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Modelling flood hazard in dry climates of southern Africa: a case of Beitbridge, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe 非洲南部干旱气候下的洪水灾害建模:以津巴布韦林波波盆地Beitbridge为例
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3787
Lloyd Chikwiramakomo, Webster Gumindoga, Munyaradzi Davis Shekede, Tawanda Winmore Gara, Talent Chuma
Floods are among the natural hazards that have adverse effects on human lives, livelihoods, economies and infrastructure. Dry climates of southern Africa have, over the years, experienced an increase in the frequency of tropical cyclone induced floods. However, understanding the key factors that influence susceptibility to floods has remained largely unexplored in these dry climates. Therefore, this study sought to model flood hazards and determine key factors that significantly explain the probability of flood occurrence in the southern parts of Beitbridge District, Zimbabwe. To achieve these objectives, logistic regression was used to predict spatial variations in flood hazards following cyclone Dineo in 2017. Before spatial prediction of flood hazard, environmental variables were tested for multicollinearity using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Only two environmental variables, i.e., elevation and rainfall, were not significantly correlated and were thus used in the subsequent flood hazard modelling. Results demonstrate that two variables significantly (p < 0.05) predicted spatial variations in flood hazard in the southern parts of the Beitbridge District with relatively high accuracy defined by the area under the curve (AUC = 0.98). In addition, results indicate that ~56 % of the study area is regarded as highly susceptible to floods. Given the projected increase in extreme events such as intense rainfall as a result of climate change, floods will be expected to correspondingly increase in these semi-arid regions. Results presented in this study underscore the importance of geospatial techniques in flood-hazard modelling, which is the key input in sustainable land-use planning. It can thus be concluded that spatial analytical techniques play a key role in flood early warning systems aimed at supporting and building resilient communities in the face of climate change–induced floods.
洪水是对人类生活、生计、经济和基础设施产生不利影响的自然灾害之一。多年来,在南部非洲气候干燥的地区,热带气旋引发洪水的频率有所增加。然而,在这些干旱气候中,了解影响洪水易感性的关键因素在很大程度上仍未被探索。因此,本研究试图建立洪水灾害模型,并确定能够显著解释津巴布韦Beitbridge地区南部洪水发生概率的关键因素。为了实现这些目标,使用逻辑回归预测了2017年飓风“迪诺”后洪水灾害的空间变化。在洪水灾害空间预测之前,利用Pearson相关系数对环境变量进行多重共线性检验。只有两个环境变量,即海拔和降雨量,没有显著的相关性,因此被用于随后的洪水灾害建模。结果表明,两个变量对北桥地区南部洪涝灾害的预测具有显著性(p < 0.05),曲线下面积定义的准确度较高(AUC = 0.98)。此外,结果表明,研究区约56%的区域被认为是洪水的高度易感区。鉴于气候变化导致的强降雨等极端事件预计会增加,预计这些半干旱地区的洪水也会相应增加。本研究的结果强调了地理空间技术在洪水灾害建模中的重要性,这是可持续土地利用规划的关键投入。因此,可以得出结论,空间分析技术在洪水预警系统中发挥关键作用,该系统旨在支持和建设应对气候变化引发的洪水的弹性社区。
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引用次数: 3
Optimization of bromate adsorption onto Fe-CNTs nanocomposite using response surface methodology 响应面法优化铁碳纳米复合材料对溴酸盐的吸附
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3873
Deeksha Ranjan, Moonis Ali Khan, Marta Otero, Masoom Raza Siddiqui, Shareefa Ahmed Alshaeef
This study was aimed at employing response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of process variables and identifying optimal conditions for the adsorption of bromate (BrO3-) from contaminated water using multi-walled carbon nanotubes, based on iron hydr(oxide), Fe-CNTs nanocomposite. Fifteen experimental runs were conducted in batch mode to study the effect of individual as well as interactive process variables, i.e., pH, BrO3− initial concentration, and adsorbent dose, on the removal of BrO3− using Box–Behnken design (BBD) of RSM. The coefficient of determination (R2) at 98.34% indicated a good agreement between actual and predicted values. The main effect and contour plot were drawn to obtain the independent and interactive effect of operational variables on BrO3− uptake. A process optimization curve was drawn to determine the optimum operating conditions that lead to a desirable response. The optimum conditions for BrO3− adsorption using Fe-CNTs nanocomposite were found to be pH 2.0, initial BrO3− concentration of 10.0 mg/L, and adsorbent dose of 0.010 g per 50 mL solution.  
本研究旨在利用响应面法(RSM)优化工艺变量,并确定基于铁(氧化物)、Fe-CNTs纳米复合材料的多壁碳纳米管从污染水中吸附溴酸盐(BrO3-)的最佳条件。采用Box-Behnken设计(BBD),以批处理方式进行了15次实验,研究了pH、BrO3−初始浓度和吸附剂剂量等单个和交互过程变量对RSM去除BrO3−的影响。决定系数(R2)为98.34%,表明实际预测值与预测值吻合较好。绘制了主效应图和等高线图,得到了各操作变量对BrO3−吸收的独立影响和交互影响。绘制了工艺优化曲线,以确定能产生理想反应的最佳操作条件。结果表明,Fe-CNTs纳米复合材料吸附BrO3−的最佳条件为pH 2.0,初始BrO3−浓度为10.0 mg/L,吸附剂剂量为0.010 g/ 50 mL。
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引用次数: 3
Expanded perlite: potential for removing antibiotics from water 膨胀珍珠岩:从水中去除抗生素的潜力
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3817
Bruna Martins Vicentin, Raquel Dalla Costa da Rocha
This work aims to study the potential of expanded perlite (EP) for amoxicillin (AMX) removal in aqueous solution. For this purpose, chemical, morphological, and textural characteristics of the EP were evaluated, in addition to AMX removal by the adsorption process. The kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic parameters were also assessed. The EP presented an isoelectric point of 6.5 and a surface with hydroxyl bands, which favour the adsorption process. Air bubbles were sealed and randomly connected with each other, increasing the surface area relative to the adsorption sites. These non-porous or macro-porous sites demonstrate efficiency in the mechanisms of mass transfer. AMX removal was determined to be a pseudo-second-order process since the adsorption velocity was proportional to the square of the available adsorption sites and indicates heterogeneity in the surface interactions between the adsorbed molecules. Also, the interactions were considered multilayer for low concentrations and monolayer for high concentrations (Sips isotherm). The adsorption process was endothermic and utilised a physical adsorption mechanism. Considering that no modification treatment was applied to the EP, and due to its neutral isoelectric point, macropores, amorphous and dipole induction force (physical adsorption) characteristics, favourable affinity between EP and AMX was observed.
本文旨在研究膨胀珍珠岩(EP)在水溶液中去除阿莫西林(AMX)的潜力。为此,除了通过吸附过程去除AMX外,还对EP的化学、形态和结构特性进行了评估。动力学、等温和热力学参数也进行了评估。EP的等电点为6.5,表面有羟基带,有利于吸附过程。气泡被密封并随机连接在一起,增加了相对于吸附位点的表面积。这些无孔或大孔部位在传质机制中表现出效率。由于吸附速度与可用吸附位点的平方成正比,并且表明被吸附分子之间表面相互作用的异质性,因此确定AMX的去除是一个伪二阶过程。此外,相互作用在低浓度时被认为是多层的,在高浓度时被认为是单层的(Sips等温线)。吸附过程为吸热吸附,采用物理吸附机理。考虑到未对EP进行改性处理,并且由于其中性等电点、大孔、无定形和偶极感应力(物理吸附)等特性,EP与AMX具有良好的亲和性。
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引用次数: 1
Modelling daily net radiation of open water surfaces using land-based meteorological data 利用陆基气象资料模拟开放水面日净辐射
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3882
L. Myeni, MJ Savage, AD Clulow
Accurate quantification of net irradiance of open water (Rn water) is of paramount importance for the estimation of open water evaporation, which is critical for the efficient management of water resources. Alternatively, model estimates of Rn water are often used when quality measurements of Rn water are not readily available for the water storage of interest. A Daily Penman, Monteith, Equilibrium Temperature Hargreaves-Samani (DPMETHS) model has been developed for the estimation of Rn water using land-based meteorological data. The DPMETHS model is a spreadsheet-based iterative procedure that computes Rn water using daily land-based meteorological measurements of solar irradiance (Rs land), minimum and maximum air temperatures (Tmin and Tmax), minimum and maximum relative humidity (RHmin and RHmax) and average wind speed (Uland). In this study, the DPMETHS model was evaluated using daily Rn water in-situ measurements acquired from 5 sites in both hemispheres, representing very different climatic conditions. Results showed reasonable model performance at all 5 sites, with the coefficient of determination (r2) values greater than 0.85 and root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging from 0.60 MJ∙m-2 for Stratus Ocean (East Pacific Ocean) to 1.89 MJ∙m-2 for Midmar Dam (South Africa). The results of this study suggested that the DPMETHS model can be reliably used to estimate Rn water for a wide range of climatic conditions. The performance of the DPMETHS model depends on the representativeness of the land-based meteorological data to the weather conditions above the open water surface. The DPMETHS model is user-friendly with minimal computational and data requirements that allows easy data handling and visual inspection.
开放水域净辐照度的准确量化对于估算开放水域蒸发量至关重要,这对水资源的有效管理至关重要。另外,当对氮水的质量测量不容易用于感兴趣的水储存时,通常使用氮水的模型估计。利用陆基气象资料,建立了每日Penman, Monteith,平衡温度Hargreaves-Samani (DPMETHS)模型来估算氮水。DPMETHS模式是一个基于电子表格的迭代程序,使用每日陆地气象测量太阳辐照度(Rs land)、最低和最高气温(Tmin和Tmax)、最小和最大相对湿度(RHmin和RHmax)和平均风速(Uland)来计算Rn水。在这项研究中,DPMETHS模型使用来自两个半球5个地点的每日氮水原位测量数据进行评估,这些地点代表了非常不同的气候条件。结果表明,5个站点的模型性能良好,决定系数(r2)值均大于0.85,均方根误差(RMSE)值从东太平洋Stratus Ocean的0.60 MJ∙m-2到南非Midmar Dam的1.89 MJ∙m-2不等。本研究结果表明,DPMETHS模型可以可靠地用于估算各种气候条件下的氮水。DPMETHS模式的性能取决于陆基气象资料对开放水面以上天气条件的代表性。DPMETHS模型是用户友好的,具有最小的计算和数据需求,允许轻松的数据处理和视觉检查。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal rainfall trend analysis in different agro-ecological regions of southern Africa 南部非洲不同农业生态区降水时间趋势分析
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3844
W Mupangwa, R Makanza, L Chipindu, M Moeletsi, S Mkuhlani, F Liben, I Nyagumbo, M Mutenje
Rainfall is a major driver of food production in rainfed smallholder farming systems. This study was conducted to assess linear trends in (i) different daily rainfall amounts (<5, 5–10, 11–20, 21–40 and >40 mm∙day-1), and (ii) monthly and seasonal rainfall amounts. Drought was determined using the rainfall variability index. Daily rainfall data were derived from 18 meteorological stations in southern Africa. Daily rainfall was dominated by <5 mm∙day-1 followed by 5–10 mm∙day-1. Three locations experienced increasing linear trends of <5 mm∙day-1 amounts and two others in sub-humid region had increases in the >40 mm day-1 category. Semi-arid location experienced increasing trends in <5 and 5–10 mm∙day-1 events. A significant linear trend in seasonal rainfall occurred at two locations with decreasing rainfall (1.24 and 3 mm∙season-1). A 3 mm∙season-1 decrease in seasonal rainfall was experienced under semi-arid conditions. There were no apparent linear trends in monthly and seasonal rainfall at 15 of the 18 locations studied. Drought frequencies varied with location and were 50% or higher during the November–March growing season. Rainfall trends were location and agro-ecology specific, but most of the locations studied did not experience significant changes between the 1900s and 2000s.
在雨养小农农业系统中,降雨是粮食生产的主要驱动力。本研究旨在评估(i)不同日降雨量(40 mm∙day-1)和(ii)月度和季节性降雨量的线性趋势。干旱是用降雨变率指数来确定的。每日降雨量数据来自南部非洲的18个气象站。日降雨量以40 mm day-1类型为主。半干旱区<5和5 - 10 mm∙day-1事件呈增加趋势。在降雨量减少的两个地点(1.24和3 mm∙season-1),季节降雨量呈显著的线性趋势。在半干旱条件下,季节性降雨量减少3 mm∙season-1。在研究的18个地点中,有15个地点的月和季降雨量没有明显的线性趋势。干旱频率因地而异,在11月至3月的生长期,干旱频率为50%或更高。降雨趋势与地点和农业生态有关,但大多数研究地点在1900年至2000年间没有发生显著变化。
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引用次数: 3
Biochar for the removal of detected micropollutants in South African domestic wastewater: a case study from a demonstration-scale decentralised wastewater treatment system in eThekwini 用于去除南非生活废水中检测到的微污染物的生物炭:来自德班尼示范规模分散式废水处理系统的案例研究
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3861
Jana Späth, Preyan Arumugam, Richard H Lindberg, Ovokeroye A Abafe, Stina Jansson, Jerker Fick, Chris A Buckley
The presence of micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, in surface and ground water has escalated globally, leading to adverse effects on aquatic organisms in receiving waters. Untreated or inadequately treated wastewater is the main source of micropollutants entering the environment. In South Africa, the consumption of antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs is relatively higher than other nations; however, little data exists on the identification and remediation of micropollutants in domestic wastewater. In this study, a novel method to detect and measure 71 micropollutants using online solid phase extraction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed. To test the method in the South African context, grab samples of the influent and anaerobically treated effluent (AF effluent) from a demonstration-scale decentralised wastewater treatment system in eThekwini (Durban) were taken over 3 consecutive days at 2 time points. The presence of 24 micropollutants was detected in the raw wastewater, with analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs, antiretrovirals, and antibiotics showing the highest concentrations and with the majority of compounds still present in the AF effluent. One antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, exceeded its predicted no-effect concentration in all influent and AF effluent samples. This suggests that the anaerobic treatment of the raw wastewater was not effective in removing micropollutants. Preliminary data from lab-scale adsorption experiments using biochar produced from a set of 4 feedstocks – olive residues, tomato residues, rice husks, and the African palm tree Raphia farinifera – showed average removal rates for 4 compounds of up to 62%. The application of biochar is thus recommended as a secondary treatment step in decentralised wastewater treatment for the removal of micropollutants in South Africa.
在全球范围内,地表水和地下水中微量污染物(如药品和个人护理产品)的含量不断增加,对接收水体中的水生生物造成不利影响。未经处理或处理不当的废水是进入环境的微污染物的主要来源。在南非,抗生素和抗逆转录病毒药物的消费量相对高于其他国家;然而,关于生活废水中微量污染物的识别和修复的数据很少。本研究建立了一种在线固相萃取液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术检测和测量71种微量污染物的新方法。为了在南非的环境中测试该方法,从德班德班的一个示范规模的分散式废水处理系统中采集进水和厌氧处理废水(AF废水)的样本,在连续3天的2个时间点进行采集。在原废水中检测到24种微污染物,其中镇痛药/抗炎药、抗逆转录病毒药物和抗生素的浓度最高,大多数化合物仍存在于AF废水中。一种抗生素环丙沙星在所有进水和AF出水样本中都超过了预期的无效果浓度。说明原废水厌氧处理对微污染物的去除效果不明显。实验室规模吸附实验的初步数据显示,利用由橄榄渣、番茄渣、稻壳和非洲棕榈树(Raphia farinifera)等4种原料生产的生物炭,4种化合物的平均去除率高达62%。因此,建议将生物炭的应用作为南非分散废水处理中去除微污染物的二级处理步骤。
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引用次数: 10
Development and production of iceberg lettuce irrigated with magnetically treated water 磁处理水灌溉卷心莴苣的开发与生产
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3863
Lis Tavares Ordones Lemos, Fábio Ponciano de Deus, Valter Carvalho de Andrade Júnior, Michael Silveira Thebaldi, Marcio Mesquita, Rodrigo César de Almeida
Irrigated agriculture has become a concern, given the scarcity of freshwater. To reduce its water consumption, new techniques and technologies have been proposed. Based on this, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different soil water tensions at initiation of irrigation with magnetically treated water, on ‘iceberg’ lettuce Lucy Brown (Lactuca Sativa L.) development and production. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized factorial design, to evaluate two water types (magnetically treated water – MW and ordinary water – OW) and four soil water tensions at initiation of irrigation (T1 – 15 kPa, T2 – 25 kPa, T3 – 40 kPa and T4 – 70 kPa), with three replicates. Tensiometers were used to estimate soil water tension. The evaluated parameters were: aerial part fresh and dry total mass; commercial head fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass; stem fresh and dry mass; stem length and diameter; percentage of leaves with tip burn, total and commercial yield; water use efficiency related to total and commercial yield; plant exposed area; and dry matter content. Despite achieving greater water use efficiency, the magnetic treatment may have hindered the removal of water from the soil by the crop, especially at increased soil water tension at initiation of irrigation.
考虑到淡水的稀缺,灌溉农业已成为一个令人担忧的问题。为了减少水的消耗,提出了新的工艺和技术。在此基础上,本研究的目的是评估磁化水灌溉开始时不同土壤水分张力对“冰山”莴苣露西·布朗(lacuca Sativa L.)发育和生产的影响。本试验采用完全随机因子设计,在温室中对2种水类型(MW磁处理水和OW普通水)和灌溉开始时4种土壤水张力(T1 ~ 15kpa、T2 ~ 25kpa、T3 ~ 40kpa和T4 ~ 70kpa)进行了3个重复评价。使用张力计来估计土壤水张力。评价参数为:空中部分鲜干总质量;商品头鲜干质量、根鲜干质量;茎鲜干团;茎长和直径;叶尖燃烧的百分比,总产量和商业产量;与总产量和商业产量相关的用水效率;厂房暴露面积;干物质含量。尽管实现了更高的水分利用效率,但磁处理可能阻碍了作物从土壤中去除水分,特别是在灌溉开始时土壤水分张力增加的情况下。
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引用次数: 1
A phyto-guide to species selection for optimized South African green infrastructure 南非绿色基础设施优化的植物物种选择指南
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3875
DM Jacklin, IC Brink, SM Jacobs
In South Africa, rapid environmental degeneration caused by anthropogenic pollution poses a major ecological engineering problem, demanding proper resource mitigation strategies. For the treatment of polluted water and degraded soil systems, green infrastructure (GI) offers an effective, sustainable and affordable nature-based alternative to grey infrastructure. An additive benefit within GI, plant species provide enormous potential to treatment; however, species vary substantially in their pollutant removal and hydrologic performance. South African civil engineers tasked with designing GI often lack expertise and knowledge of plant behaviour and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, this paper proposes a decision framework to facilitate selection for designing local GI in the form of a phyto-guide, based on existing recommendations and knowledge of removal processes and plant behaviour. Interdisciplinarity at the core of the phyto-guide relies on continuous specialist collaboration with each selection criteria, whilst efficiency and sustainability are considered equally important contributors to successful GI functioning. The spread of invasive alien plants, whether accidental or deliberate, negatively impacts an ecosystem’s capacity to deliver goods and services. Thus, the desire to optimize GI by incorporating effective phytoremediators cannot be prioritised over conservation concerns. In addition, this paper seeks to advance the GI limitation of relying solely on previously identified phytoremediators, by including evaluation criteria of beneficial plant traits as well as plant distribution, behaviour and diversity into the decision-making process for optimized GI. It is recommended that future research engages in discovering less invasive, naturally occurring local species as potential phytoremediators, inspired by South Africa’s rich biodiversity and endemism, as well as conveying the importance of consultation with engineers and ecologists for optimized GI.
在南非,人为污染造成的环境迅速退化是一个重大的生态工程问题,需要适当的资源缓解战略。对于污水和退化土壤系统的处理,绿色基础设施(GI)提供了一种有效、可持续和负担得起的基于自然的灰色基础设施替代方案。在GI中,植物物种提供了巨大的治疗潜力,这是一个附加效益;然而,物种在去除污染物和水文性能方面差异很大。负责设计地理标志的南非土木工程师往往缺乏植物行为和生态系统动力学方面的专业知识和知识。因此,本文提出了一个决策框架,以植物指南的形式,基于现有的建议和对去除过程和植物行为的了解,促进局部地理标志设计的选择。植物指南的核心是跨学科,它依赖于与每个选择标准的持续专家合作,而效率和可持续性被认为是成功的GI功能的重要贡献者。外来入侵植物的传播,无论是偶然的还是故意的,都会对生态系统提供产品和服务的能力产生负面影响。因此,通过纳入有效的植物修复剂来优化地理标志的愿望不能优先于保护问题。此外,本文试图通过将有益植物性状的评价标准以及植物分布、行为和多样性纳入优化地理标志的决策过程,来提高地理标志仅依赖于先前确定的植物修复剂的局限性。受南非丰富的生物多样性和特有性的启发,未来的研究应致力于发现侵入性较小、自然存在的当地物种,作为潜在的植物修复剂,并传达与工程师和生态学家协商优化地理标志的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of water impacted by acid mine drainage from a coal mine in Mpumalanga, South Africa, using the Ames test and Comet assay 使用Ames试验和Comet试验评价南非普马兰加省某煤矿酸性矿井排水影响的水的遗传毒性潜力
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3796
O. Iji, E. Njoya, B. Madikizela, J. Myburgh, L. McGaw
Several potential genotoxins found in water samples arise from anthropogenic activities. Acid mine effluent resulting from coal mining poses serious environment concerns all over the world. The use of toxicity tests to evaluate the quality of streams add value by providing site-specific toxicological data. Treatment systems such as the use of natural wetlands (passive) or conventional physical and chemical pH-neutralised processes (active) are employed mainly to meet certain water quality guidelines. Nonetheless, potential genotoxins or residues remain which influence the quality of discharged effluents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of acid mine drainage (AMD) released into a natural stream following treatment by passive and active methods. This study aimed to identify the extent of AMD mutagenicity and genotoxicity to African Vero monkey kidney cell line and a fish gill cell line (RTgill-W1) using two assays, the Ames test, and the comet assay, as a rapid and effective screening tool. The Ames test performed without metabolic activation using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains showed no indication of mutagenicity in the water samples tested. Differing results were however obtained for the comet assay using the African Vero monkey kidney cell line and a fish gill cell line (Rtgill-W1), which revealed DNA fragmentation and variations in morphologies indicative of genotoxicity in the water samples following the two treatment processes. A significant reduction in DNA damage was observed in water samples following active treatment of the AMD, evidenced by reduced damage frequency and a lowered comet score. This bioassay confirms the urgency of integrating high-throughput screening in aquatic toxicity assessment at genetic levels, giving further evidence that in-vitro bioassays can be incorporated for use in short-term genotoxicity assays. The result suggests that the comet assay proved sensitive at detecting genotoxicity, supporting the integration of this into environmental monitoring frameworks targeted at AMD-contaminated sites.
在水样中发现的几种潜在基因毒素是由人为活动引起的。煤矿开采产生的酸性矿井废水在世界范围内引起了严重的环境问题。使用毒性测试来评估河流的质量,通过提供特定地点的毒理学数据增加了价值。处理系统,例如使用天然湿地(被动)或传统的物理和化学ph中和过程(主动),主要是为了达到某些水质准则。然而,潜在的基因毒素或残留物仍然存在,影响排放废水的质量。本研究的目的是评估酸性矿井废水(AMD)在被动和主动处理后释放到自然溪流中的遗传毒性潜力。本研究旨在确定AMD对非洲Vero猴肾细胞系和鱼鳃细胞系(RTgill-W1)的致突变性和遗传毒性程度,采用Ames试验和comet试验作为快速有效的筛选工具。使用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA98和TA100菌株进行的Ames试验在没有代谢激活的情况下进行,在测试的水样中没有显示出诱变的迹象。然而,使用非洲Vero猴肾细胞系和鱼鳃细胞系(Rtgill-W1)进行彗星试验获得了不同的结果,这表明在两种处理过程后,水样中的DNA片段化和形态变化表明遗传毒性。在AMD积极治疗后,在水样中观察到DNA损伤显著减少,损伤频率降低和彗星评分降低证明了这一点。该生物测定证实了在遗传水平上将高通量筛选整合到水生毒性评估中的紧迫性,进一步证明了体外生物测定可用于短期遗传毒性分析。结果表明,彗星试验在检测遗传毒性方面被证明是敏感的,支持将其整合到针对amd污染地点的环境监测框架中。
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引用次数: 1
Assessing the potential for managed aquifer recharge (MAR) of the Cape Flats Aquifer 评估Cape Flats含水层管理含水层补给(MAR)的潜力
IF 1.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3801
B Mauck, K Winter
This paper discusses the potential use of ‘managed aquifer recharge’ (MAR) in Cape Town to provide additional water supplies to the city that are fit-for-purpose. The paper investigates the feasibility of implementing MAR by simulating the artificial recharge of winter stormwater into the Cape Flats Aquifer (CFA), an extensive sandy, unconfined aquifer that covers most of metropolitan Cape Town’s urban landscape. The objective is to assess the storage capacity and supply potential of two MAR sites by modelling various scenarios in order to determine the feasibility of MAR as a viable strategy for achieving improved water security by augmenting groundwater water supply. The selected scenarios demonstrated that MAR could be used to minimise the risk of seawater intrusion and maximise the amount of water available for abstraction from the CFA. Six MAR scenarios provided strong evidence to suggest that there is sufficient storage capacity within the CFA for using stormwater to improve the wellfield yield in two regions of the CFA and which can sustainably yield approximately 18 Mm3 per year. The study concluded that the use of stormwater or treated wastewater could be deliberately used to recharge the CFA and as a viable option in support of the City of Cape Town’s intention to establish a water-resilient city by 2030.
本文讨论了“管理含水层补给”(MAR)在开普敦的潜在用途,为城市提供额外的供水。本文通过模拟冬季雨水进入开普滩含水层(CFA)的人工补给,研究了实施MAR的可行性。开普滩含水层是一个覆盖开普敦大部分城市景观的广阔的沙质无约束含水层。其目的是通过模拟各种情景,评估两个海洋监测场址的储存能力和供应潜力,以便确定海洋监测作为一项通过增加地下水供应来改善水安全的可行战略的可行性。选定的情景表明,MAR可用于最大限度地减少海水入侵的风险,并最大限度地提高从CFA提取的水量。六个MAR情景提供了强有力的证据,表明CFA内部有足够的储存能力,可以利用CFA两个区域的雨水来提高井田产量,并且每年可以持续产生约18 Mm3。该研究的结论是,可以有意地使用雨水或处理过的废水来补给CFA,并作为支持开普敦市到2030年建立一个水弹性城市的意图的可行选择。
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引用次数: 4
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Water SA
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