed to be used as oral vaccine to egg laying hens for 10 days. After oral vaccination, anti-ORT IgY antibodies were extracted from eggs using PEG precipitation method. The IgY antibodies were further characterized by Native-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, ELISA and Western blot analysis. The successful production of IgY antibodies in eggs and interaction of IgY antibodies with outer membrane of ORT as antigen revealed that this oral vaccine can be used to induce humoral immunity in chickens against ORT. Furthermore, these developed anti-ORT antibodies could be used for the diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the poultry industry. This oral vaccination technique can be translated to develop egg yolk antibodies against pathogenic bacteria in humans.
{"title":"Production of IgY in egg yolk of Gallus gallus Domesticus by oral vaccination and its characterization with outer membrane of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale","authors":"Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam , Summiya Khalid , Nadia Dar , Zaigham Abbas , Iram Gull , Zoha Khan , Sehreen Ashraf , Zahoor Qadir Samra","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chicken respiratory disease “Ornithobacteriosis” caused by <em>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</em> (ORT) badly affect the poultry industry. In this study, ORT was isolated from chicken tracheal samples by streaking on 5 % sheep blood agar plates and characterized by morphological analysis, biochemical tests and identification by species specific PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Characterized ORT was cultured, fixed with formalin and mixed with the normal feed to be used as oral vaccine to egg laying hens for 10 days. After oral vaccination, anti-ORT IgY antibodies were extracted from eggs using PEG precipitation method. The IgY antibodies were further characterized by Native-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, ELISA and Western blot analysis. The successful production of IgY antibodies in eggs and interaction of IgY antibodies with outer membrane of ORT as antigen revealed that this oral vaccine can be used to induce humoral immunity in chickens against ORT. Furthermore, these developed anti-ORT antibodies could be used for the diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the poultry industry. This oral vaccination technique can be translated to develop egg yolk antibodies against pathogenic bacteria in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110899"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110898
Aoi Kurokawa, Yu Yamamoto
Immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in poultry has primarily been performed using frozen tissues, with limited identification in paraffin-embedded tissues. In this study, the following 18 commercially available primary antibodies associated with immune cell phenotypes were tested: anti-CD3, CD4 (clone CT-4 and 2‐35), TCRγδ, TCRαVβ1, TCRαVβ2, CD8, BAFF-R, PAX5, Bu-1a/b, Iba-1, MRC1L-B, CSF-1R, TIM4, MHC class II (clone 2D5 and 21‐1A6), MUM1, and CD45 antibodies in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and zinc-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ZFPE) chicken and duck lymphoid tissues. In chickens, 11 antibodies in FFPE tissue and 16 in ZFPE tissue reacted with the expected antigens under some of the antigen retrieval conditions tested. Antibodies against CD4 (clone CT-4), TCRγδ, TCRαVβ1, CSF-1R, and MHC class II (clone 21‐1A6) were effective only in ZFPE tissue. In ducks, cells in both FFPE and ZFPE tissues were immunolabeled by five antibodies under some of the conditions tested. Antigen retrieval suitable for cellular membrane antigen tended to be heat for FFPE tissues and no treatment for ZFPE tissues. Heat-induced antigen retrieval allowed for better detection of nuclear antigens in both FFPE and ZFPE sections. Our results indicate that commercially available antibodies can immunohistochemically detect some of chicken and duck immune cell subsets in paraffin-embedded sections.
{"title":"Immunohistochemical identification of immune cell subsets in formalin- and zinc-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from chicken and duck using commercial antibodies","authors":"Aoi Kurokawa, Yu Yamamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in poultry has primarily been performed using frozen tissues, with limited identification in paraffin-embedded tissues. In this study, the following 18 commercially available primary antibodies associated with immune cell phenotypes were tested: anti-CD3, CD4 (clone CT-4 and 2‐35), TCRγδ, TCRαVβ1, TCRαVβ2, CD8, BAFF-R, PAX5, Bu-1a/b, Iba-1, MRC1L-B, CSF-1R, TIM4, MHC class II (clone 2D5 and 21‐1A6), MUM1, and CD45 antibodies in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and zinc-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ZFPE) chicken and duck lymphoid tissues. In chickens, 11 antibodies in FFPE tissue and 16 in ZFPE tissue reacted with the expected antigens under some of the antigen retrieval conditions tested. Antibodies against CD4 (clone CT-4), TCRγδ, TCRαVβ1, CSF-1R, and MHC class II (clone 21‐1A6) were effective only in ZFPE tissue. In ducks, cells in both FFPE and ZFPE tissues were immunolabeled by five antibodies under some of the conditions tested. Antigen retrieval suitable for cellular membrane antigen tended to be heat for FFPE tissues and no treatment for ZFPE tissues. Heat-induced antigen retrieval allowed for better detection of nuclear antigens in both FFPE and ZFPE sections. Our results indicate that commercially available antibodies can immunohistochemically detect some of chicken and duck immune cell subsets in paraffin-embedded sections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110898"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110897
Zain Ul Abadeen , Muhammad Tariq Javed , Tariq Jamil , Syed Muhammad Faizan
The present study was designed to evaluate the immunoprotective role of specific egg yolk antibodies (IgYs). Eighty, day-old broiler chicks were purchased and divided into four groups (G0, G1, G2 and G3). G0 served as control negative, while C. perfringens type A (1 ×108 cfu/mL) was given via oral route from days 17–19 of the experiment in group G1 (control positive). Groups G2 and G3 were passively immunized with 1 mL of anti-clostridial IgYs per bird via per os (days 21–24) and IM routes (days 22 and 24), respectively. The birds in group G1 had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) values and reduced relative weight of immune organs. The values of various immunological assays inlcuding hemagglutination inhibition titer values against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), titer values of total immunoglobulins and IgY after anti-sheep RBCs (anti-SRBCs) injection and phagocytic potential of circulating macrophages were lower in G1 compared to G0. In groups G2 and G3 (passively immunized), these pathological alterations were comparatively less severe or absent indicating the immuno-protective role of anti-clostridial IgYs against experimental infection. The results suggest that IgYs could be an effective alternative to antibiotics for controlling necrotic enteritis in poultry, with potential benefits in view of animal health and production costs.
{"title":"Immunoprotective potential of egg yolk antibodies (IgYs) in controlling necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","authors":"Zain Ul Abadeen , Muhammad Tariq Javed , Tariq Jamil , Syed Muhammad Faizan","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study was designed to evaluate the immunoprotective role of specific egg yolk antibodies (<em>IgYs</em>). Eighty, day-old broiler chicks were purchased and divided into four groups (G<sub>0</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub> and G<sub>3</sub>). G<sub>0</sub> served as control negative, while <em>C. perfringens</em> type A (1 ×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/mL) was given via oral route from days 17–19 of the experiment in group G<sub>1</sub> (control positive). Groups G<sub>2</sub> and G<sub>3</sub> were passively immunized with 1 mL of anti-clostridial <em>IgYs</em> per bird via per os (days 21–24) and IM routes (days 22 and 24), respectively. The birds in group G<sub>1</sub> had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) values and reduced relative weight of immune organs. The values of various immunological assays inlcuding hemagglutination inhibition titer values against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), titer values of total immunoglobulins and <em>IgY</em> after anti-sheep RBCs (anti-SRBCs) injection and phagocytic potential of circulating macrophages were lower in G<sub>1</sub> compared to G<sub>0</sub>. In groups G<sub>2</sub> and G<sub>3</sub> (passively immunized), these pathological alterations were comparatively less severe or absent indicating the immuno-protective role of anti-clostridial <em>IgYs</em> against experimental infection. The results suggest that <em>IgYs</em> could be an effective alternative to antibiotics for controlling necrotic enteritis in poultry, with potential benefits in view of animal health and production costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110897"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110887
Mei Tang, Jianru Feng, Xudong Wang, Yu Ding
Vibrio alginolyticus is a serious aquaculture bacterial pathogen, which is widely distributed in the ocean and rivers, and cause vibriosis in aquaculture. Therefore, it is imperative to develop effective vaccine to prevent vibriosis. In this study, the efficacy of gr deletion strain (Δgr) of V. alginolyticus as an attenuated live vaccine was evaluated in peal gentian grouper by intraperitoneal injection immunization, followed by a wild strain injection challenge. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used for analyzing the expression dynamics of immune-related genes. ELISA was used to assess the serum antibody titer and non-specific enzyme activities were determined by kit. The results showed that the safe dose of Δgr was 1.0 × 106 CFU/mL for pearl gentian grouper, and the immune protection rate of Δgr was 73.08 %, providing significant protection against V. alginolyticus. The expression levels of all the immune-related genes MHC-Iα, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-16 and MyD88 were upregulated in liver, spleen, head kidney and thymus within 42 days post-vaccination. In addition, specific antibody IgM, activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme were also significantly increased compared with the control group. It is not only safe for groupers, but also can effectively stimulate both specific and non-specific immunity of fish. These results indicated that Δgr could be used as an effective attenuated live vaccine candidate to prevent pearl gentian grouper against V. alginolyticus in aquaculture.
{"title":"An attenuated live strain of HY9901 mutant Δgr provides protection against Vibrio alginolyticus in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu)","authors":"Mei Tang, Jianru Feng, Xudong Wang, Yu Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em> is a serious aquaculture bacterial pathogen, which is widely distributed in the ocean and rivers, and cause vibriosis in aquaculture. Therefore, it is imperative to develop effective vaccine to prevent vibriosis. In this study, the efficacy of <em>gr</em> deletion strain (<em>Δgr</em>) of <em>V. alginolyticus</em> as an attenuated live vaccine was evaluated in peal gentian grouper by intraperitoneal injection immunization, followed by a wild strain injection challenge. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used for analyzing the expression dynamics of immune-related genes. ELISA was used to assess the serum antibody titer and non-specific enzyme activities were determined by kit. The results showed that the safe dose of <em>Δgr</em> was 1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/mL for pearl gentian grouper, and the immune protection rate of <em>Δgr</em> was 73.08 %, providing significant protection against <em>V. alginolyticus</em>. The expression levels of all the immune-related genes <em>MHC-Iα</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-1β</em>, <em>IL-16</em> and <em>MyD88</em> were upregulated in liver, spleen, head kidney and thymus within 42 days post-vaccination. In addition, specific antibody IgM, activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme were also significantly increased compared with the control group. It is not only safe for groupers, but also can effectively stimulate both specific and non-specific immunity of fish. These results indicated that <em>Δgr</em> could be used as an effective attenuated live vaccine candidate to prevent pearl gentian grouper against <em>V. alginolyticus</em> in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110887"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110886
Ji Young Jang , Dona Lee , Se Yeol Oh , Han Sang Yoo
Background
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a primary pathogen in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), or kennel cough, capable of independently causing respiratory illness and contributing significantly to co-infections with other viral and bacterial agents. Despite its critical role in disease transmission and persistence, the epidemiology of B. bronchiseptica in CIRD remains poorly understood. Limited data on co-infection prevalence and associated risk factors hinder effective management and control of this pathogen.
Objective
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the prevalence and risk factors of co-infections with B. bronchiseptica in dogs.
Methods
A comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted across four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Data extraction included the number of co-infected cases among those with B. bronchiseptica, the identified co-infecting pathogens, study period, geographical location, shelter type, and age.
Results
From 3994 identified articles, 26 studies were included. The overall prevalence of B. bronchiseptica co-infection was 47 % (95 % CI: 37 %-57 %). Significant differences were observed only in the study period, with co-infection rates higher in the 1900s (77 %) compared to the 2000s (45 %). No significant differences were found for other factors. Frequently co-infecting pathogens included Mycoplasma and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV).
Conclusion
Co-infections with B. bronchiseptica are common in CIRD, indicating a need for the development of combined vaccines targeting co-infecting pathogens. Furthermore, the establishment of effective prevention and control strategies can be universally applied across different geographical locations, shelter types, and ages. This study provides valuable insights that can inform future research and enhance the overall management and treatment of CIRD in dogs.
{"title":"Co-infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica in canine: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Ji Young Jang , Dona Lee , Se Yeol Oh , Han Sang Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em> is a primary pathogen in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), or kennel cough, capable of independently causing respiratory illness and contributing significantly to co-infections with other viral and bacterial agents. Despite its critical role in disease transmission and persistence, the epidemiology of <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> in CIRD remains poorly understood. Limited data on co-infection prevalence and associated risk factors hinder effective management and control of this pathogen.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the prevalence and risk factors of co-infections with <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> in dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted across four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Data extraction included the number of co-infected cases among those with <em>B. bronchiseptica</em>, the identified co-infecting pathogens, study period, geographical location, shelter type, and age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 3994 identified articles, 26 studies were included. The overall prevalence of <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> co-infection was 47 % (95 % CI: 37 %-57 %). Significant differences were observed only in the study period, with co-infection rates higher in the 1900s (77 %) compared to the 2000s (45 %). No significant differences were found for other factors. Frequently co-infecting pathogens included Mycoplasma and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Co-infections with <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> are common in CIRD, indicating a need for the development of combined vaccines targeting co-infecting pathogens. Furthermore, the establishment of effective prevention and control strategies can be universally applied across different geographical locations, shelter types, and ages. This study provides valuable insights that can inform future research and enhance the overall management and treatment of CIRD in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110886"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110885
Bianca Paola Santarosa , Larissa Miranda Padilha , Karen Nascimento da Silva , Luana Camargo , Cristina de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes , Viviani Gomes
Waste milk (WM) is commonly used in calf feeding to reduce rearing costs; however, its effects on the innate immune response remain unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of WM on the innate immune response and inflammatory profile of pre-weaned dairy calves. Thirty male Holstein calves were assigned to receive pasteurized waste milk (PWM), saleable milk (SM), and WM (n = 10 in each group). Blood samples were collected on D7, D21, D35, D49, and D63 (days of life) to assess the white blood cell (WBC) count, phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), and nitric oxide (NO) production by monocyte-derived macrophages, in addition to the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers and haptoglobin concentration. A trend towards a higher occurrence of respiratory disease was detected in calves that received WM, followed by PWM. A group effect (P = 0.00) was observed in absolute monocyte values, with higher values found in the WM group. Only the TBARS concentration showed a group × time interaction among all oxidative stress biomarkers, with the highest mean found in calves receiving WM, followed by those receiving PWM and SM. Elevated TBARS concentrations indicated higher lipid peroxidation, which may have resulted from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to immune challenges from ingesting pathogens present in WM. Haptoglobin concentration was unaffected. WM promoted lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity, suggesting a pro-inflammatory effect. The time-effects of PMN phagocytosis reflected the development of the immune system in neonatal calves, which is consistent with previous studies.
{"title":"Waste milk consumption in dairy calves: Effects on innate immunity and inflammatory profile","authors":"Bianca Paola Santarosa , Larissa Miranda Padilha , Karen Nascimento da Silva , Luana Camargo , Cristina de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes , Viviani Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste milk (WM) is commonly used in calf feeding to reduce rearing costs; however, its effects on the innate immune response remain unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of WM on the innate immune response and inflammatory profile of pre-weaned dairy calves. Thirty male Holstein calves were assigned to receive pasteurized waste milk (PWM), saleable milk (SM), and WM (n = 10 in each group). Blood samples were collected on D7, D21, D35, D49, and D63 (days of life) to assess the white blood cell (WBC) count, phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), and nitric oxide (NO) production by monocyte-derived macrophages, in addition to the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers and haptoglobin concentration. A trend towards a higher occurrence of respiratory disease was detected in calves that received WM, followed by PWM. A group effect (P = 0.00) was observed in absolute monocyte values, with higher values found in the WM group. Only the TBARS concentration showed a group × time interaction among all oxidative stress biomarkers, with the highest mean found in calves receiving WM, followed by those receiving PWM and SM. Elevated TBARS concentrations indicated higher lipid peroxidation, which may have resulted from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to immune challenges from ingesting pathogens present in WM. Haptoglobin concentration was unaffected. WM promoted lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity, suggesting a pro-inflammatory effect. The time-effects of PMN phagocytosis reflected the development of the immune system in neonatal calves, which is consistent with previous studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110885"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110870
Hung-Yueh Yeh , Quentin D. Read
Implementation of a vaccination program is one of the most effective means to control infectious diseases during food animal production. Salmonella, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illnesses worldwide. The major source of this microorganism for human infection is from consumption of unsanitary poultry products. Although live attenuated vaccines are available, these vaccines suffer from problems including persistence and shedding of Salmonella in and from the vaccinated animals. To overcome these problems, the recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg FliD, FlgK, FimA and FimW subunit proteins that are surface-exposed were produced and tested for their immunogenicity in chickens in this study. As expected, there were no detrimental signs observed in chickens after vaccination during the six-week experimental period. These four proteins migrated in a single band to their respective positions. Analysis of immune responses to the proteins reveals that the immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA from most vaccinated chickens reacted strongly to the recombinant FliD and FlgK proteins, but not from unvaccinated chickens. On the other hand, IgG, IgM and IgA antibody responses to FimA and FimW from the vaccinated group were no difference from those from unvaccinated chickens, suggesting that the FimA and FimW proteins may be not good antigens, potentially due to their size, composition, and/or structural complexity. In addition, IgG could be induced by FliD and FlgK after a single vaccination. These antibody studies suggest that recombinant FliD and FlgK have potential as targets for vaccine development. Because of the importance of bacterial fimbriae in pathogenesis and for immunogenicity, a chimeric protein of the FimA and FimW proteins is needed.
{"title":"Immune responses of chickens against recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg FimA and FimW fimbriae and FliD and FlgK flagellar proteins","authors":"Hung-Yueh Yeh , Quentin D. Read","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Implementation of a vaccination program is one of the most effective means to control infectious diseases during food animal production. <em>Salmonella</em>, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illnesses worldwide. The major source of this microorganism for human infection is from consumption of unsanitary poultry products. Although live attenuated vaccines are available, these vaccines suffer from problems including persistence and shedding of <em>Salmonella</em> in and from the vaccinated animals. To overcome these problems, the recombinant <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Heidelberg FliD, FlgK, FimA and FimW subunit proteins that are surface-exposed were produced and tested for their immunogenicity in chickens in this study. As expected, there were no detrimental signs observed in chickens after vaccination during the six-week experimental period. These four proteins migrated in a single band to their respective positions. Analysis of immune responses to the proteins reveals that the immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA from most vaccinated chickens reacted strongly to the recombinant FliD and FlgK proteins, but not from unvaccinated chickens. On the other hand, IgG, IgM and IgA antibody responses to FimA and FimW from the vaccinated group were no difference from those from unvaccinated chickens, suggesting that the FimA and FimW proteins may be not good antigens, potentially due to their size, composition, and/or structural complexity. In addition, IgG could be induced by FliD and FlgK after a single vaccination. These antibody studies suggest that recombinant FliD and FlgK have potential as targets for vaccine development. Because of the importance of bacterial fimbriae in pathogenesis and for immunogenicity, a chimeric protein of the FimA and FimW proteins is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110870"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110871
A. Hoyos-Jaramillo , R.A. Palomares , J.H.J. Bittar , D.J. Hurley , A. Rodríguez , E.A. González-Altamiranda , S. Kirks , A. Gutierrez , S. Wall , K. Miller , J. Urdaneta , K. Skrada , D. Lopez , M. Fenley
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the vaccine administration route and the concurrent use of injectable trace minerals (ITM) with booster vaccination on the circulating leukocyte counts and T cell subpopulations in dairy calves challenged with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV2) and Bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1). A total of 60 Holstein male calves were used in this study. Forty-eight calves were administered a MLV intranasal (IN) vaccine containing BHV1, BRSV, BPI3V (Inforce 3®), and randomly assigned to subcutaneous (SC) administration of injectable trace minerals (ITM, n = 24) or saline (SAL, n = 24). Ten weeks later, the calves received booster vaccination using either SC or IN route and a second dose of ITM, or saline, according to previous groups [ITM-SC (n = 12), ITM-IN (n = 12), SAL-SC (n = 12), and SAL-IN (n = 12)]. Additionally, 12 calves did not receive vaccine or treatment (UNVAC, n = 12). Seven weeks after booster all calves were challenged with BVDV2 and seven days later with BHV1. Blood samples were collected on days −7, 0, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 and 14 for determination of leukocyte counts and T cell subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, WC1+ and CD25+). Unvaccinated calves had a significant leukopenia, compared to the vaccinated calves. There was a significant decrease of CD4+ CD8+ T cells over time after BVDV2 challenge, being more pronounced in the UNVAC calves. Calves receiving SC vaccination appeared to have greater CD4+ T cell number compared to the UNVAC calves. Calves treated with ITM had greater CD8+ T cells count than the other groups. Calves in the ITM-IN group had the greatest CD8+ T cell count on days 6 and 7 (P < 0.01). All vaccinated groups had steady response of CD4+CD25+ T cells and a slight increase of CD8+CD25+ T cells. In contrast, UNVAC calves had a significant increase of CD4+CD25+, CD8+CD25+ and WC1+CD25+ T cells on day 14. In conclusion, vaccine administration route and use of injectable trace minerals concurrent with vaccination affected the number CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to BVDV2 +BHV1 infection. Trace minerals supplementation concurrent with MLV vaccination might generate an improved cellular immunity against viral infections involved in respiratory disease.
{"title":"Circulating T cell subpopulations in dairy calves infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 and Bovine herpes virus 1 following modified-live virus booster vaccination: Effects of the administration route and trace mineral supplementation","authors":"A. Hoyos-Jaramillo , R.A. Palomares , J.H.J. Bittar , D.J. Hurley , A. Rodríguez , E.A. González-Altamiranda , S. Kirks , A. Gutierrez , S. Wall , K. Miller , J. Urdaneta , K. Skrada , D. Lopez , M. Fenley","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the vaccine administration route and the concurrent use of injectable trace minerals (ITM) with booster vaccination on the circulating leukocyte counts and T cell subpopulations in dairy calves challenged with <em>Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2</em> (BVDV2) and <em>Bovine herpes virus 1</em> (BHV1). A total of 60 Holstein male calves were used in this study. Forty-eight calves were administered a MLV intranasal (IN) vaccine containing BHV1, BRSV, BPI3V (Inforce 3®), and randomly assigned to subcutaneous (SC) administration of injectable trace minerals (ITM, n = 24) or saline (SAL, n = 24). Ten weeks later, the calves received booster vaccination using either SC or IN route and a second dose of ITM, or saline, according to previous groups [ITM-SC (n = 12), ITM-IN (n = 12), SAL-SC (n = 12), and SAL-IN (n = 12)]. Additionally, 12 calves did not receive vaccine or treatment (UNVAC, n = 12). Seven weeks after booster all calves were challenged with BVDV2 and seven days later with BHV1. Blood samples were collected on days −7, 0, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 and 14 for determination of leukocyte counts and T cell subpopulations (CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>, WC1<sup>+</sup> and CD25<sup>+</sup>). Unvaccinated calves had a significant leukopenia, compared to the vaccinated calves. There was a significant decrease of CD4<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells over time after BVDV2 challenge, being more pronounced in the UNVAC calves. Calves receiving SC vaccination appeared to have greater CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell number compared to the UNVAC calves. Calves treated with ITM had greater CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells count than the other groups. Calves in the ITM-IN group had the greatest CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell count on days 6 and 7 (P < 0.01). All vaccinated groups had steady response of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells and a slight increase of CD8<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells. In contrast, UNVAC calves had a significant increase of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> and WC1<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells on day 14. In conclusion, vaccine administration route and use of injectable trace minerals concurrent with vaccination affected the number CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in response to BVDV2 +BHV1 infection. Trace minerals supplementation concurrent with MLV vaccination might generate an improved cellular immunity against viral infections involved in respiratory disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110871"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142972365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110869
Asifa Sarfraz , Irfa Chaudhary , Fizza Arshad , Muhammad Shehroz , Asia Perveen , Umar Nishan , Abid Ali , Riaz Ullah , Abdelaaty A. Shahat , Aqal Zaman , Mohibullah Shah
The Hendra virus (HeV) has resulted in epidemics of respiratory and neurological illnesses in animals. Humans have contracted diseases with high fatality rates as a result of infected domestic animals, but effective vaccinations and therapies are currently not available against HeV. Herein, we analyzed the proteome of HeV and constructed an effective and innovative multi-epitope vaccine using immunoinformatics techniques. The vaccine construct was generated, targeting one matrix protein, with the help of the five selected B and T cell epitopes, linkers, and adjuvants and evaluated for their immunogenic properties. In-silico analysis revealed that the epitopes were able to interact with immune receptors and had high antigenic qualities. The post-translational modifications (PTMs), globular, disordered regions, and the active site of the vaccine were predicted, and the strong interactions between the vaccine and Toll-like receptor 5 were observed in molecular docking, indicating their potential significance in the immune response to the designed vaccine. The structural and dynamic stability of the vaccine were ensured by the molecular dynamic simulations. The results of the immune simulations indicated that the designed vaccine might activate B and T cells, which produce high levels of antibodies and cytokines to fight HeV infection. The developed vaccine is useful due to its non-toxicity, non-sensitization, good immunogenicity, non-allergic, and antigenic properties, accessed by various tools; however, experimental verification is needed to confirm the findings of the current study.
{"title":"Peptide-based vaccine design against Hendra virus through immunoinformatics approach","authors":"Asifa Sarfraz , Irfa Chaudhary , Fizza Arshad , Muhammad Shehroz , Asia Perveen , Umar Nishan , Abid Ali , Riaz Ullah , Abdelaaty A. Shahat , Aqal Zaman , Mohibullah Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hendra virus (HeV) has resulted in epidemics of respiratory and neurological illnesses in animals. Humans have contracted diseases with high fatality rates as a result of infected domestic animals, but effective vaccinations and therapies are currently not available against HeV. Herein, we analyzed the proteome of HeV and constructed an effective and innovative multi-epitope vaccine using immunoinformatics techniques. The vaccine construct was generated, targeting one matrix protein, with the help of the five selected B and T cell epitopes, linkers, and adjuvants and evaluated for their immunogenic properties. <em>In-silico</em> analysis revealed that the epitopes were able to interact with immune receptors and had high antigenic qualities. The post-translational modifications (PTMs), globular, disordered regions, and the active site of the vaccine were predicted, and the strong interactions between the vaccine and Toll-like receptor 5 were observed in molecular docking, indicating their potential significance in the immune response to the designed vaccine. The structural and dynamic stability of the vaccine were ensured by the molecular dynamic simulations. The results of the immune simulations indicated that the designed vaccine might activate B and T cells, which produce high levels of antibodies and cytokines to fight HeV infection. The developed vaccine is useful due to its non-toxicity, non-sensitization, good immunogenicity, non-allergic, and antigenic properties, accessed by various tools; however, experimental verification is needed to confirm the findings of the current study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110869"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142928081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110881
Ella Mae Joy S. Sira , Edward C. Banico , Lauren Emily Fajardo , Nyzar Mabeth O. Odchimar , Kristina Marie Dela Cruz , Fredmoore L. Orosco
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most common respiratory disease-causing viral agents. Swine infected with PRRSV exhibit severe respiratory symptoms and reproductive failure, leading to significant economic losses. To address this issue, inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines have been developed. However, the current commercially available PRRSV vaccines do not confer sufficient protection or have safety issues. The use of epitope-based subunit vaccines reduce safety risks by including only specific immunogenic portions of the antigens. To enhance immune protection, this study targeted multiple structural proteins of PRRSV, including GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5, membrane (M), envelope (E), GP5a, and nucleocapsid (N), to enable the discovery of novel epitopes. Thus, a reverse vaccinology approach was utilized to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine construct against PRRSV. Using different tools, seven linear B cell, seven cytotoxic T cell, and three helper T cell epitopes were predicted to be safe, antigenic, and immunogenic. These epitopes were linked together, and a protein adjuvant, heparin-binding hemagglutinin, was added to increase the vaccine's immunogenicity. The construct was then docked to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to assess its ability to initiate the innate immune response. The final vaccine construct was determined to be antigenic, stable, non-allergenic, and soluble. Furthermore, the vaccine demonstrated stable binding to TLR4 based on coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, the immune simulation of the vaccine construct showed a robust immune response against PRRSV. In this study, a candidate vaccine construct was successfully designed as a potential strategy against PRRSV.
{"title":"In silico design of multi-epitope vaccine candidate based on structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","authors":"Ella Mae Joy S. Sira , Edward C. Banico , Lauren Emily Fajardo , Nyzar Mabeth O. Odchimar , Kristina Marie Dela Cruz , Fredmoore L. Orosco","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most common respiratory disease-causing viral agents. Swine infected with PRRSV exhibit severe respiratory symptoms and reproductive failure, leading to significant economic losses. To address this issue, inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines have been developed. However, the current commercially available PRRSV vaccines do not confer sufficient protection or have safety issues. The use of epitope-based subunit vaccines reduce safety risks by including only specific immunogenic portions of the antigens. To enhance immune protection, this study targeted multiple structural proteins of PRRSV, including GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5, membrane (M), envelope (E), GP5a, and nucleocapsid (N), to enable the discovery of novel epitopes. Thus, a reverse vaccinology approach was utilized to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine construct against PRRSV. Using different tools, seven linear B cell, seven cytotoxic T cell, and three helper T cell epitopes were predicted to be safe, antigenic, and immunogenic. These epitopes were linked together, and a protein adjuvant, heparin-binding hemagglutinin, was added to increase the vaccine's immunogenicity. The construct was then docked to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to assess its ability to initiate the innate immune response. The final vaccine construct was determined to be antigenic, stable, non-allergenic, and soluble. Furthermore, the vaccine demonstrated stable binding to TLR4 based on coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, the immune simulation of the vaccine construct showed a robust immune response against PRRSV. In this study, a candidate vaccine construct was successfully designed as a potential strategy against PRRSV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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