Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that have co-evolved with the host. During the course of evolution, viruses have acquired abilities to abrogate the host's immune responses by modulating the host proteins which play a pivotal role in various biological processes. One such process is the programmed cell death in virus-infected cells, which can occur via autophagy or apoptosis. Morbilliviruses are known to modulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Upon infecting a cell, the morbilliviruses can utilize autophagosomes as their nest and delay the host defense apoptotic response, and/or can promote apoptosis to escalate the virus dissemination. Moreover, there is an active interplay between these two pathways which eventually decides the fate of a virus-infected cell. Recent advances in our understanding of these processes provide a potential rationale to further explore morbilliviruses for therapeutic purposes.
{"title":"Insights into the different mechanisms of Autophagy and Apoptosis mediated by Morbilliviruses","authors":"Rashmi Singh, Sharad Kumar Gaur, Rakhi Nagar, Rajeev Kaul","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that have co-evolved with the host. During the course of evolution, viruses have acquired abilities to abrogate the host's immune responses by modulating the host proteins which play a pivotal role in various biological processes. One such process is the programmed cell death in virus-infected cells, which can occur <em>vi</em>a autophagy or apoptosis. Morbilliviruses are known to modulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Upon infecting a cell, the morbilliviruses can utilize autophagosomes as their nest and delay the host defense apoptotic response, and/or can promote apoptosis to escalate the virus dissemination. Moreover, there is an active interplay between these two pathways which eventually decides the fate of a virus-infected cell. Recent advances in our understanding of these processes provide a potential rationale to further explore morbilliviruses for therapeutic purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110416
Xinyan Yao , Chaoxiang Jia , Anqi Li , Ting Qin , Dai Peng , Yingqian Han , Shuang Guo , Kai Zhong , Guoyu Yang , Yueying Wang , Heping Li
Duck Hepatitis B virus (DHBV) infection model is extensively utilized as an animal model for studying human hepatitis B virus infection and for comparative research. 557 liver samples from geese and ducks were collected in parts of Guangdong province, southern China. The overall prevalence of DHBV was 45.6% (254/557) in all samples. And the 27 complete genome sequences of DHBV strains in this study share 89.6%–100% genome-wide pairwise identity with previously identified DHBV genomes. Notably, DHBV-1, DHBV-2 and DHBV-3 of were found co-circulating among the waterfowl population in parts of Guangdong. More importantly, seven out of the 16 recombination events were determined involved DHBV sequences obtained in this study as major parent and minor parent, suggesting DHBV strains from Guangdong province play an important role in recombination events. Additionally, purifying selection was the dominant evolutionary pressure acting on the genomes of DHBV.
{"title":"Epidemiology and genotypic diversity of duck hepatitis B virus identified from waterfowl in partial areas of Guangdong province, Southern China","authors":"Xinyan Yao , Chaoxiang Jia , Anqi Li , Ting Qin , Dai Peng , Yingqian Han , Shuang Guo , Kai Zhong , Guoyu Yang , Yueying Wang , Heping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Duck Hepatitis B virus (DHBV) infection model is extensively utilized as an animal model for studying human hepatitis B virus infection and for comparative research. 557 liver samples from geese and ducks were collected in parts of Guangdong province, southern China. The overall prevalence of DHBV was 45.6% (254/557) in all samples. And the 27 complete genome sequences of DHBV strains in this study share 89.6%–100% genome-wide pairwise identity with previously identified DHBV genomes. Notably, DHBV-1, DHBV-2 and DHBV-3 of were found co-circulating among the waterfowl population in parts of Guangdong. More importantly, seven out of the 16 recombination events were determined involved DHBV sequences obtained in this study as major parent and minor parent, suggesting DHBV strains from Guangdong province play an important role in recombination events. Additionally, purifying selection was the dominant evolutionary pressure acting on the genomes of DHBV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110416"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143025973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In nature, plants exhibit various defense mechanisms to protect themselves from viral infection. Reported to harbor virus-inhibiting compounds like Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs). It's a matter of how we explore, identify, and utilize RIPs in managing a given stress. RIPs have been found to contain antiviral, anticancer, and neurotoxic effects and are used in various biomedical and agricultural fields. The expression of RIPs could be enhanced in plants to improve their defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Identification of new RIPs and genetic sequencing led to the development of new phylogenetic theories. Studies on the interaction between RIPs and cells have increased the knowledge regarding the handling of exogenous proteins by cells. The review provides a brief historical preview, classification, mode of action, and broader applications with a special focus on managing plant viral diseases and concerns to mankind.
{"title":"Antiviral activity of ribosome inactivating proteins for management of plant viral infection","authors":"Pooja Bhardwaj , Baswaraj Raigond , Pinky Raigond , Ambika Verma , Gaurav Verma , Tarvinder Kochhar , Parashuram Patroti , I.K. Das , C Tara Satyavathi","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In nature, plants exhibit various defense mechanisms to protect themselves from viral infection. Reported to harbor virus-inhibiting compounds like Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs). It's a matter of how we explore, identify, and utilize RIPs in managing a given stress. RIPs have been found to contain antiviral, anticancer, and neurotoxic effects and are used in various biomedical and agricultural fields. The expression of RIPs could be enhanced in plants to improve their defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Identification of new RIPs and genetic sequencing led to the development of new phylogenetic theories. Studies on the interaction between RIPs and cells have increased the knowledge regarding the handling of exogenous proteins by cells. The review provides a brief historical preview, classification, mode of action, and broader applications with a special focus on managing plant viral diseases and concerns to mankind.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110325
Wei Huang , Pin-Hong Li , Ru-Nan He , Yu-Rong Lei , Cui-Fen Huang , Yun-Xiang Lin , Yin-Mei Lan , Zi-An Chen , Ze-Peng Zhang , Qi-Wei Qin , Yan-Hong Sun
Iridovirus SGIV is a highly pathogenic virus of fish that can cause more than 90% mortality in Epinephelus coioides, a marine farmed fish in South China. miRNAs can be involved in regulating the development of virus-induced diseases. In this study, SGIV infection could significantly inhibit the expression of E. coioides miR-21. And, overexpressing miR-21 could inhibit the expressions of viral key genes (ICP18, VP19, LITAF and MCP), SGIV-induced CPE, and viral titers. Overexpression of miR-21 promoted the promoter activity of AP-1/NF-κB, SGIV-induced apoptosis, and activities of caspase 3/9. Inhibiting miR-21 could produce the opposite results. E. Coioides PDCD4 is a targeting gene of miR-21, and we speculate that PDCD4 downregulation may, at least in part, explain the observed antiviral effects. These studies indicate that miR-21 could inhibit the infection and replication of SGIV, which might provide a molecular basis for further exploring the mechanism of SGIV invasion.
{"title":"The regulatory role of Epinephelus Coioides miR-21 in the infection and replication of iridovirus SGIV","authors":"Wei Huang , Pin-Hong Li , Ru-Nan He , Yu-Rong Lei , Cui-Fen Huang , Yun-Xiang Lin , Yin-Mei Lan , Zi-An Chen , Ze-Peng Zhang , Qi-Wei Qin , Yan-Hong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iridovirus SGIV is a highly pathogenic virus of fish that can cause more than 90% mortality in <em>Epinephelus coioides</em>, a marine farmed fish in South China. miRNAs can be involved in regulating the development of virus-induced diseases. In this study, SGIV infection could significantly inhibit the expression of <em>E. coioides</em> miR-21. And, overexpressing miR-21 could inhibit the expressions of viral key genes (ICP18, VP19, LITAF and MCP), SGIV-induced CPE, and viral titers. Overexpression of miR-21 promoted the promoter activity of AP-1/NF-κB, SGIV-induced apoptosis, and activities of caspase 3/9. Inhibiting miR-21 could produce the opposite results. <em>E. Coioides</em> PDCD4 is a targeting gene of miR-21, and we speculate that PDCD4 downregulation may, at least in part, explain the observed antiviral effects. These studies indicate that miR-21 could inhibit the infection and replication of SGIV, which might provide a molecular basis for further exploring the mechanism of SGIV invasion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110378
Huiyuan Jing , Ying Liu , Zhifeng Peng , Erzhen Duan , Jie Liu , Yujin Lv , Yanting Sun , Wang Dong , Xianghui Li , Jinhe Wang , Sufang Cao , Haihua Wang , Yan Zhang , Huawei Li
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection causes reproductive failure and respiratory distress and is a serious threat to the swine industry, given its continuous and rapid emergence. The knowledge of viral-host interaction could facilitate anti-PRRSV drug development. HnRNP A1 is an abundantly expressed protein which associates with RNA metabolic processes and plays multifarious roles during the reproduction cycle of multiple viruses. However, the function of porcine HnRNP A1 in PRRSV-2 replication is still unknown. Herein, HnRNP A1 was identified as a nucleocapsid (N)-binding protein for PRRSV-2. Overexpression of porcine HnRNP A1 promoted the expression of viral RNA, and viral proteins, corresponding to enhanced virus titers. While deletion of the UP1 domain abolished the HnRNP A1-mediated enhancement of PRRSV-2 replication. In addition, HnRNP A1-silencing confirmed its pro-viral effect on PRRSV-2 infectivity in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation verification confirmed that the UP1 domain is important for the recognition of the guanine-rich sequence (GRS) in PRRSV-2 negative RNA. Eventually, supplementation with TMPyP4, a G4 ligand, efficiently provokes the release of HnRNP A1 from GRS, thereby limiting PRRSV-2 replication. Together, these findings help to inform the mechanism by which HnRNP A1 accelerates PRRSV-2 replication, and facilitate antiviral drug design.
{"title":"The UP1 domain is essential for the facilitation effect of HnRNP A1 on PRRSV-2 replication","authors":"Huiyuan Jing , Ying Liu , Zhifeng Peng , Erzhen Duan , Jie Liu , Yujin Lv , Yanting Sun , Wang Dong , Xianghui Li , Jinhe Wang , Sufang Cao , Haihua Wang , Yan Zhang , Huawei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection causes reproductive failure and respiratory distress and is a serious threat to the swine industry, given its continuous and rapid emergence. The knowledge of viral-host interaction could facilitate anti-PRRSV drug development. HnRNP A1 is an abundantly expressed protein which associates with RNA metabolic processes and plays multifarious roles during the reproduction cycle of multiple viruses. However, the function of porcine HnRNP A1 in PRRSV-2 replication is still unknown. Herein, HnRNP A1 was identified as a nucleocapsid (N)-binding protein for PRRSV-2. Overexpression of porcine HnRNP A1 promoted the expression of viral RNA, and viral proteins, corresponding to enhanced virus titers. While deletion of the UP1 domain abolished the HnRNP A1-mediated enhancement of PRRSV-2 replication. In addition, HnRNP A1-silencing confirmed its pro-viral effect on PRRSV-2 infectivity in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation verification confirmed that the UP1 domain is important for the recognition of the guanine-rich sequence (GRS) in PRRSV-2 negative RNA. Eventually, supplementation with TMPyP4, a G4 ligand, efficiently provokes the release of HnRNP A1 from GRS, thereby limiting PRRSV-2 replication. Together, these findings help to inform the mechanism by which HnRNP A1 accelerates PRRSV-2 replication, and facilitate antiviral drug design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110351
Xin Zhang , Lei Zhou , Xinna Ge , Peng Gao , Qiongqiong Zhou , Jun Han , Xin Guo , Yongning Zhang , Hanchun Yang
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of pigs caused by African swine fever virus, which poses a huge threat to the global swine industry and is therefore listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Due to the global lack of safe and efficacious vaccines and therapeutic drugs, early diagnosis of cases, whether on-site or laboratory, are crucial for the prevention and control of ASF. Therefore, rapid and reliable diagnosis and detection have become the main means to combat ASF. In this paper, various diagnostic techniques developed globally for ASF diagnosis, including etiological, molecular biological and serological diagnostic techniques, as well as conventional and novel diagnostic techniques, were comprehensively reviewed, and the main advantages and disadvantages of currently commonly used diagnostic techniques were introduced. It is expected that this paper will provide references for selecting appropriate ASF diagnostic techniques in different application scenarios, and also provide directions for the development of innovative diagnostic techniques for ASF in the future.
{"title":"Advances in the diagnostic techniques of African swine fever","authors":"Xin Zhang , Lei Zhou , Xinna Ge , Peng Gao , Qiongqiong Zhou , Jun Han , Xin Guo , Yongning Zhang , Hanchun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of pigs caused by African swine fever virus, which poses a huge threat to the global swine industry and is therefore listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Due to the global lack of safe and efficacious vaccines and therapeutic drugs, early diagnosis of cases, whether on-site or laboratory, are crucial for the prevention and control of ASF. Therefore, rapid and reliable diagnosis and detection have become the main means to combat ASF. In this paper, various diagnostic techniques developed globally for ASF diagnosis, including etiological, molecular biological and serological diagnostic techniques, as well as conventional and novel diagnostic techniques, were comprehensively reviewed, and the main advantages and disadvantages of currently commonly used diagnostic techniques were introduced. It is expected that this paper will provide references for selecting appropriate ASF diagnostic techniques in different application scenarios, and also provide directions for the development of innovative diagnostic techniques for ASF in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110388
Maryam Khalilzadeh , Dirk Jacobus Aldrich , Hans Jacob Maree , Amit Levy
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the largest and most economically important RNA viruses infecting plants. CTV's interactions with various citrus hosts can result in three diseases: quick decline, stem pitting, or seedling yellows. Studying CTV poses several challenges owing to its significant genetic diversity and the highly specific occurrence of disease symptoms when different genotypes infect different citrus hosts. Considerable progress has been made to functionally characterize the virus-host interactions involved in the induction of CTV's three diseases, revealing that the four CTV ORFs (p33, p18, p13 and p23) play significant roles in determining the pathogenicity of CTV infections. These ORFs are unique to CTV and are not conserved among other members of the family Closteroviridae. This minireview aims to capture the complexity of the factors that have been shown to be involved in CTV disease induction and highlights recent work that provides novel insights into this pathosystem.
{"title":"Complex interplay: The interactions between citrus tristeza virus and its host","authors":"Maryam Khalilzadeh , Dirk Jacobus Aldrich , Hans Jacob Maree , Amit Levy","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the largest and most economically important RNA viruses infecting plants. CTV's interactions with various citrus hosts can result in three diseases: quick decline, stem pitting, or seedling yellows. Studying CTV poses several challenges owing to its significant genetic diversity and the highly specific occurrence of disease symptoms when different genotypes infect different citrus hosts. Considerable progress has been made to functionally characterize the virus-host interactions involved in the induction of CTV's three diseases, revealing that the four CTV ORFs (<em>p33</em>, <em>p18</em>, <em>p13</em> and <em>p23</em>) play significant roles in determining the pathogenicity of CTV infections. These ORFs are unique to CTV and are not conserved among other members of the family <em>Closteroviridae.</em> This minireview aims to capture the complexity of the factors that have been shown to be involved in CTV disease induction and highlights recent work that provides novel insights into this pathosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142960906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110393
Haonan Zhang , Yu Jiang , Gang Ding , Jingyu Chen , Yuda Liu , Furong Wang , Xiaolan Yu
Pseudorabies virus (Pseudorabiesvirus, PRV) has caused huge economic losses to the global pig industry. In recent years, it has been reported that there are PRV mutants, but the traditional vaccine can not completely prevent or control the infection of PRV, so there is an urgent need to develop new broad-spectrum anti-disease drugs for prevention and treatment. PNGase F from bacteria can catalyze the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides linked to asparagine residues on peptides, so we speculate that PNGase F can inhibit virus infection by removing the glycosylation of virus membrane glycoproteins. In this study, PNGase F protein was highly expressed and purified in Pichia pastoris, and the deglycosylation activity of PNGase F expressed in Pichia pastoris was verified. In vitro, 15 μM could significantly inhibit the proliferation of virus in cells. The results of cytotoxicity test showed that PNGase F was not toxic to many cells. To further evaluate the effect of PNGase F in different stages of virus infection, it was found that PNGase F had significant inhibitory effect on virus adsorption and invasion. In vivo experiments in mice, PNGase F could significantly inhibit the replication of PRV Ea strain in mice and inhibit PRV, reduced brain lesions. Our experiments show that PNGase F expressed by yeast can inhibit PRV infection in vitro and in vitro, and its inhibitory mechanism is preliminarily discussed, which can provide a new reference for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs based on PNGase F.
{"title":"Expression and purification of PNGase F protein in yeast and its anti-PRV activity","authors":"Haonan Zhang , Yu Jiang , Gang Ding , Jingyu Chen , Yuda Liu , Furong Wang , Xiaolan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pseudorabies virus (Pseudorabiesvirus, PRV) has caused huge economic losses to the global pig industry. In recent years, it has been reported that there are PRV mutants, but the traditional vaccine can not completely prevent or control the infection of PRV, so there is an urgent need to develop new broad-spectrum anti-disease drugs for prevention and treatment. PNGase F from bacteria can catalyze the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides linked to asparagine residues on peptides, so we speculate that PNGase F can inhibit virus infection by removing the glycosylation of virus membrane glycoproteins. In this study, PNGase F protein was highly expressed and purified in Pichia pastoris, and the deglycosylation activity of PNGase F expressed in Pichia pastoris was verified. In vitro, 15 μM could significantly inhibit the proliferation of virus in cells. The results of cytotoxicity test showed that PNGase F was not toxic to many cells. To further evaluate the effect of PNGase F in different stages of virus infection, it was found that PNGase F had significant inhibitory effect on virus adsorption and invasion. In vivo experiments in mice, PNGase F could significantly inhibit the replication of PRV Ea strain in mice and inhibit PRV, reduced brain lesions. Our experiments show that PNGase F expressed by yeast can inhibit PRV infection in vitro and in vitro, and its inhibitory mechanism is preliminarily discussed, which can provide a new reference for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs based on PNGase F.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143019333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110364
Erika R. Johansen, Vera L. Tarakanova
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is engaged downstream of interferon and other cytokine receptors and has traditionally been defined as an antiviral effector of the host. Consistent with the antiviral role, genetic deficiency of STAT1 leads to increased replication of diverse viruses and severe disease that can lead to host's mortality, including in rare human cases of STAT1 insufficiency. Surprisingly, excessive STAT1 activation recently identified in patients with heterozygous gain-of-function STAT1 mutations and subsequently modeled in laboratory mice, also leads to poor control of select virus infections, including herpesviruses. Thus, the function of STAT1 in viral infections might be more nuanced and extend beyond the canonical antiviral role of this host factor. This review will compare the findings in the animal models and human cases to discuss the role of STAT1 in herpesvirus infection of the intact host, including the emerging cell type-specific proviral roles of STAT1.
{"title":"STAT1 and herpesviruses: Making lemonade from lemons","authors":"Erika R. Johansen, Vera L. Tarakanova","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2024.110364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is engaged downstream of interferon and other cytokine receptors and has traditionally been defined as an antiviral effector of the host. Consistent with the antiviral role, genetic deficiency of STAT1 leads to increased replication of diverse viruses and severe disease that can lead to host's mortality, including in rare human cases of STAT1 insufficiency. Surprisingly, excessive STAT1 activation recently identified in patients with heterozygous gain-of-function STAT1 mutations and subsequently modeled in laboratory mice, also leads to poor control of select virus infections, including herpesviruses. Thus, the function of STAT1 in viral infections might be more nuanced and extend beyond the canonical antiviral role of this host factor. This review will compare the findings in the animal models and human cases to discuss the role of STAT1 in herpesvirus infection of the intact host, including the emerging cell type-specific proviral roles of STAT1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"603 ","pages":"Article 110364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110350
Fei Zhang , Ling-Dong Xu , Shiying Wu , Bin Wang , Pinglong Xu , Yao-Wei Huang
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. The HEV open reading frames (ORF1) encodes a large non-structural protein essential for viral replication, which contains several functional domains, including helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. A confusing aspect is that, while RNA viruses typically encode large polyproteins that rely on their enzymatic activity for processing into functional units, the processing of the ORF1 protein and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. The ORF1 plays a pivotal role in the viral life cycle, thus mutations in this region, especially those occurring under environmental pressures such as during antiviral drug treatment, could significantly affect viral replication and survival. Here, we summarize the recent advances in the functional domains, processing, and mutations of ORF1. Gaining a deeper understanding of HEV biology, particularly focusing on ORF1, could facilitate the development of new strategies to control HEV infections.
戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是导致人类急性和慢性肝炎的主要原因。HEV 开放阅读框（ORF1）编码一种对病毒复制至关重要的大型非结构蛋白，其中包含多个功能域，包括螺旋酶和 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶。一个令人困惑的问题是，RNA 病毒通常编码大型多聚蛋白，依靠其酶活性加工成功能单元，但 ORF1 蛋白的加工过程和相关机制仍不清楚。ORF1 在病毒生命周期中起着关键作用，因此该区域的突变，尤其是在抗病毒药物治疗等环境压力下发生的突变，可能会严重影响病毒的复制和存活。在此，我们总结了 ORF1 的功能域、加工和突变方面的最新进展。深入了解 HEV 的生物学特性，尤其是 ORF1，有助于开发控制 HEV 感染的新策略。
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