The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of identiying minerals on Mars using remotely sensed data. In the process we also investigated the effect of noise of aerosol and dust particles on the spectra of Mars minerals. The remotely sensed data was obtained through modeling and simulation and compared to the lab spectroscopy of the specific minerals in order to make an accurate identification. A linear model was developed using MATLAB Random Number Generator to obtain a simulated image. Part of the information we needed for the linear model was pure pixel information of Mars which was obtained from Mars Spirit images. Random noise was added to the image in order to simulate a real world image. In addition to the random noise, a mathematical model was developed to represent the noise caused by aerosols and dust particles in Mars’s atmosphere. The simulation was tested to ensure that it satisfied the appropriate model testing. Our results showed that our linear model was appropriate, and was accepted at a confidence interval of about 95%. The simulated image was then corrected from noise through iterations. The overall accuracy of the corrected image showed an improvement in classification by 25%. The signatures of the spectra of the two images were obtained and compared to the lab spectroscopy of specific minerals. The degradation of noise showed improvement in the spectral analysis of Mars data. The spectral analysis showed the presence of iron oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide leading to the conclusion that the image simulation is reliable in mineral spectral identification.
{"title":"Modeling and Simulation on Signatures of Mars Minerals","authors":"W. Elmahboub, Edward Yankey, Olivia Kerwin","doi":"10.25778/AFR9-8X35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/AFR9-8X35","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of identiying minerals on Mars using remotely sensed data. In the process we also investigated the effect of noise of aerosol and dust particles on the spectra of Mars minerals. The remotely sensed data was obtained through modeling and simulation and compared to the lab spectroscopy of the specific minerals in order to make an accurate identification. A linear model was developed using MATLAB Random Number Generator to obtain a simulated image. Part of the information we needed for the linear model was pure pixel information of Mars which was obtained from Mars Spirit images. Random noise was added to the image in order to simulate a real world image. In addition to the random noise, a mathematical model was developed to represent the noise caused by aerosols and dust particles in Mars’s atmosphere. The simulation was tested to ensure that it satisfied the appropriate model testing. Our results showed that our linear model was appropriate, and was accepted at a confidence interval of about 95%. The simulated image was then corrected from noise through iterations. The overall accuracy of the corrected image showed an improvement in classification by 25%. The signatures of the spectra of the two images were obtained and compared to the lab spectroscopy of specific minerals. The degradation of noise showed improvement in the spectral analysis of Mars data. The spectral analysis showed the presence of iron oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide leading to the conclusion that the image simulation is reliable in mineral spectral identification.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"35 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83842239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the fall of 2007, Centropristis philadelphica (rock seabass) and Hypleurochilus geminatus (crested blenny) were collected from Chesapeake Bay. These captures are significant as they represent the first substantiated record of C. philadelphica from Chesapeake Bay and only the second and third validated records of H. geminatus. Additionally, the first record of H. geminatus from Chesapeake Bay was only recently recognized since the specimen had been previously misidentified as Parablennius marmoreus (seaweed blenny). The collection of seven individuals of H. geminatus in 2007, from two locations, indicates that the species may be resident within the Chesapeake Bay estuary. INTRODUCTION The Chesapeake Bay, an ecotone between the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers of Maryland and Virginia, experiences extreme seasonal temperature changes and contains a range of habitats. Species richness is typical of such ecological systems and is evident by the estuary’s diverse and dynamic fish fauna, which includes permanent residents, spawning migrants, and seasonal visitors (Murdy et al. 1997). The fish fauna of Chesapeake Bay has been surveyed extensively since the early 1900’s (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928; Massman 1962; Massman and Mansueti 1963; Musick 1972; Murdy et al. 1997) yet warmwater species uncommon to the estuary continue to be encountered (Halvorson 2007). Two such species, Centropristis philadelphica (rock seabass) and Hypleurochilus geminatus (crested blenny), were collected in Chesapeake Bay during the fall of 2007 by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Juvenile Fish and Blue Crab Trawl Survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five-minute bottom tows were conducted in lower Chesapeake Bay with a 9.14 m otter trawl (38.11 mm stretched mesh body, 6.35 mm cod-end liner, and a tickler chain) off the 8.5 m R/V Fish Hawk. Fish were identified and measured to the nearest mm (total length for H. geminatus and total length centerline for C. philadelphica). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Ichthyological Collection, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia (H. geminatus-VIMS 11776, C. philadelphicaVIMS 11979). Hydrological measurements (water temperature, salinity) were taken with a YSI 600Q (YSI Incorporated, Yellow Springs, Ohio). Virginia Journal of Science Volume 60, Number 3 Fall 2009 (804) 684-7751, aimeehal@vims.edu 1 142 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE RESULTS On September 6 , 2007, five individuals of H. geminatus (39-78 mm) were th captured in Chesapeake Bay at 37o17.13’N, 76o 03.11’W, near Cape Charles, Virginia (Figure 1; Table 1). Water depth at this station was 7 m and the bottom water temperature and salinity were 26.59oC and 23.64‰, respectively. Two additional specimens (34-37 mm) were collected on November 14 , 2007, at 36o58.43’N, th 76o16.59’W, near the entrance to Hampton Roads, in 5.5 m of water (Figure 1; Table 1). The bottom water temperature was 13.63oC and bottom salinity was 22.79‰. A single speci
2007年秋天,在切萨皮克湾收集了费城中部海鲈(岩鲈)和双头海鲈(凤头海鲈)。这些捕获具有重要意义,因为它们代表了切萨皮克湾第一份得到证实的费城蠓记录,而只有第二和第三份得到证实的双子座蠓记录。此外,在切萨皮克湾发现的第一个双尾海带记录直到最近才被确认,因为该标本之前被错误地识别为Parablennius marmoreus(海藻混合)。2007年在两个地点采集到的7只双尾海星表明该物种可能居住在切萨皮克湾河口。切萨皮克湾是大西洋与马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州河流之间的过渡带,经历了极端的季节性温度变化,并包含一系列栖息地。物种丰富度是这类生态系统的典型特征,河口的鱼类动物群多样性和动态特征很明显,包括永久居民、产卵洄游者和季节性游客(Murdy et al. 1997)。自20世纪初以来,切萨皮克湾的鱼类动物群已被广泛调查(Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928;Massman 1962;Massman and Mansueti 1963;Musick 1972;Murdy et al. 1997),然而在河口不常见的暖水物种仍然存在(Halvorson 2007)。2007年秋天,弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所(VIMS)的幼鱼和蓝蟹拖网调查在切萨皮克湾收集了两个这样的物种:费城石鲈(Centropristis philphilica)和双头海鲈(Hypleurochilus geminatus)。材料和方法在切萨皮克湾下游,使用9.14米的水獭拖网(38.11毫米拉伸网体,6.35毫米渔尾衬垫和挠痒链)从8.5米的R/V鱼鹰号进行5分钟的海底拖网。鱼类的鉴定和测量精确到毫米(双尾鱼的全长和费城鱼的全长中心线)。代金券标本保存在弗吉尼亚州格洛斯特角弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所鱼类学馆藏(H. geminatus-VIMS 11776, C. philphiladelphia avims 11979)。水文测量(水温、盐度)用YSI 600Q (YSI Incorporated, Yellow Springs, Ohio)进行。弗吉尼亚科学杂志2009年秋季第60卷第3期(804)684-7751,aimeehal@vims.edu 1 142弗吉尼亚科学杂志结果2007年9月6日,在弗吉尼亚州查尔斯角附近的切萨皮克湾,在37o17.13'N, 76o 03.11'W,捕获了5只长39-78毫米的双尾圆尾鱼(图1;表1).该站水深7 m,底层水温26.59oC,盐度23.64‰。2007年11月14日,在汉普顿路入口附近5.5米深的水中,在北纬36o58.43度,西经76o16.59度处采集了另外两个标本(34-37毫米)(图1;表1).海底水温13.63oC,海底盐度22.79‰。2007年11月5日,在切萨皮克湾大桥隧道第一条隧道上游约1公里处,在北纬36o58.76度,西经76o07.16度处采集到单株费城杉(210毫米)标本(图1;表1)水深13.4 m,底部水温17.22oC,盐度24.54‰。讨论:凤头螺(Hypleurochilus geminatus)是一种亚热带物种,通常与牡蛎礁、壳底相联系(Dahlberg 1972;Crabtree and midaugh 1982;Lehnert and Allen 2002),以及附着在桩子和岩石上的海洋生物(Hildebrand and Cable 1938)。它们以自由游动的生物和无根生物为食(图1)。2007年在切萨皮克湾采集费城中部棘球蚴(" ")和1993年和2007年在切萨皮克湾采集双叶棘球蚴(Ä)。CHESAPEAKE BAY FISH 143生长(Hildebrand and Cable 1938),其饮食主要由甲壳类动物和藻类组成,其次是水螅类和多毛类(Lindquist and Chandler 1978;Lindquist and Dillaman 1986)。Hildebrand和Cable(1938)确定,北卡罗莱纳双叶蠓的产卵时间为5 - 9月,幼虫主要在水面栖息,直到体长10- 15mm,此时它们改变了栖息地偏好。在他们的研究中收集到的最大的鱼是72毫米的雄鱼,最大的雌鱼是58毫米(Hildebrand and Cable 1938)。虽然双子星鱼的分布范围包括新泽西州到佛罗里达州东部中部海岸的水域(Williams 2002),但北卡罗来纳州以北的唯一集合只在新泽西州附近零星发生(Fowler 1914;Allen et al. 1978;可以1992;Able and Fahay, 1998)。在早期对弗吉尼亚水域,包括切萨皮克湾及其支流的研究中,没有报道过双叉棘鱼(Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928;Massman 1962;Massman and Mansueti 1963;Musick 1972;Murdy等人。 1997年)和海岸和入海口(Schwartz 1961;Richards和Castagna 1970;Cowan and Birdsong 1985;Norcross and Hata 1990;2000年门外汉)。Ditty et al.(2005)错误地报道了Hildebrand和Cable(1938)从切萨皮克湾获得的双叶蛾幼虫。正在进行的全海湾调查,包括切萨皮克湾多物种监测和评估计划(ChesMMAP)(詹姆斯·加特兰,弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所,格洛斯特角,弗吉尼亚州,个人交流)和切萨皮克湾渔业独立多物种调查(CHESFIMS)(米勒和洛温斯坦纳2008),尚未遇到这种物种。切萨皮克湾的标本也不存在于VIMS鱼类学收藏或美国国家博物馆(USNM)鱼类收藏中(L. Palmer, Smithsonian Institution, pers)。通讯)。2007年的捕获并不是在切萨皮克湾收集到的第一次双爪蜥记录。Murdy等(1997)报道了1993年6月捕获的一种Parablennius marmoreus(海带)标本(VIMS标本09086)。根据表1。物种表,显示标本数量、采集年份和采集地点(经纬度)。物种年份标本数量经纬度费城centrropristis philphilica 2007 1 36o58.76N 76o07.16W混血人(Hypleurochilus geminatus, Murdy et al. 1997报道为Parablennius marmoreus) 1993 1 37o16.63N 76o03.43W混血人(Hypleurochilus geminatus) 2007 5 37o17.13N 76o03.11W混血人(Hypleurochilus geminatus) 2007 2 36o58.43N 76o16.59W 144 VIRGINIA JOURNAL of SCIENCE 2007年进一步鉴定,确定该标本曾被误鉴定,确实是混血人。有趣的是,该标本采集于37o16.63'N, 76o03.43'W(图1;表1),于2007年9月收集5只个体的地点1公里范围内。1993年,人们在切萨皮克湾首次发现了一只被误认的双髻
{"title":"First Records of Hypleurochilus geminatus and Centropristis philadelphica from Chesapeake Bay","authors":"A. D. Halvorson","doi":"10.25778/D7FW-1P42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/D7FW-1P42","url":null,"abstract":"During the fall of 2007, Centropristis philadelphica (rock seabass) and Hypleurochilus geminatus (crested blenny) were collected from Chesapeake Bay. These captures are significant as they represent the first substantiated record of C. philadelphica from Chesapeake Bay and only the second and third validated records of H. geminatus. Additionally, the first record of H. geminatus from Chesapeake Bay was only recently recognized since the specimen had been previously misidentified as Parablennius marmoreus (seaweed blenny). The collection of seven individuals of H. geminatus in 2007, from two locations, indicates that the species may be resident within the Chesapeake Bay estuary. INTRODUCTION The Chesapeake Bay, an ecotone between the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers of Maryland and Virginia, experiences extreme seasonal temperature changes and contains a range of habitats. Species richness is typical of such ecological systems and is evident by the estuary’s diverse and dynamic fish fauna, which includes permanent residents, spawning migrants, and seasonal visitors (Murdy et al. 1997). The fish fauna of Chesapeake Bay has been surveyed extensively since the early 1900’s (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928; Massman 1962; Massman and Mansueti 1963; Musick 1972; Murdy et al. 1997) yet warmwater species uncommon to the estuary continue to be encountered (Halvorson 2007). Two such species, Centropristis philadelphica (rock seabass) and Hypleurochilus geminatus (crested blenny), were collected in Chesapeake Bay during the fall of 2007 by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Juvenile Fish and Blue Crab Trawl Survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five-minute bottom tows were conducted in lower Chesapeake Bay with a 9.14 m otter trawl (38.11 mm stretched mesh body, 6.35 mm cod-end liner, and a tickler chain) off the 8.5 m R/V Fish Hawk. Fish were identified and measured to the nearest mm (total length for H. geminatus and total length centerline for C. philadelphica). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Ichthyological Collection, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia (H. geminatus-VIMS 11776, C. philadelphicaVIMS 11979). Hydrological measurements (water temperature, salinity) were taken with a YSI 600Q (YSI Incorporated, Yellow Springs, Ohio). Virginia Journal of Science Volume 60, Number 3 Fall 2009 (804) 684-7751, aimeehal@vims.edu 1 142 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE RESULTS On September 6 , 2007, five individuals of H. geminatus (39-78 mm) were th captured in Chesapeake Bay at 37o17.13’N, 76o 03.11’W, near Cape Charles, Virginia (Figure 1; Table 1). Water depth at this station was 7 m and the bottom water temperature and salinity were 26.59oC and 23.64‰, respectively. Two additional specimens (34-37 mm) were collected on November 14 , 2007, at 36o58.43’N, th 76o16.59’W, near the entrance to Hampton Roads, in 5.5 m of water (Figure 1; Table 1). The bottom water temperature was 13.63oC and bottom salinity was 22.79‰. A single speci","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"146 1","pages":"141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78445604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil carbon storage - defined here as carbon mass per unit ground area - is an important ecosystem service, sequestering carbon that might otherwise exist 2 in atmospheric CO . Significant attention has focused on the effects that humans have on carbon cycling, but little is known about how human behaviors and attitudes relate to lawn carbon storage. The objectives of this study were to conduct household surveys in concert with soil carbon sampling in a 10-yr-old exurban neighborhood near Richmond, Virginia to quantify differences in soil carbon storage between residential lawns and mixed pinehardwood forest fragments, and to determine how lawn management and environmental attitudes relate to soil carbon storage. Lawns stored significantly less carbon than forest fragments in the top 10 cm of soils. A significant negative relationship was observed between watering and fertilizer frequency and soil carbon storage, but the goodness-of-fit was sensitive to intra-lawn variability in soil carbon mass. Survey respondents that claimed to be environmentalists stored significantly more carbon and spent one hour less per week managing their lawns, suggesting that environmental attitudes may affect how households manage their lawns and, in turn, the quantity of soil carbon stored in residential soils.
{"title":"Management and Social Indicators of Soil Carbon Storage in a Residential Ecosystem, Midlothian, VA","authors":"C. Gough, Elizabeth A. Fritz","doi":"10.25778/NMD5-XX86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/NMD5-XX86","url":null,"abstract":"Soil carbon storage - defined here as carbon mass per unit ground area - is an important ecosystem service, sequestering carbon that might otherwise exist 2 in atmospheric CO . Significant attention has focused on the effects that humans have on carbon cycling, but little is known about how human behaviors and attitudes relate to lawn carbon storage. The objectives of this study were to conduct household surveys in concert with soil carbon sampling in a 10-yr-old exurban neighborhood near Richmond, Virginia to quantify differences in soil carbon storage between residential lawns and mixed pinehardwood forest fragments, and to determine how lawn management and environmental attitudes relate to soil carbon storage. Lawns stored significantly less carbon than forest fragments in the top 10 cm of soils. A significant negative relationship was observed between watering and fertilizer frequency and soil carbon storage, but the goodness-of-fit was sensitive to intra-lawn variability in soil carbon mass. Survey respondents that claimed to be environmentalists stored significantly more carbon and spent one hour less per week managing their lawns, suggesting that environmental attitudes may affect how households manage their lawns and, in turn, the quantity of soil carbon stored in residential soils.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"86 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83685084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cotton rats live in oldfields, habitats with a variety of mostly herbaceous plants. Based on other studies, the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, eats many kinds of herbaceous plants but grasses predominate. In contrast, our population of cotton rats ate many monocots but mostly they were not grasses. Our study sought to determine the diet of the cotton rat in eastern Virginia, near the northern limit of distribution on the Atlantic Coast. Fecal samples, collected each month during an on-going capture-mark-release demographic study of the rodent community, were analyzed using a standard method. A greater variety of foods (including insects) was eaten in the summer and autumn than in winter and spring. In winter, when much herbaceous vegetation is standing dead, cotton rats supplemented their diets with pine bark. Cotton rats ate significantly greater proportions of monocots in winter and spring, an apparent response to the need for more calories to compensate for greater heat loss. In summer and autumn, cotton rats enhanced their diets with significantly greater proportions of the more nutritious but harder to digest dicots. Reproductive females ate significantly more dicots and less monocots than males and non-reproductive females, whose diets were similar.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation in Diet of a Marginal Population of the Hispid Cotton Rat, Sigmodon hispidus","authors":"Lynn A. Walker, R. K. Rose","doi":"10.25778/RQWG-EN57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/RQWG-EN57","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton rats live in oldfields, habitats with a variety of mostly herbaceous plants. Based on other studies, the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, eats many kinds of herbaceous plants but grasses predominate. In contrast, our population of cotton rats ate many monocots but mostly they were not grasses. Our study sought to determine the diet of the cotton rat in eastern Virginia, near the northern limit of distribution on the Atlantic Coast. Fecal samples, collected each month during an on-going capture-mark-release demographic study of the rodent community, were analyzed using a standard method. A greater variety of foods (including insects) was eaten in the summer and autumn than in winter and spring. In winter, when much herbaceous vegetation is standing dead, cotton rats supplemented their diets with pine bark. Cotton rats ate significantly greater proportions of monocots in winter and spring, an apparent response to the need for more calories to compensate for greater heat loss. In summer and autumn, cotton rats enhanced their diets with significantly greater proportions of the more nutritious but harder to digest dicots. Reproductive females ate significantly more dicots and less monocots than males and non-reproductive females, whose diets were similar.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"2014 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73627209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sporadic algal bloom development within a IO year monitoring program in Virginia tidal tributaries of Chesapeake Bay is reviewed. These blooms were common events, characteristically producing a color signature to the surface water, typically short lived, occurring mainly from spring into autumn throughout different salinity regions of these rivers. and were produced primarily by dinoflagcilatcs. The abundance threshold levels that would identify bloom status from a non-bloom presence were species specific, varied with the taxon's cell size, and ranged from ca. 10 to () cells ml • Among the most consistent sporadic bloom producers were the dinoflagcllatcs Akashiwo sanguinea, Cochlodinium polvkrikoides, Heterocapsa rotundata, Hetcrocapsa triquetra, Karlodinium l'eneficum, Prorocentrum minimum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, the cyanobacterium lvficrocystis aeruginosa, and two categories containing several species of often unidentified Gymnodinium spp. and Gyrodinium spp. Additional bloom producers within these tributaries arc also discussed.
{"title":"Phytoplankton Blooms: Their Occurrence and Composition Within Virginia's Tidal Tributaries","authors":"H. Marshall, T. Egerton","doi":"10.25778/3KCS-7J11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/3KCS-7J11","url":null,"abstract":"Sporadic algal bloom development within a IO year monitoring program in Virginia tidal tributaries of Chesapeake Bay is reviewed. These blooms were common events, characteristically producing a color signature to the surface water, typically short lived, occurring mainly from spring into autumn throughout different salinity regions of these rivers. and were produced primarily by dinoflagcilatcs. The abundance threshold levels that would identify bloom status from a non-bloom presence were species specific, varied with the taxon's cell size, and ranged from ca. 10 to () cells ml • Among the most consistent sporadic bloom producers were the dinoflagcllatcs Akashiwo sanguinea, Cochlodinium polvkrikoides, Heterocapsa rotundata, Hetcrocapsa triquetra, Karlodinium l'eneficum, Prorocentrum minimum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, the cyanobacterium lvficrocystis aeruginosa, and two categories containing several species of often unidentified Gymnodinium spp. and Gyrodinium spp. Additional bloom producers within these tributaries arc also discussed.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"41 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85460612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungus-grass associations recognized in Virginia from 2004 to 2007 are recorded. Many associations are new to the United States (U), eastern United States (EU), and Virginia (V); other associations extend the known distribution of those previously discovered. These reports contribute further to knowledge of the mycoflora of Virginia.
{"title":"Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fungi in Collections 2004-2007","authors":"C. W. Roane","doi":"10.25778/DPBH-D446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/DPBH-D446","url":null,"abstract":"Fungus-grass associations recognized in Virginia from 2004 to 2007 are recorded. Many associations are new to the United States (U), eastern United States (EU), and Virginia (V); other associations extend the known distribution of those previously discovered. These reports contribute further to knowledge of the mycoflora of Virginia.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"105 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79278292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the purpose of constructing yam cDNA libraries, attempts to isolate high quality RNA using several previously reported protocols were unsuccessful. Therefore a protocol was standardized for yam total RNA isolation by using guanidium buffer at the Department of Biology, Virginia Sate University. The RNA isolated using this standardized protocol was high in quality and led to successful good quality cDNA library construction and identification of functional ESTs in yam. INTRODUCTION Yam, (Dioscorea alata L), is the main food source for over 100 million people in humid and sub-humid tropics. Its production is affected by several biotic and abiotic factors (Abang et al., 2003). Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the most severe foliar disease of water yam (Dioscorea alata L) and is a major hurdle in yam production. It is reported that anthracnose causes yield reduction up to 90% (http://annualreport.iita.org). There are no cost effective control measures and the long-term solution to the problem will be through the development of resistant genotypes (Mignouna et al., 2002. Very limited yam sequence information is available from public genome databases. A review of previous efforts to develop cDNAs towards EST development in yams revealed that housekeeping genes were prevalent in the libraries constructed using total RNA from male flowers (Mignouna et al., 2002a, b, c). It is realized that obtaining high quality, intact RNA is the first and the most critical step in conducting cDNA library construction and for further analysis of gene of interest. After many attempts of total RNA isolations from yam leaf samples using standard plant RNA isolation protocols (Verwoerd et al,1989), only 6-10 ug of total RNA was extracted from the leaves and no colonies were observed when this RNA was used for cDNA library construction. The RNA appeared as a smear on 1.1% agarose gel (Fig. 1). The most likely reason for not getting good quality RNA is the mucilagenous tissue in yam plant parts like leaf, stem and tuber. This tissue causes problem because of polyphenols, polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites that are rich in yam plant parts and are not easily removed by conventional extraction methods. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for RNA isolation from Dioscorea alata to get high quality and high quantity RNA that is suitable for generation of molecular markers, such as EST-SSRs and SNPs. Therefore, the following article discusses successful and reproducible method of RNA isolation Virginia Journal of Science Volume 60, Number 4 Winter 2009 172 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE procedure employed for yam cDNA library constrcution and ways of increasing RNA yields MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue collection: In order to standardize the protocol for RNA isolation, the yam (source: local grocery store) were grown in the green house in pots. Fresh 1g leaf tissues are collected in 50ml BD Falcon tubes, frozen quickly in liquid ni
为了构建山药cDNA文库,使用先前报道的几种方法分离高质量RNA的尝试都不成功。因此,弗吉尼亚州立大学生物系标准化了使用胍缓冲液分离山药总RNA的方案。利用该标准化方案分离的RNA质量高,并成功构建了高质量的cDNA文库和鉴定了山药的功能ESTs。山药(Dioscorea alata L)是湿润和半湿润热带地区1亿多人的主要食物来源。它的生产受到几种生物和非生物因素的影响(Abang et al., 2003)。炭疽病是由炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的水山药最严重的叶面病害,是山药生产的主要障碍。据报道,炭疽病导致产量降低高达90% (http://annualreport.iita.org)。没有具有成本效益的控制措施,长期解决问题的办法将是开发耐药基因型(Mignouna et al., 2002)。公共基因组数据库提供的山药序列信息非常有限。回顾了之前在番薯EST发育中开发cDNA的工作,发现管家基因在使用雄花总RNA构建的文库中普遍存在(Mignouna等人,2002a, b, c)。我们认识到,获得高质量、完整的RNA是进行cDNA文库构建和进一步分析感兴趣基因的第一步也是最关键的一步。在使用标准植物RNA分离方案(Verwoerd et al,1989)多次尝试从山药叶片样品中分离总RNA后,仅从叶片中提取了6-10 ug的总RNA,并且在将该RNA用于cDNA文库构建时未观察到菌落。在1.1%琼脂糖凝胶上出现了RNA涂片(图1)。无法获得高质量RNA的最可能原因是山药植物部分(如叶、茎和块茎)的粘液组织。这种组织会造成问题,因为多酚、多糖和其他次生代谢物富含山药植物部分,不容易被传统的提取方法去除。本研究旨在建立薯蓣RNA的分离方法,以获得高质量、高数量的RNA,用于EST-SSRs和snp等分子标记的生成。因此,下面的文章讨论了成功的和可重复的RNA分离方法,弗吉尼亚科学杂志,第60卷,第4期,2009年冬季,172弗吉尼亚科学杂志,山药cDNA文库构建的程序和提高RNA产量的方法材料和方法组织收集:为了标准化RNA分离方案,山药(来源:当地杂货店)在温室盆栽中生长。新鲜的1g叶片组织收集在50ml BD Falcon管中,在液氮中快速冷冻。图1所示。采用1.1%甲醛琼脂糖凝胶RNA分离方案173 RNA分离,对抗dm山药基因型和bmsensitive山药基因型的rRNA样本进行涂片。本文仅报道了对标准植物RNA分离方案进行修改后成功分离RNA的过程。·萃取缓冲液(100 ml原液):8M盐酸胍76.424g + 20mM MES 425 mg + 20mMEDTA 740mg + DEPC水35ml。用10M NaOH调节ph,放入高压灭菌器,4℃保存。使用前加入1.38μl <s:1>巯基乙醇(50mM)。·苯酚:氯仿:异丙醇(24:23:1)用液氮研磨1g组织,用2ml萃取缓冲液+ 2ml Ph:Chl:IAA匀浆。{样品均质使用动力操作的微型研磨机(钢研磨机部分在液氮中预冷),该研磨机完全适合于猎鹰管。为了提高目标RNA的质量,有必要在整个提取过程中保持冷冻状态。}。2. 样品在10,000rpm(0-2°C)下离心10分钟。3.在上清液中加入Ph:Chl:IAA(1:1体积),在-20中沉淀RNA过夜。4. 第二天,样品在10,000rpm(0-2°C)下离心20分钟,将颗粒和溶解在去离子水中(体积根据所需浓度)。5. RNA保存在-80℃。采用BIO-RAD Smartspec +分光光度计和甲醛琼脂糖凝胶电泳(Sambrook et al, 1989)确认RNA的质量。从尼日利亚Ibadon IITA地区获得了对gloeosporioides FGS菌株抗性、对SGG菌株敏感、对FGS和SGG菌株敏感的D. alata L基因型Tda 95/00328冻干叶片。叶片在液氮中研磨,并使用标准化方案分离总RNA。 6 6.438 2.9
{"title":"A Standardized RNA Isolation Protocol for Yam (Dioscorea alata L) cDNA Library Construction","authors":"S. S. Narina, A. Mohamed, R. Asiedu, H. Mignouna","doi":"10.25778/HY8W-M911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/HY8W-M911","url":null,"abstract":"For the purpose of constructing yam cDNA libraries, attempts to isolate high quality RNA using several previously reported protocols were unsuccessful. Therefore a protocol was standardized for yam total RNA isolation by using guanidium buffer at the Department of Biology, Virginia Sate University. The RNA isolated using this standardized protocol was high in quality and led to successful good quality cDNA library construction and identification of functional ESTs in yam. INTRODUCTION Yam, (Dioscorea alata L), is the main food source for over 100 million people in humid and sub-humid tropics. Its production is affected by several biotic and abiotic factors (Abang et al., 2003). Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the most severe foliar disease of water yam (Dioscorea alata L) and is a major hurdle in yam production. It is reported that anthracnose causes yield reduction up to 90% (http://annualreport.iita.org). There are no cost effective control measures and the long-term solution to the problem will be through the development of resistant genotypes (Mignouna et al., 2002. Very limited yam sequence information is available from public genome databases. A review of previous efforts to develop cDNAs towards EST development in yams revealed that housekeeping genes were prevalent in the libraries constructed using total RNA from male flowers (Mignouna et al., 2002a, b, c). It is realized that obtaining high quality, intact RNA is the first and the most critical step in conducting cDNA library construction and for further analysis of gene of interest. After many attempts of total RNA isolations from yam leaf samples using standard plant RNA isolation protocols (Verwoerd et al,1989), only 6-10 ug of total RNA was extracted from the leaves and no colonies were observed when this RNA was used for cDNA library construction. The RNA appeared as a smear on 1.1% agarose gel (Fig. 1). The most likely reason for not getting good quality RNA is the mucilagenous tissue in yam plant parts like leaf, stem and tuber. This tissue causes problem because of polyphenols, polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites that are rich in yam plant parts and are not easily removed by conventional extraction methods. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for RNA isolation from Dioscorea alata to get high quality and high quantity RNA that is suitable for generation of molecular markers, such as EST-SSRs and SNPs. Therefore, the following article discusses successful and reproducible method of RNA isolation Virginia Journal of Science Volume 60, Number 4 Winter 2009 172 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE procedure employed for yam cDNA library constrcution and ways of increasing RNA yields MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue collection: In order to standardize the protocol for RNA isolation, the yam (source: local grocery store) were grown in the green house in pots. Fresh 1g leaf tissues are collected in 50ml BD Falcon tubes, frozen quickly in liquid ni","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"92 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79655679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The upper 2 cm of sediment core samples from 70 stations in the tidal waters of three Virginia rivers and at 23 stations in the lower Chesapeake Bay were sampled for dinoflagellate cysts. The river sediment cysts were dominated by three common bloom producing species (Heterocapsa triquetra, Scrippsiella trochoidea, and Cochlodinium polykrikoides ), whereas these were in low concentration in the Chesapeake Bay sediments which contained mainly dinoflagellate cysts of neritic and oceanic taxa. The mean sediment concentrations from stations in the James, York, and Rappahannock rivers were respectively 1174.8, 536.2, and 323.6 cysts g1. The mean cyst concentration in the Chesapeake Bay sediment was 714. 8 t 1. Cysts of 2 potentially harmful species were recorded from the sediment, with the river sediments identified as seed beds and a source for re-occurring algal blooms in
{"title":"Dinoflagellate Cysts Within Sediment Collections From the Southern Chesapeake Bay, and Tidal Regions of the James, York, and Rappahannock Rivers, Virginia","authors":"David W. Seaborn, H. Marshall","doi":"10.25778/2JQN-DB31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/2JQN-DB31","url":null,"abstract":"The upper 2 cm of sediment core samples from 70 stations in the tidal waters of three Virginia rivers and at 23 stations in the lower Chesapeake Bay were sampled for dinoflagellate cysts. The river sediment cysts were dominated by three common bloom producing species (Heterocapsa triquetra, Scrippsiella trochoidea, and Cochlodinium polykrikoides ), whereas these were in low concentration in the Chesapeake Bay sediments which contained mainly dinoflagellate cysts of neritic and oceanic taxa. The mean sediment concentrations from stations in the James, York, and Rappahannock rivers were respectively 1174.8, 536.2, and 323.6 cysts g1. The mean cyst concentration in the Chesapeake Bay sediment was 714. 8 t 1. Cysts of 2 potentially harmful species were recorded from the sediment, with the river sediments identified as seed beds and a source for re-occurring algal blooms in","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"19 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87387983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are many factors that influence forest species composition and many are linked to topographical features. This study, conducted on the Ferrum College campus in the Upper Piedmont Physiographic Province of Virginia revealed three major forest types associated with topographic factors using cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis . The first type of forest occurred mostly on northeastern slopes on toe slope topographic positions and was mainly composed of tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rub rum). The second type of forest was found on shoulder and side slope positions and was composed mostly of high densities of sourwood ( Oxydendrum arboreum ), red maple and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) species. The final forest type was located mostly on ridgetops and shoulder slope positions with a southwestern aspect and was composed mostly of white pine (Pinus strobus), sourwood, chestnut oak and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea). In general, tree density increased with ascending slope position while DBH decreased. Species richness did not differ significantly by topographic position or aspect. INTRODUCTION There are many variables that influence forest species composition including soil moisture and nutrients, air temperature, light and disturbance regime. These variables are often strongly linked to topographic features such as aspect, slope position, inclination and elevation (Desta et al. 2004). Edaphic and topographic factors exert important influences along the upper Piedmont and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia (Stephenson 1982, Harrison et al. 1989, Farrell and Ware 1991, Copenheaver et al. 2006). These forests, however, also have a long and complex disturbance history that has affected forest species composition. The forests in this region of Virginia were once dominated by American chestnut (Castanea dentata) until the invasion of the chestnut blight fungus (Endothia parasitica) in the 1920s (Johnson and Ware 1982). Following this event, highest rankings of density and basal area have been shared by a number of tree species, 1 corresponding author; tfredericksen@ferrum.edu 4 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE predominately oaks (Quercus) and hickories (Carya) (Johnson and Ware 1982). A wide range of other natural and anthropogenic factors including recent ice storms (Stueve et al. 2007) and gypsy moth defoliation (Whitmire and Tobin 2006) also influence the species composition of Appalachian and Piedmont forests in Virginia. In addition, selective logging, deer browsing and the spread of invasive plant species, particularly ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima), continue to impact the structure and composition of these forests (Carter and Fredericksen 2007). This study characterized the species composition of the forests on the property of Ferrum College located on the Upper Piedmont Physiographic Province close to the Blue Ridge Escarpment in Franklin County, Virginia. Data were collected on topographic p
根据聚类分析(图1),图1、11、5、3和
{"title":"Topographic Factors Affecting the Tree Species Composition of Forests in the Upper Piedmont of Virginia","authors":"Rachael C. Brown, T. Fredericksen","doi":"10.25778/1SM7-XG66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/1SM7-XG66","url":null,"abstract":"There are many factors that influence forest species composition and many are linked to topographical features. This study, conducted on the Ferrum College campus in the Upper Piedmont Physiographic Province of Virginia revealed three major forest types associated with topographic factors using cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis . The first type of forest occurred mostly on northeastern slopes on toe slope topographic positions and was mainly composed of tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rub rum). The second type of forest was found on shoulder and side slope positions and was composed mostly of high densities of sourwood ( Oxydendrum arboreum ), red maple and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) species. The final forest type was located mostly on ridgetops and shoulder slope positions with a southwestern aspect and was composed mostly of white pine (Pinus strobus), sourwood, chestnut oak and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea). In general, tree density increased with ascending slope position while DBH decreased. Species richness did not differ significantly by topographic position or aspect. INTRODUCTION There are many variables that influence forest species composition including soil moisture and nutrients, air temperature, light and disturbance regime. These variables are often strongly linked to topographic features such as aspect, slope position, inclination and elevation (Desta et al. 2004). Edaphic and topographic factors exert important influences along the upper Piedmont and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia (Stephenson 1982, Harrison et al. 1989, Farrell and Ware 1991, Copenheaver et al. 2006). These forests, however, also have a long and complex disturbance history that has affected forest species composition. The forests in this region of Virginia were once dominated by American chestnut (Castanea dentata) until the invasion of the chestnut blight fungus (Endothia parasitica) in the 1920s (Johnson and Ware 1982). Following this event, highest rankings of density and basal area have been shared by a number of tree species, 1 corresponding author; tfredericksen@ferrum.edu 4 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE predominately oaks (Quercus) and hickories (Carya) (Johnson and Ware 1982). A wide range of other natural and anthropogenic factors including recent ice storms (Stueve et al. 2007) and gypsy moth defoliation (Whitmire and Tobin 2006) also influence the species composition of Appalachian and Piedmont forests in Virginia. In addition, selective logging, deer browsing and the spread of invasive plant species, particularly ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima), continue to impact the structure and composition of these forests (Carter and Fredericksen 2007). This study characterized the species composition of the forests on the property of Ferrum College located on the Upper Piedmont Physiographic Province close to the Blue Ridge Escarpment in Franklin County, Virginia. Data were collected on topographic p","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"516 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77121788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives are to determine the occurrence of species of Potamon in eastern Crete and the Aegean Islands (Chios, Naxos, Paros, Mykonos, Tinos and Andros); generate phylogenetic relationships among species to propose a biogeographic hypothesis relative to current distributions of the four species of the freshwater crab genus, Potamon, in Greece; and comment on the need to protect habitat suitable for the survival of species of Potamon in the country. Our collections, made in areas not previously sampled by researchers, indicate the presence of Potamon fluviatile on Tinos, N axos, and Andros, and Potamon potamios from central to eastern Crete; and verified the presence of Potamon ibericum on Chios. Cladistic analyses resulted in a single parsimonious tree (CI=85, RI=75). Potamon in the Balkan peninsula and islands in the Mediterranean region is a monophyletic group composed of two main clades: Clade 1 (P.fluviatile andPotamon algeriense) and Clade 2 (P. ibericum and its sister group composed of Potamon rhodium and Potamon potamios). Vicariant events (e.g. marine transgression and regression, orogeny, volcanism) are hypothesized as major factors that have shaped current distributions of species of Potamon in the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, and the islands of the North Aegean Sea, Eastern Sporades, the Cyclades, and Crete. We recommend an increase in environmental education and communication among older and younger generations, agriculturalists, politicians, policy writers, land developers and economists to create an understanding for the need to protect land and aquatic environments that harbor unique species and the potential benefits for economic activities such as ecotourism. We also recommend the creation of an action plan to develop ecotourism around conservation areas ( e.g. from the source of existing springs downstream for about 200 m before the installation of water withdrawal equipment for irrigation and potable supplies) to generate revenue for funding protection initiatives and to promote green economic development that is ecologically and socio-culturally sustainable.
{"title":"New Records, Biogeography, and Habitat Protection Needs of Four Species of Potamon (Decapoda: Brachyura) in Greece","authors":"E. Maurakis, David V. Grimes","doi":"10.25778/2GPZ-WQ21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/2GPZ-WQ21","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives are to determine the occurrence of species of Potamon in eastern Crete and the Aegean Islands (Chios, Naxos, Paros, Mykonos, Tinos and Andros); generate phylogenetic relationships among species to propose a biogeographic hypothesis relative to current distributions of the four species of the freshwater crab genus, Potamon, in Greece; and comment on the need to protect habitat suitable for the survival of species of Potamon in the country. Our collections, made in areas not previously sampled by researchers, indicate the presence of Potamon fluviatile on Tinos, N axos, and Andros, and Potamon potamios from central to eastern Crete; and verified the presence of Potamon ibericum on Chios. Cladistic analyses resulted in a single parsimonious tree (CI=85, RI=75). Potamon in the Balkan peninsula and islands in the Mediterranean region is a monophyletic group composed of two main clades: Clade 1 (P.fluviatile andPotamon algeriense) and Clade 2 (P. ibericum and its sister group composed of Potamon rhodium and Potamon potamios). Vicariant events (e.g. marine transgression and regression, orogeny, volcanism) are hypothesized as major factors that have shaped current distributions of species of Potamon in the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, and the islands of the North Aegean Sea, Eastern Sporades, the Cyclades, and Crete. We recommend an increase in environmental education and communication among older and younger generations, agriculturalists, politicians, policy writers, land developers and economists to create an understanding for the need to protect land and aquatic environments that harbor unique species and the potential benefits for economic activities such as ecotourism. We also recommend the creation of an action plan to develop ecotourism around conservation areas ( e.g. from the source of existing springs downstream for about 200 m before the installation of water withdrawal equipment for irrigation and potable supplies) to generate revenue for funding protection initiatives and to promote green economic development that is ecologically and socio-culturally sustainable.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":"72 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79584169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}