Virginia journal of science最新文献

{"title":"Modeling and Simulation on Signatures of Mars Minerals","authors":"W. Elmahboub, Edward Yankey, Olivia Kerwin","doi":"10.25778/AFR9-8X35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/AFR9-8X35","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of identiying minerals on Mars using remotely sensed data. In the process we also investigated the effect of noise of aerosol and dust particles on the spectra of Mars minerals. The remotely sensed data was obtained through modeling and simulation and compared to the lab spectroscopy of the specific minerals in order to make an accurate identification. A linear model was developed using MATLAB Random Number Generator to obtain a simulated image. Part of the information we needed for the linear model was pure pixel information of Mars which was obtained from Mars Spirit images. Random noise was added to the image in order to simulate a real world image. In addition to the random noise, a mathematical model was developed to represent the noise caused by aerosols and dust particles in Mars’s atmosphere. The simulation was tested to ensure that it satisfied the appropriate model testing. Our results showed that our linear model was appropriate, and was accepted at a confidence interval of about 95%. The simulated image was then corrected from noise through iterations. The overall accuracy of the corrected image showed an improvement in classification by 25%. The signatures of the spectra of the two images were obtained and compared to the lab spectroscopy of specific minerals. The degradation of noise showed improvement in the spectral analysis of Mars data. The spectral analysis showed the presence of iron oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide leading to the conclusion that the image simulation is reliable in mineral spectral identification.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83842239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Records of Hypleurochilus geminatus and Centropristis philadelphica from Chesapeake Bay","authors":"A. D. Halvorson","doi":"10.25778/D7FW-1P42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/D7FW-1P42","url":null,"abstract":"During the fall of 2007, Centropristis philadelphica (rock seabass) and Hypleurochilus geminatus (crested blenny) were collected from Chesapeake Bay. These captures are significant as they represent the first substantiated record of C. philadelphica from Chesapeake Bay and only the second and third validated records of H. geminatus. Additionally, the first record of H. geminatus from Chesapeake Bay was only recently recognized since the specimen had been previously misidentified as Parablennius marmoreus (seaweed blenny). The collection of seven individuals of H. geminatus in 2007, from two locations, indicates that the species may be resident within the Chesapeake Bay estuary. INTRODUCTION The Chesapeake Bay, an ecotone between the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers of Maryland and Virginia, experiences extreme seasonal temperature changes and contains a range of habitats. Species richness is typical of such ecological systems and is evident by the estuary’s diverse and dynamic fish fauna, which includes permanent residents, spawning migrants, and seasonal visitors (Murdy et al. 1997). The fish fauna of Chesapeake Bay has been surveyed extensively since the early 1900’s (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928; Massman 1962; Massman and Mansueti 1963; Musick 1972; Murdy et al. 1997) yet warmwater species uncommon to the estuary continue to be encountered (Halvorson 2007). Two such species, Centropristis philadelphica (rock seabass) and Hypleurochilus geminatus (crested blenny), were collected in Chesapeake Bay during the fall of 2007 by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Juvenile Fish and Blue Crab Trawl Survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five-minute bottom tows were conducted in lower Chesapeake Bay with a 9.14 m otter trawl (38.11 mm stretched mesh body, 6.35 mm cod-end liner, and a tickler chain) off the 8.5 m R/V Fish Hawk. Fish were identified and measured to the nearest mm (total length for H. geminatus and total length centerline for C. philadelphica). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Ichthyological Collection, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia (H. geminatus-VIMS 11776, C. philadelphicaVIMS 11979). Hydrological measurements (water temperature, salinity) were taken with a YSI 600Q (YSI Incorporated, Yellow Springs, Ohio). Virginia Journal of Science Volume 60, Number 3 Fall 2009 (804) 684-7751, aimeehal@vims.edu 1 142 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE RESULTS On September 6 , 2007, five individuals of H. geminatus (39-78 mm) were th captured in Chesapeake Bay at 37o17.13’N, 76o 03.11’W, near Cape Charles, Virginia (Figure 1; Table 1). Water depth at this station was 7 m and the bottom water temperature and salinity were 26.59oC and 23.64‰, respectively. Two additional specimens (34-37 mm) were collected on November 14 , 2007, at 36o58.43’N, th 76o16.59’W, near the entrance to Hampton Roads, in 5.5 m of water (Figure 1; Table 1). The bottom water temperature was 13.63oC and bottom salinity was 22.79‰. A single speci","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78445604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management and Social Indicators of Soil Carbon Storage in a Residential Ecosystem, Midlothian, VA","authors":"C. Gough, Elizabeth A. Fritz","doi":"10.25778/NMD5-XX86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/NMD5-XX86","url":null,"abstract":"Soil carbon storage - defined here as carbon mass per unit ground area - is an important ecosystem service, sequestering carbon that might otherwise exist 2 in atmospheric CO . Significant attention has focused on the effects that humans have on carbon cycling, but little is known about how human behaviors and attitudes relate to lawn carbon storage. The objectives of this study were to conduct household surveys in concert with soil carbon sampling in a 10-yr-old exurban neighborhood near Richmond, Virginia to quantify differences in soil carbon storage between residential lawns and mixed pinehardwood forest fragments, and to determine how lawn management and environmental attitudes relate to soil carbon storage. Lawns stored significantly less carbon than forest fragments in the top 10 cm of soils. A significant negative relationship was observed between watering and fertilizer frequency and soil carbon storage, but the goodness-of-fit was sensitive to intra-lawn variability in soil carbon mass. Survey respondents that claimed to be environmentalists stored significantly more carbon and spent one hour less per week managing their lawns, suggesting that environmental attitudes may affect how households manage their lawns and, in turn, the quantity of soil carbon stored in residential soils.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83685084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variation in Diet of a Marginal Population of the Hispid Cotton Rat, Sigmodon hispidus","authors":"Lynn A. Walker, R. K. Rose","doi":"10.25778/RQWG-EN57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/RQWG-EN57","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton rats live in oldfields, habitats with a variety of mostly herbaceous plants. Based on other studies, the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, eats many kinds of herbaceous plants but grasses predominate. In contrast, our population of cotton rats ate many monocots but mostly they were not grasses. Our study sought to determine the diet of the cotton rat in eastern Virginia, near the northern limit of distribution on the Atlantic Coast. Fecal samples, collected each month during an on-going capture-mark-release demographic study of the rodent community, were analyzed using a standard method. A greater variety of foods (including insects) was eaten in the summer and autumn than in winter and spring. In winter, when much herbaceous vegetation is standing dead, cotton rats supplemented their diets with pine bark. Cotton rats ate significantly greater proportions of monocots in winter and spring, an apparent response to the need for more calories to compensate for greater heat loss. In summer and autumn, cotton rats enhanced their diets with significantly greater proportions of the more nutritious but harder to digest dicots. Reproductive females ate significantly more dicots and less monocots than males and non-reproductive females, whose diets were similar.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73627209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoplankton Blooms: Their Occurrence and Composition Within Virginia's Tidal Tributaries","authors":"H. Marshall, T. Egerton","doi":"10.25778/3KCS-7J11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/3KCS-7J11","url":null,"abstract":"Sporadic algal bloom development within a IO year monitoring program in Virginia tidal tributaries of Chesapeake Bay is reviewed. These blooms were common events, characteristically producing a color signature to the surface water, typically short lived, occurring mainly from spring into autumn throughout different salinity regions of these rivers. and were produced primarily by dinoflagcilatcs. The abundance threshold levels that would identify bloom status from a non-bloom presence were species specific, varied with the taxon's cell size, and ranged from ca. 10 to () cells ml • Among the most consistent sporadic bloom producers were the dinoflagcllatcs Akashiwo sanguinea, Cochlodinium polvkrikoides, Heterocapsa rotundata, Hetcrocapsa triquetra, Karlodinium l'eneficum, Prorocentrum minimum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, the cyanobacterium lvficrocystis aeruginosa, and two categories containing several species of often unidentified Gymnodinium spp. and Gyrodinium spp. Additional bloom producers within these tributaries arc also discussed.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85460612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fungi in Collections 2004-2007","authors":"C. W. Roane","doi":"10.25778/DPBH-D446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/DPBH-D446","url":null,"abstract":"Fungus-grass associations recognized in Virginia from 2004 to 2007 are recorded. Many associations are new to the United States (U), eastern United States (EU), and Virginia (V); other associations extend the known distribution of those previously discovered. These reports contribute further to knowledge of the mycoflora of Virginia.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79278292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Standardized RNA Isolation Protocol for Yam (Dioscorea alata L) cDNA Library Construction","authors":"S. S. Narina, A. Mohamed, R. Asiedu, H. Mignouna","doi":"10.25778/HY8W-M911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/HY8W-M911","url":null,"abstract":"For the purpose of constructing yam cDNA libraries, attempts to isolate high quality RNA using several previously reported protocols were unsuccessful. Therefore a protocol was standardized for yam total RNA isolation by using guanidium buffer at the Department of Biology, Virginia Sate University. The RNA isolated using this standardized protocol was high in quality and led to successful good quality cDNA library construction and identification of functional ESTs in yam. INTRODUCTION Yam, (Dioscorea alata L), is the main food source for over 100 million people in humid and sub-humid tropics. Its production is affected by several biotic and abiotic factors (Abang et al., 2003). Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the most severe foliar disease of water yam (Dioscorea alata L) and is a major hurdle in yam production. It is reported that anthracnose causes yield reduction up to 90% (http://annualreport.iita.org). There are no cost effective control measures and the long-term solution to the problem will be through the development of resistant genotypes (Mignouna et al., 2002. Very limited yam sequence information is available from public genome databases. A review of previous efforts to develop cDNAs towards EST development in yams revealed that housekeeping genes were prevalent in the libraries constructed using total RNA from male flowers (Mignouna et al., 2002a, b, c). It is realized that obtaining high quality, intact RNA is the first and the most critical step in conducting cDNA library construction and for further analysis of gene of interest. After many attempts of total RNA isolations from yam leaf samples using standard plant RNA isolation protocols (Verwoerd et al,1989), only 6-10 ug of total RNA was extracted from the leaves and no colonies were observed when this RNA was used for cDNA library construction. The RNA appeared as a smear on 1.1% agarose gel (Fig. 1). The most likely reason for not getting good quality RNA is the mucilagenous tissue in yam plant parts like leaf, stem and tuber. This tissue causes problem because of polyphenols, polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites that are rich in yam plant parts and are not easily removed by conventional extraction methods. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for RNA isolation from Dioscorea alata to get high quality and high quantity RNA that is suitable for generation of molecular markers, such as EST-SSRs and SNPs. Therefore, the following article discusses successful and reproducible method of RNA isolation Virginia Journal of Science Volume 60, Number 4 Winter 2009 172 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE procedure employed for yam cDNA library constrcution and ways of increasing RNA yields MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue collection: In order to standardize the protocol for RNA isolation, the yam (source: local grocery store) were grown in the green house in pots. Fresh 1g leaf tissues are collected in 50ml BD Falcon tubes, frozen quickly in liquid ni","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79655679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dinoflagellate Cysts Within Sediment Collections From the Southern Chesapeake Bay, and Tidal Regions of the James, York, and Rappahannock Rivers, Virginia","authors":"David W. Seaborn, H. Marshall","doi":"10.25778/2JQN-DB31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/2JQN-DB31","url":null,"abstract":"The upper 2 cm of sediment core samples from 70 stations in the tidal waters of three Virginia rivers and at 23 stations in the lower Chesapeake Bay were sampled for dinoflagellate cysts. The river sediment cysts were dominated by three common bloom producing species (Heterocapsa triquetra, Scrippsiella trochoidea, and Cochlodinium polykrikoides ), whereas these were in low concentration in the Chesapeake Bay sediments which contained mainly dinoflagellate cysts of neritic and oceanic taxa. The mean sediment concentrations from stations in the James, York, and Rappahannock rivers were respectively 1174.8, 536.2, and 323.6 cysts g1. The mean cyst concentration in the Chesapeake Bay sediment was 714. 8 t 1. Cysts of 2 potentially harmful species were recorded from the sediment, with the river sediments identified as seed beds and a source for re-occurring algal blooms in","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87387983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topographic Factors Affecting the Tree Species Composition of Forests in the Upper Piedmont of Virginia","authors":"Rachael C. Brown, T. Fredericksen","doi":"10.25778/1SM7-XG66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/1SM7-XG66","url":null,"abstract":"There are many factors that influence forest species composition and many are linked to topographical features. This study, conducted on the Ferrum College campus in the Upper Piedmont Physiographic Province of Virginia revealed three major forest types associated with topographic factors using cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis . The first type of forest occurred mostly on northeastern slopes on toe slope topographic positions and was mainly composed of tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rub rum). The second type of forest was found on shoulder and side slope positions and was composed mostly of high densities of sourwood ( Oxydendrum arboreum ), red maple and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) species. The final forest type was located mostly on ridgetops and shoulder slope positions with a southwestern aspect and was composed mostly of white pine (Pinus strobus), sourwood, chestnut oak and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea). In general, tree density increased with ascending slope position while DBH decreased. Species richness did not differ significantly by topographic position or aspect. INTRODUCTION There are many variables that influence forest species composition including soil moisture and nutrients, air temperature, light and disturbance regime. These variables are often strongly linked to topographic features such as aspect, slope position, inclination and elevation (Desta et al. 2004). Edaphic and topographic factors exert important influences along the upper Piedmont and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia (Stephenson 1982, Harrison et al. 1989, Farrell and Ware 1991, Copenheaver et al. 2006). These forests, however, also have a long and complex disturbance history that has affected forest species composition. The forests in this region of Virginia were once dominated by American chestnut (Castanea dentata) until the invasion of the chestnut blight fungus (Endothia parasitica) in the 1920s (Johnson and Ware 1982). Following this event, highest rankings of density and basal area have been shared by a number of tree species, 1 corresponding author; tfredericksen@ferrum.edu 4 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE predominately oaks (Quercus) and hickories (Carya) (Johnson and Ware 1982). A wide range of other natural and anthropogenic factors including recent ice storms (Stueve et al. 2007) and gypsy moth defoliation (Whitmire and Tobin 2006) also influence the species composition of Appalachian and Piedmont forests in Virginia. In addition, selective logging, deer browsing and the spread of invasive plant species, particularly ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima), continue to impact the structure and composition of these forests (Carter and Fredericksen 2007). This study characterized the species composition of the forests on the property of Ferrum College located on the Upper Piedmont Physiographic Province close to the Blue Ridge Escarpment in Franklin County, Virginia. Data were collected on topographic p","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77121788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Records, Biogeography, and Habitat Protection Needs of Four Species of Potamon (Decapoda: Brachyura) in Greece","authors":"E. Maurakis, David V. Grimes","doi":"10.25778/2GPZ-WQ21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25778/2GPZ-WQ21","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives are to determine the occurrence of species of Potamon in eastern Crete and the Aegean Islands (Chios, Naxos, Paros, Mykonos, Tinos and Andros); generate phylogenetic relationships among species to propose a biogeographic hypothesis relative to current distributions of the four species of the freshwater crab genus, Potamon, in Greece; and comment on the need to protect habitat suitable for the survival of species of Potamon in the country. Our collections, made in areas not previously sampled by researchers, indicate the presence of Potamon fluviatile on Tinos, N axos, and Andros, and Potamon potamios from central to eastern Crete; and verified the presence of Potamon ibericum on Chios. Cladistic analyses resulted in a single parsimonious tree (CI=85, RI=75). Potamon in the Balkan peninsula and islands in the Mediterranean region is a monophyletic group composed of two main clades: Clade 1 (P.fluviatile andPotamon algeriense) and Clade 2 (P. ibericum and its sister group composed of Potamon rhodium and Potamon potamios). Vicariant events (e.g. marine transgression and regression, orogeny, volcanism) are hypothesized as major factors that have shaped current distributions of species of Potamon in the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, and the islands of the North Aegean Sea, Eastern Sporades, the Cyclades, and Crete. We recommend an increase in environmental education and communication among older and younger generations, agriculturalists, politicians, policy writers, land developers and economists to create an understanding for the need to protect land and aquatic environments that harbor unique species and the potential benefits for economic activities such as ecotourism. We also recommend the creation of an action plan to develop ecotourism around conservation areas ( e.g. from the source of existing springs downstream for about 200 m before the installation of water withdrawal equipment for irrigation and potable supplies) to generate revenue for funding protection initiatives and to promote green economic development that is ecologically and socio-culturally sustainable.","PeriodicalId":23516,"journal":{"name":"Virginia journal of science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79584169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}