Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion) is a common weed of cool‐season turfgrass with 2,4‐D as the most commonly used herbicide for its control. Hard water is known to antagonise 2,4‐D dimethylamine herbicide efficacy in greenhouse studies, and this antagonism is mitigated by adding the water conditioning agent ammonium sulphate (AMS) to spray mixtures. As greenhouse herbicide efficacy trials do not always provide similar control to field studies, this experiment was undertaken to determine how hard water and AMS influences 2,4‐D dimethylamine control of T. officinale in established lawns. Hard water was prepared to achieve 0, 275, 450 and 675 mg CaCO3 L−1. The 2,4‐D was applied at each hardness level with and without AMS at 20 g L−1 in eight separate field trials across three sites and two seasons. Regardless of water hardness level, 2,4‐D treatments with AMS added reduced T. officinale cover at 52 weeks after application (WAA) compared to those without AMS. Similarly, fewer T. officinale plants were recorded when adding AMS to 2,4‐D. Taraxacum officinale cover at 52 WAA was higher when applied in water with a hardness of 450 mg CaCO3 L−1 or more compared to applications in distilled water (0 mg CaCO3 L−1). When hard water antagonism occurred, the addition of AMS to the spray mixture reduced the antagonism. Based on this field experiment and consistent with greenhouse experiments, applicators should mix AMS at 20 g L−1 when applying 2,4‐D dimethylamine, especially in hard water.
{"title":"Improved control of Taraxacum officinale with 2,4‐D in the field from ammonium sulphate additions","authors":"Geoffrey P. Schortgen, Aaron J. Patton","doi":"10.1111/wre.12609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12609","url":null,"abstract":"Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion) is a common weed of cool‐season turfgrass with 2,4‐D as the most commonly used herbicide for its control. Hard water is known to antagonise 2,4‐D dimethylamine herbicide efficacy in greenhouse studies, and this antagonism is mitigated by adding the water conditioning agent ammonium sulphate (AMS) to spray mixtures. As greenhouse herbicide efficacy trials do not always provide similar control to field studies, this experiment was undertaken to determine how hard water and AMS influences 2,4‐D dimethylamine control of T. officinale in established lawns. Hard water was prepared to achieve 0, 275, 450 and 675 mg CaCO3 L−1. The 2,4‐D was applied at each hardness level with and without AMS at 20 g L−1 in eight separate field trials across three sites and two seasons. Regardless of water hardness level, 2,4‐D treatments with AMS added reduced T. officinale cover at 52 weeks after application (WAA) compared to those without AMS. Similarly, fewer T. officinale plants were recorded when adding AMS to 2,4‐D. Taraxacum officinale cover at 52 WAA was higher when applied in water with a hardness of 450 mg CaCO3 L−1 or more compared to applications in distilled water (0 mg CaCO3 L−1). When hard water antagonism occurred, the addition of AMS to the spray mixture reduced the antagonism. Based on this field experiment and consistent with greenhouse experiments, applicators should mix AMS at 20 g L−1 when applying 2,4‐D dimethylamine, especially in hard water.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"115 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie Klötzli, M. Suter, Deborah Beaumont, Aleš Kolmanič, R. Leskovšek, Urs Schaffner, J. Storkey, Andreas Lüscher
Rumex obtusifolius (broad‐leaved dock) is a problematic weed that reduces yield and nutritional value of forage in grasslands of temperate regions worldwide. We conducted an on‐farm study to identify management practices and environmental factors that influence the risk of the occurrence of R. obtusifolius in high densities in permanent, productive grasslands used for forage production. Following a common protocol, a paired case–control design was implemented in Switzerland (CH), Slovenia (SI), and United Kingdom (UK) to compare parcels with high densities of R. obtusifolius (cases, ≥1 plant m−2) with nearby parcels free of or with very low densities of the species (controls, ≤4 plants 100 m−2). A total of 40, 20, and 18 pairs were recorded in CH, SI, and UK respectively. Parameters measured included data about management practices and history, vegetation cover and composition, and soil nutrients and texture. Across countries, increased vegetation cover reduced the relative risk of R. obtusifolius occurrence. By contrast, increased soil phosphorus and potassium and high soil bulk density raised the relative risk. These effects were consistent across countries, as no interactions between country and any of the factors were observed. The two indicator species for case parcels, Plantago major and Poa annua, were typical species of disturbed areas and fertile soils, while indicators for control parcels were characteristic of grasslands under medium to high management intensity (e.g., Festuca rubra, Cynosorus cristatus, Anthoxantum odoratum). We conclude that the risk for grassland infestation with R. obtusifolius can be significantly affected by management practices. Prevention measures should target phosphorus and potassium fertilisation to the forage plants' requirements, minimise soil compaction, and maintain dense swards.
{"title":"Key management practices to reduce the risk of the occurrence of Rumex obtusifolius in productive grasslands","authors":"Julie Klötzli, M. Suter, Deborah Beaumont, Aleš Kolmanič, R. Leskovšek, Urs Schaffner, J. Storkey, Andreas Lüscher","doi":"10.1111/wre.12608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12608","url":null,"abstract":"Rumex obtusifolius (broad‐leaved dock) is a problematic weed that reduces yield and nutritional value of forage in grasslands of temperate regions worldwide. We conducted an on‐farm study to identify management practices and environmental factors that influence the risk of the occurrence of R. obtusifolius in high densities in permanent, productive grasslands used for forage production. Following a common protocol, a paired case–control design was implemented in Switzerland (CH), Slovenia (SI), and United Kingdom (UK) to compare parcels with high densities of R. obtusifolius (cases, ≥1 plant m−2) with nearby parcels free of or with very low densities of the species (controls, ≤4 plants 100 m−2). A total of 40, 20, and 18 pairs were recorded in CH, SI, and UK respectively. Parameters measured included data about management practices and history, vegetation cover and composition, and soil nutrients and texture. Across countries, increased vegetation cover reduced the relative risk of R. obtusifolius occurrence. By contrast, increased soil phosphorus and potassium and high soil bulk density raised the relative risk. These effects were consistent across countries, as no interactions between country and any of the factors were observed. The two indicator species for case parcels, Plantago major and Poa annua, were typical species of disturbed areas and fertile soils, while indicators for control parcels were characteristic of grasslands under medium to high management intensity (e.g., Festuca rubra, Cynosorus cristatus, Anthoxantum odoratum). We conclude that the risk for grassland infestation with R. obtusifolius can be significantly affected by management practices. Prevention measures should target phosphorus and potassium fertilisation to the forage plants' requirements, minimise soil compaction, and maintain dense swards.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"33 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding how invasive species respond to changes in abiotic factors and what influences their ability to colonise newly disturbed areas is necessary to predict species expansion, prioritise management efforts, and develop ecological models. We conducted a fully factorial greenhouse experiment using rhizome fragments to examine the effects of four nutrients levels, three soil moisture levels, and two light levels (with five replicates, n = 120) on the growth and resource allocation patterns of Arundo donax, a large‐statured invasive wetland species. We predicted that A. donax's performance‐related traits—traits that directly influence the functionality and fitness of an individual—such as aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), net photosynthesis, and average stem height, would be highest under high light, high soil moisture and high nutrient conditions due to the ability of aggressive invasive species to capitalise on greater resource availability. Analyses using general linear mixed‐effects models revealed significant interactions between soil moisture and light. Plants grown in saturated, high light conditions exhibited the highest values for performance‐related traits. However, contrary to predictions, nutrients did not significantly influence these traits. Multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated that nutrients did influence biomass allocation patterns, with plants grown with added nitrogen and phosphorus displaying higher AGB:BGB and stem:leaf ratios. This research highlights A. donax's unique response to nutrient addition and the plasticity of biomass allocation patterns. By understanding how invasive species respond to common abiotic factors, we can better predict their expansion and prioritise management efforts, such as focusing on areas of low overstory shading, while also providing crucial information for ecological model development.
{"title":"Influence of light, nutrients, and soil moisture on the growth and resource allocation of Arundo donax","authors":"Megan Herod, J. Martina","doi":"10.1111/wre.12606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12606","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how invasive species respond to changes in abiotic factors and what influences their ability to colonise newly disturbed areas is necessary to predict species expansion, prioritise management efforts, and develop ecological models. We conducted a fully factorial greenhouse experiment using rhizome fragments to examine the effects of four nutrients levels, three soil moisture levels, and two light levels (with five replicates, n = 120) on the growth and resource allocation patterns of Arundo donax, a large‐statured invasive wetland species. We predicted that A. donax's performance‐related traits—traits that directly influence the functionality and fitness of an individual—such as aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), net photosynthesis, and average stem height, would be highest under high light, high soil moisture and high nutrient conditions due to the ability of aggressive invasive species to capitalise on greater resource availability. Analyses using general linear mixed‐effects models revealed significant interactions between soil moisture and light. Plants grown in saturated, high light conditions exhibited the highest values for performance‐related traits. However, contrary to predictions, nutrients did not significantly influence these traits. Multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated that nutrients did influence biomass allocation patterns, with plants grown with added nitrogen and phosphorus displaying higher AGB:BGB and stem:leaf ratios. This research highlights A. donax's unique response to nutrient addition and the plasticity of biomass allocation patterns. By understanding how invasive species respond to common abiotic factors, we can better predict their expansion and prioritise management efforts, such as focusing on areas of low overstory shading, while also providing crucial information for ecological model development.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reduction of pesticide use to benefit the environment is a topical issue in the EU. There is a call for development and more widespread use of sustainable alternative weed control measures. Pyrolysis liquid (PL), a by‐product of charcoal and biochar production, contains numerous compounds, including organic acids, alcohols, phenols and furans. PL has shown promising results when used against several broad‐leaved weeds but its effect on grassy weeds is largely untested. To provide an alternative to synthetic herbicides, PL should be effective and applicable at field scale. In this research, we initially evaluated the potential of birch (Betula sp.) based PL to control mono‐ and dicotyledonous plants under greenhouse conditions and determined if efficacy is improved by addition of an adjuvant. Second, the efficacy of PL for controlling Elymus repens (L.) Gould was compared with glyphosate and two other synthetic herbicides in a no‐tillage system under field conditions. As expected, dicotyledonous plants were more sensitive to acid‐based herbicides than monocotyledonous plants. In contrast to our expectations, the herbicidal efficacy of PL was lower than an acetic acid‐based herbicide and addition of an adjuvant did not improve efficacy. In conclusion, when used at commercially and practically realistic doses, the efficacy of PL control on monocotyledonous weeds such as E. repens is weak. More product development is needed to improve PL quality and efficacy and to establish practical and cost‐effective application levels for weed control on the field scale.
{"title":"Impact of dose and adjuvant on herbicidal efficacy of birch‐based pyrolysis liquid","authors":"M. Hagner, P. Ruuttunen, Terho Hyvönen","doi":"10.1111/wre.12607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12607","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction of pesticide use to benefit the environment is a topical issue in the EU. There is a call for development and more widespread use of sustainable alternative weed control measures. Pyrolysis liquid (PL), a by‐product of charcoal and biochar production, contains numerous compounds, including organic acids, alcohols, phenols and furans. PL has shown promising results when used against several broad‐leaved weeds but its effect on grassy weeds is largely untested. To provide an alternative to synthetic herbicides, PL should be effective and applicable at field scale. In this research, we initially evaluated the potential of birch (Betula sp.) based PL to control mono‐ and dicotyledonous plants under greenhouse conditions and determined if efficacy is improved by addition of an adjuvant. Second, the efficacy of PL for controlling Elymus repens (L.) Gould was compared with glyphosate and two other synthetic herbicides in a no‐tillage system under field conditions. As expected, dicotyledonous plants were more sensitive to acid‐based herbicides than monocotyledonous plants. In contrast to our expectations, the herbicidal efficacy of PL was lower than an acetic acid‐based herbicide and addition of an adjuvant did not improve efficacy. In conclusion, when used at commercially and practically realistic doses, the efficacy of PL control on monocotyledonous weeds such as E. repens is weak. More product development is needed to improve PL quality and efficacy and to establish practical and cost‐effective application levels for weed control on the field scale.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"13 5part2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
April M. Dobbs, Carlos Sousa-Ortega, James B. Holland, Lori Unruh Snyder, Ramon G. Leon
Germination variability enables weedy species to colonise disturbed habitats and is expected to evolve in response to changing selection pressures. The paucity of information about germination variability in weeds prompted a detailed study of this topic with two agricultural and two non‐agricultural populations of Capsella bursa‐pastoris (Shepherd's purse). Variance in germination time was partitioned amongst and within populations, and amongst racemes and silicles within individual plant, and broad‐sense heritability (H2) was estimated. Agricultural populations exhibited a shorter and more uniform germination timing than non‐agricultural populations. However, differences amongst populations explained 7%–12% of the total variance, while differences amongst individuals and racemes accounted for approximately 40–54% and 10% of the total variance for germination time. For germination time, H2 = 0.4 when averaged across all time points, peaking at H2 = 0.7 at a time coinciding with the exponential phase of the germination curve. Maintaining predominantly intrapopulation variability in germination timing appears to be important for long‐term fitness in this species.
{"title":"Variability structure and heritability of germination timing in Capsella bursa‐pastoris (L.) Medik. (Shepherd's purse)","authors":"April M. Dobbs, Carlos Sousa-Ortega, James B. Holland, Lori Unruh Snyder, Ramon G. Leon","doi":"10.1111/wre.12605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12605","url":null,"abstract":"Germination variability enables weedy species to colonise disturbed habitats and is expected to evolve in response to changing selection pressures. The paucity of information about germination variability in weeds prompted a detailed study of this topic with two agricultural and two non‐agricultural populations of Capsella bursa‐pastoris (Shepherd's purse). Variance in germination time was partitioned amongst and within populations, and amongst racemes and silicles within individual plant, and broad‐sense heritability (H2) was estimated. Agricultural populations exhibited a shorter and more uniform germination timing than non‐agricultural populations. However, differences amongst populations explained 7%–12% of the total variance, while differences amongst individuals and racemes accounted for approximately 40–54% and 10% of the total variance for germination time. For germination time, H2 = 0.4 when averaged across all time points, peaking at H2 = 0.7 at a time coinciding with the exponential phase of the germination curve. Maintaining predominantly intrapopulation variability in germination timing appears to be important for long‐term fitness in this species.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"2 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138585563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reviewers for Weed Research 2022–23","authors":"Alison Haughton","doi":"10.1111/wre.12604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12604","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"229 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson and A. hybridus L. are common herbaceous annual summer weeds in different regions of Iran, which produce a large number of small seeds per plant. The goal of these experiments was to determine seed germination cardinal temperature and investigate the effect of constant temperature, osmotic and salt stresses, stratification, flooding duration, after‐ripening and seed planting depth on seed germination and seedling emergence. Two‐piece segmented, dent‐like and beta four‐parameter models were used to investigate the relationship between germination rate and constant temperature. The dent‐like model showed the best description of the effect of constant temperature on seed germination rate of both A. blitoides and A. hybridus. Optimal seed germination of A. blitoides occurred at 35°C, but in A. hybridus optimum germination was observed in a range of constant temperatures from 30 to 40°C. Osmotic and salt stresses and flooding adversely affected seed germination of both species. After ripening for 6 months increased germination percentage of both A. blitoides and A. hybridus. Maximum seedling emergence of A. blitoides (42.8%) and A. hybridus (44.9%) occurred at a planting depth of 3.3 cm, whereas further increased planting depth minimized seedling emergence of both weeds. Information obtained from this study will help us to develop effective techniques for management of A. blitoides and A. hybridus.
苋属（Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson）和苋属（A. hybridus L.）是伊朗不同地区常见的一年生夏季草本杂草，每株产生大量小种子。这些实验的目的是确定种子萌发心温度，并研究恒温、渗透胁迫和盐胁迫、层积、淹水时间、后熟和播种深度对种子萌发和出苗的影响。研究采用了两片分割模型、齿状模型和贝塔四参数模型来研究发芽率与恒温之间的关系。齿状模型最好地描述了恒温对蓟马和杂交蓟马种子萌发率的影响。A.blitoides的最佳种子萌发温度为35°C，而A.hybridus的最佳萌发温度为30至40°C。渗透胁迫、盐胁迫和洪水对两种植物的种子萌发都有不利影响。经过 6 个月的成熟期后，A. blitoides 和 A. hybridus 的发芽率都有所提高。在种植深度为 3.3 厘米时，禾本科杂草的出苗率最高（42.8%），杂草的出苗率最低（44.9%）。这项研究获得的信息将有助于我们开发有效的技术来管理蓟马和杂交蓟马。
{"title":"Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson and A. hybridus L.","authors":"M. Talaee, M. Rezvani, M. Radmard, B. Sindel","doi":"10.1111/wre.12602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12602","url":null,"abstract":"Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson and A. hybridus L. are common herbaceous annual summer weeds in different regions of Iran, which produce a large number of small seeds per plant. The goal of these experiments was to determine seed germination cardinal temperature and investigate the effect of constant temperature, osmotic and salt stresses, stratification, flooding duration, after‐ripening and seed planting depth on seed germination and seedling emergence. Two‐piece segmented, dent‐like and beta four‐parameter models were used to investigate the relationship between germination rate and constant temperature. The dent‐like model showed the best description of the effect of constant temperature on seed germination rate of both A. blitoides and A. hybridus. Optimal seed germination of A. blitoides occurred at 35°C, but in A. hybridus optimum germination was observed in a range of constant temperatures from 30 to 40°C. Osmotic and salt stresses and flooding adversely affected seed germination of both species. After ripening for 6 months increased germination percentage of both A. blitoides and A. hybridus. Maximum seedling emergence of A. blitoides (42.8%) and A. hybridus (44.9%) occurred at a planting depth of 3.3 cm, whereas further increased planting depth minimized seedling emergence of both weeds. Information obtained from this study will help us to develop effective techniques for management of A. blitoides and A. hybridus.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"55 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139246447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josephine S. Kunguni, Willy Kibet, C. Oduori, M. Dida, Sylvester Anami, Benjamin Kilian, Josiah M. Mutuku, Steve Runo, D. Odeny
Finger millet is a highly nutritious and climate‐resilient cereal crop. Despite its importance, finger millet productivity in East Africa trails other cereals due to several biotic and abiotic factors, including the parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica. Striga spp. are noxious parasitic weeds whose damage can result in 100% yield losses in sub‐Saharan Africa. The objective of our study was to determine differences in post‐attachment responses of a selection of genotypes. We germinated finger millet in Petri dishes, transferred them to rhizotrons and infected the roots with Striga that had been pre‐conditioned for 7 days at 30°C and subsequently pre‐germinated using GR24. Histological analysis was done on three distinct genotypes to determine the host–pathogen interactions. The attachment of Striga onto the host was observed 3 days after inoculation. LESK10, a wild genotype, and OKHALE1 (cultivated) consistently supported fewer Striga plants after inoculation, while GBK029646A, a cultivated finger millet, consistently supported the highest. Histological analysis recorded an incompatible reaction in both OKHALE1 and LESK10 and a compatible reaction in GBK029646A as early as 3 days after infection. Our results suggest the likely existence of novel resistance in crop wild relatives that will be valuable for developing durable resistance to Striga in elite finger millet varieties.
{"title":"Post‐attachment resistance to Striga hermonthica in finger millet (Eleusine coracana)","authors":"Josephine S. Kunguni, Willy Kibet, C. Oduori, M. Dida, Sylvester Anami, Benjamin Kilian, Josiah M. Mutuku, Steve Runo, D. Odeny","doi":"10.1111/wre.12601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12601","url":null,"abstract":"Finger millet is a highly nutritious and climate‐resilient cereal crop. Despite its importance, finger millet productivity in East Africa trails other cereals due to several biotic and abiotic factors, including the parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica. Striga spp. are noxious parasitic weeds whose damage can result in 100% yield losses in sub‐Saharan Africa. The objective of our study was to determine differences in post‐attachment responses of a selection of genotypes. We germinated finger millet in Petri dishes, transferred them to rhizotrons and infected the roots with Striga that had been pre‐conditioned for 7 days at 30°C and subsequently pre‐germinated using GR24. Histological analysis was done on three distinct genotypes to determine the host–pathogen interactions. The attachment of Striga onto the host was observed 3 days after inoculation. LESK10, a wild genotype, and OKHALE1 (cultivated) consistently supported fewer Striga plants after inoculation, while GBK029646A, a cultivated finger millet, consistently supported the highest. Histological analysis recorded an incompatible reaction in both OKHALE1 and LESK10 and a compatible reaction in GBK029646A as early as 3 days after infection. Our results suggest the likely existence of novel resistance in crop wild relatives that will be valuable for developing durable resistance to Striga in elite finger millet varieties.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"56 S3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139252601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Cyperus esculentus , a perennial sedge, is one of the most dangerous weeds in agriculture because of its high multiplication potential, its high risk of tuber spread and its low sensitivity to control measures. To diminish the risk of C. esculentus spread and incursion into adjacent crops by creeping rhizomes , control measures should also focus on non‐cropped areas adjacent to these crop zones. Defoliation by mowing is an example of one of these control measures. The aim of this study was to identify the critical mowing interval and height required for preventing tuber formation and to assess the combined effect of mowing and competition exerted by the grassy vegetation on the growth and spread of C. esculentus in field margins. In two separate years we conducted an indoor container (11 L) experiment, under a worst‐case scenario, in which genetically distinct clones, grown alone or in combination with Lolium perenne , were subjected to season‐long mowing regimes that differed in mowing interval (1‐, 2‐, 4‐ and 8‐weeks) and/or mowing height (2 and 5 cm). Weekly and 2‐weekly mowing at 5 cm within an 18‐week period significantly reduced tuber production of C. esculentus grown with competition (up to 93% and 98% reduction in tuber number respectively) and without competition from L. perenne (both a 97% reduction), compared to the uncut control with and without competition respectively. Compared to a mowing height of 5 cm, a mowing height of 2 cm resulted in better control of C. esculentus , with tuber numbers up to 32% lower and 5–65% lighter. Twice‐weekly mowing at 2 cm height can be an effective strategy for containing or reducing C. esculentus patches in field margins.
{"title":"Impact of regular mowing, mowing height, and grass competition on tuber number and tuber size of yellow nutsedge clonal populations (<i>Cyperus esculentus</i> L.)","authors":"Sander De Ryck, Dirk Reheul, Benny De Cauwer","doi":"10.1111/wre.12600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12600","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cyperus esculentus , a perennial sedge, is one of the most dangerous weeds in agriculture because of its high multiplication potential, its high risk of tuber spread and its low sensitivity to control measures. To diminish the risk of C. esculentus spread and incursion into adjacent crops by creeping rhizomes , control measures should also focus on non‐cropped areas adjacent to these crop zones. Defoliation by mowing is an example of one of these control measures. The aim of this study was to identify the critical mowing interval and height required for preventing tuber formation and to assess the combined effect of mowing and competition exerted by the grassy vegetation on the growth and spread of C. esculentus in field margins. In two separate years we conducted an indoor container (11 L) experiment, under a worst‐case scenario, in which genetically distinct clones, grown alone or in combination with Lolium perenne , were subjected to season‐long mowing regimes that differed in mowing interval (1‐, 2‐, 4‐ and 8‐weeks) and/or mowing height (2 and 5 cm). Weekly and 2‐weekly mowing at 5 cm within an 18‐week period significantly reduced tuber production of C. esculentus grown with competition (up to 93% and 98% reduction in tuber number respectively) and without competition from L. perenne (both a 97% reduction), compared to the uncut control with and without competition respectively. Compared to a mowing height of 5 cm, a mowing height of 2 cm resulted in better control of C. esculentus , with tuber numbers up to 32% lower and 5–65% lighter. Twice‐weekly mowing at 2 cm height can be an effective strategy for containing or reducing C. esculentus patches in field margins.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":" 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135291429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah K. Cook, Lynn V. Tatnell, Stephen Moss, Richard Hull, David Garthwaite, Chris Dyer
Abstract In 35 years of routine screening for herbicide resistance, a total of 3758 seed sample/herbicide combinations were assayed. Resistance testing was done in either pots in glasshouses (chlortoluron, fenoxaprop and mesosulfuron‐methyl + iodosulfuron‐methyl sodium) or Petri‐dishes in incubators (sethoxydim, cycloxydim and pendimethalin). With all herbicides, the relationship between herbicide efficacy and year of sampling was linear, with the slope representing the annual loss of efficacy. This was higher for the ALS inhibitors mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (3.73% year −1 ) and ACCase inhibitors sethoxydim/cycloxydim (1.92% year −1 ) and fenoxaprop (1.36% year −1 ) than for the substituted urea chlorotoluron (0.69% year −1 ) and the dinitroaniline pendimethalin (1.10% year −1 ). These results are consistent with other studies on the relative resistance risk associated with these different modes of action. There was also a surprisingly good correlation between results for random and non‐random resistance testing, which has also been found in studies with other weed species in Canada and Australia. This indicates that routine testing of submitted samples can replace, at least partly, the need for random surveys which tend to be both labour intensive and expensive. These results, compiled over 35 years, show the value of routine resistance screening, not only for detecting resistance at the individual field level (‘micro’ scale), but also the distribution, evolution and impact of resistance country‐wide (‘macro’ scale). However, it is important that standardised testing methods, including appropriate reference populations, are used by different testing centres to ensure consistent results.
{"title":"Herbicide resistance in <i>Alopecurus myosuroides</i>: The value of routine testing of seed samples submitted by farmers since 1985","authors":"Sarah K. Cook, Lynn V. Tatnell, Stephen Moss, Richard Hull, David Garthwaite, Chris Dyer","doi":"10.1111/wre.12598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12598","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 35 years of routine screening for herbicide resistance, a total of 3758 seed sample/herbicide combinations were assayed. Resistance testing was done in either pots in glasshouses (chlortoluron, fenoxaprop and mesosulfuron‐methyl + iodosulfuron‐methyl sodium) or Petri‐dishes in incubators (sethoxydim, cycloxydim and pendimethalin). With all herbicides, the relationship between herbicide efficacy and year of sampling was linear, with the slope representing the annual loss of efficacy. This was higher for the ALS inhibitors mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (3.73% year −1 ) and ACCase inhibitors sethoxydim/cycloxydim (1.92% year −1 ) and fenoxaprop (1.36% year −1 ) than for the substituted urea chlorotoluron (0.69% year −1 ) and the dinitroaniline pendimethalin (1.10% year −1 ). These results are consistent with other studies on the relative resistance risk associated with these different modes of action. There was also a surprisingly good correlation between results for random and non‐random resistance testing, which has also been found in studies with other weed species in Canada and Australia. This indicates that routine testing of submitted samples can replace, at least partly, the need for random surveys which tend to be both labour intensive and expensive. These results, compiled over 35 years, show the value of routine resistance screening, not only for detecting resistance at the individual field level (‘micro’ scale), but also the distribution, evolution and impact of resistance country‐wide (‘macro’ scale). However, it is important that standardised testing methods, including appropriate reference populations, are used by different testing centres to ensure consistent results.","PeriodicalId":23661,"journal":{"name":"Weed Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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