Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2026.110792
Maria Söderlund-Venermo , Nor Azfa Binti Johari , Azira Muhamad , Khatijah Yusoff , Sayed F. Abdelwahab , Matthew D. Moore , William C. Wilson , Marietjie Venter , Yashpal S. Malik , Shailendra K. Saxena , Elsayed M. Abdelwhab , Stephan Winter , Burtram C. Fielding , Vikram N. Vakharia , Anupam Varma , Richard J. Kuhn , Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
The 3rd International Conference of the World Society for Virology (WSV 2025) was held in May 6–8, 2025, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. WSV2025 adopted the integrative theme "The Virosphere of Our Cellular World." This theme denotes the universal and intricate relationships between viruses and their cellular hosts across all domains of life. The conference attracted 291 participants from 27 countries, featuring a scientific program of 83 talks and numerous poster presentations spanning human, animal, plant, insect, and bacterial viruses at basic, clinical and applied levels. This report summarizes the program highlights, key scientific discussions, and significant outcomes of the conference, confirming the WSV's role as a unifying platform for the global virology community since its founding in 2017.
{"title":"Meeting report: The 3rd international conference of the World Society for Virology (WSV 2025) - The Virosphere of Our Cellular World","authors":"Maria Söderlund-Venermo , Nor Azfa Binti Johari , Azira Muhamad , Khatijah Yusoff , Sayed F. Abdelwahab , Matthew D. Moore , William C. Wilson , Marietjie Venter , Yashpal S. Malik , Shailendra K. Saxena , Elsayed M. Abdelwhab , Stephan Winter , Burtram C. Fielding , Vikram N. Vakharia , Anupam Varma , Richard J. Kuhn , Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 3<sup>rd</sup> International Conference of the World Society for Virology (WSV 2025) was held in May 6–8, 2025, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. WSV2025 adopted the integrative theme \"The Virosphere of Our Cellular World.\" This theme denotes the universal and intricate relationships between viruses and their cellular hosts across all domains of life. The conference attracted 291 participants from 27 countries, featuring a scientific program of 83 talks and numerous poster presentations spanning human, animal, plant, insect, and bacterial viruses at basic, clinical and applied levels. This report summarizes the program highlights, key scientific discussions, and significant outcomes of the conference, confirming the WSV's role as a unifying platform for the global virology community since its founding in 2017.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145968286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2026.110791
Olivia N. Brahms , Sandhya Gopal , Amanda Y. Xia , Jason W. Upton
Despite being an important human pathogen, many Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products remain uncharacterized. The betaherpesvirus conserved core genes, UL72 from HCMV and M72, the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) homolog, were initially designated as the 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) homolog. However, other researchers and we have shown that both are non-essential for replication and lack dUTPase activity. Using a proteomics approach, we previously established a set of candidates of functionally interacting host proteins with M72. Among them, several subunits of the carbon catabolite repression 4 (CCR4)–negative on TATA-less (NOT) complex were identified as likely functional interactors with M72. The CCR4-NOT complex is a multifunctional, heteromeric complex regarded as the main deadenylase in eukaryotic cells. Interactions between M72 and the CCR4-NOT complex were confirmed during infection and mapped. Here, we show that M72 binds to regions of CNOT1, the major scaffold and coordinator of the complex, which are responsible for recruiting the deadenylase subunits. We also reveal that M72 and CNOT1 are both required to augment normal MCMV replication. These results suggest a novel function for M72 in modulating the CCR4-NOT complex, as well as a pro-viral role for CNOT1 in MCMV pathogenesis.
{"title":"Characterizing the interactions between murine cytomegalovirus M72 and the carbon catabolite repression 4-negative on TATA-less (CCR4-NOT) complex","authors":"Olivia N. Brahms , Sandhya Gopal , Amanda Y. Xia , Jason W. Upton","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite being an important human pathogen, many Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products remain uncharacterized. The betaherpesvirus conserved core genes, UL72 from HCMV and M72, the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) homolog, were initially designated as the 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) homolog. However, other researchers and we have shown that both are non-essential for replication and lack dUTPase activity. Using a proteomics approach, we previously established a set of candidates of functionally interacting host proteins with M72. Among them, several subunits of the carbon catabolite repression 4 (CCR4)–negative on TATA-less (NOT) complex were identified as likely functional interactors with M72. The CCR4-NOT complex is a multifunctional, heteromeric complex regarded as the main deadenylase in eukaryotic cells. Interactions between M72 and the CCR4-NOT complex were confirmed during infection and mapped. Here, we show that M72 binds to regions of CNOT1, the major scaffold and coordinator of the complex, which are responsible for recruiting the deadenylase subunits. We also reveal that M72 and CNOT1 are both required to augment normal MCMV replication. These results suggest a novel function for M72 in modulating the CCR4-NOT complex, as well as a pro-viral role for CNOT1 in MCMV pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2026.110787
Matthew H. Thomas , Michael A. Carlock , Ted M. Ross
Fluzone is a commercial, split-inactivated influenza virus vaccine produced from embryonated chicken eggs and administered via intramuscular injection. One strategy to increase the potency of this vaccine is to formulate with an effective adjuvant. To address this goal, mice were vaccinated with Fluzone mixed with either squalane oil-in-water adjuvant (Addavax) or a combination of a synthetic toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR7/8 agonist (TRAC478). Mice vaccinated with vaccine plus adjuvant had higher anti-HA binding antibodies and hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers than mice administered unadjuvanted vaccine following a single vaccination. In general, mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus TRAC478 had higher HAI and neutralizing titers after the first vaccination compared to mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus Addavax. All vaccinated mice challenged with an H1N1 influenza virus (A/Brisbane/02/2018) lost little weight and survived challenge. Mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus either adjuvant had no detectable lung viral titers at day 3 post-challenge. Mice vaccinated with unadjuvanted Fluzone or mock vaccinated mice had 3-5 log higher viral titers. Vaccinated mice challenged with an H3N2 influenza virus (A/Switzerland/9715293/2013) lost, on average, 10–15 % of their original body weight by day 3 post-challenge but slowly recovered with viral lung titers that were 2–2.5 logs lower than mice administered unadjuvanted Fluzone. Lungs collected from mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus TRAC478 had low levels of lung infiltrating cells following a single vaccination. Overall, the use of adjuvant, particularly TRAC478, enhanced the elicitation of protective antibodies elicited by Fluzone following a single vaccination.
{"title":"Adjuvants enhance protective antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses following a single vaccination of Fluzone","authors":"Matthew H. Thomas , Michael A. Carlock , Ted M. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluzone is a commercial, split-inactivated influenza virus vaccine produced from embryonated chicken eggs and administered via intramuscular injection. One strategy to increase the potency of this vaccine is to formulate with an effective adjuvant. To address this goal, mice were vaccinated with Fluzone mixed with either squalane oil-in-water adjuvant (Addavax) or a combination of a synthetic toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR7/8 agonist (TRAC478). Mice vaccinated with vaccine plus adjuvant had higher anti-HA binding antibodies and hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers than mice administered unadjuvanted vaccine following a single vaccination. In general, mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus TRAC478 had higher HAI and neutralizing titers after the first vaccination compared to mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus Addavax. All vaccinated mice challenged with an H1N1 influenza virus (A/Brisbane/02/2018) lost little weight and survived challenge. Mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus either adjuvant had no detectable lung viral titers at day 3 post-challenge. Mice vaccinated with unadjuvanted Fluzone or mock vaccinated mice had 3-5 log higher viral titers. Vaccinated mice challenged with an H3N2 influenza virus (A/Switzerland/9715293/2013) lost, on average, 10–15 % of their original body weight by day 3 post-challenge but slowly recovered with viral lung titers that were 2–2.5 logs lower than mice administered unadjuvanted Fluzone. Lungs collected from mice vaccinated with Fluzone plus TRAC478 had low levels of lung infiltrating cells following a single vaccination. Overall, the use of adjuvant, particularly TRAC478, enhanced the elicitation of protective antibodies elicited by Fluzone following a single vaccination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2026.110786
Kun Xu , Chen Yao , Yueying Wang , Shuang Guo , Jiajia Pan , Guoyu Yang
Bovine enterovirus (BEV) is an important pathogen causing calf diarrhea and has been detected in the diarrheic calf feces, although its pathogenicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological profile and genetic diversity of BEV. A total of 356 clinical samples were analyzed by RT-PCR, including feces and rectal swabs from diarrheic calves in 11 cities across four provinces of China during 2024, the results showed a BEV-positive rate of 5.9 % (21/356, CI: 3.89–8.85). The four-province survey revealed differential BEV prevalence, with the highest rate observed in Qinghai (14.29 %). Five subtypes (E2, F1, F2, F3, F8) were found to co-circulate, notably E2, F3 and F8 in Inner Mongolia. Genomic analyses indicated that purifying selection dominates BEV evolution. Following sequencing of ten P1 nucleotide fragments, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed based on P1 and VP1. The results showed that the obtained sequences clustered within a branch containing BEV subtypes E2, F3, F2, F1, and F8, and were genetically more closely related to strains from Australia, Japan, and China. Additionally, through the comparison and analysis of the majority of amino acid residues entropy of VP1, VP2 and VP3, it was determined that the BEV VP1 protein showed a high level of genetic diversity. This study provides powerful insight for us to further understand the epidemic status and evolution of BEV in China.
{"title":"Molecular epidemiological investigation and genetic diversity of bovine enterovirus in China","authors":"Kun Xu , Chen Yao , Yueying Wang , Shuang Guo , Jiajia Pan , Guoyu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine enterovirus (BEV) is an important pathogen causing calf diarrhea and has been detected in the diarrheic calf feces, although its pathogenicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological profile and genetic diversity of BEV. A total of 356 clinical samples were analyzed by RT-PCR, including feces and rectal swabs from diarrheic calves in 11 cities across four provinces of China during 2024, the results showed a BEV-positive rate of 5.9 % (21/356, CI: 3.89–8.85). The four-province survey revealed differential BEV prevalence, with the highest rate observed in Qinghai (14.29 %). Five subtypes (E2, F1, F2, F3, F8) were found to co-circulate, notably E2, F3 and F8 in Inner Mongolia. Genomic analyses indicated that purifying selection dominates BEV evolution. Following sequencing of ten P1 nucleotide fragments, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed based on P1 and VP1. The results showed that the obtained sequences clustered within a branch containing BEV subtypes E2, F3, F2, F1, and F8, and were genetically more closely related to strains from Australia, Japan, and China. Additionally, through the comparison and analysis of the majority of amino acid residues entropy of VP1, VP2 and VP3, it was determined that the BEV VP1 protein showed a high level of genetic diversity. This study provides powerful insight for us to further understand the epidemic status and evolution of BEV in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110777
Shivani Raj, Minnah Irfan, C.T. Ranjith-Kumar
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that employs various strategies to evade the host immune response. CHIKV non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) is one of the viral-encoded proteins essential for viral replication as well as modulation of the immune response. In this study, we demonstrated that CHIKV nsP2 suppresses both Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways. Domain mapping of nsP2 identified that the N-terminal region encompassing the N-terminal domain and the helicase domain (NH) is responsible for the inhibition. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that a functional helicase is necessary for inhibiting interferon production, but the C-terminal VLoop region, previously implicated in host transcriptional shutoff is not. Lastly, we demonstrated that nsP2 disrupts two key immune RLRs and TLRs mediated signaling pathways by interfering with the common proteins TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), which are involved in both signaling pathways. These findings enhance our understanding of CHIKV immune evasion strategies and offer potential targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics.
{"title":"Chikungunya virus non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) inhibits RIG-I and TLR-mediated immune response","authors":"Shivani Raj, Minnah Irfan, C.T. Ranjith-Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that employs various strategies to evade the host immune response. CHIKV non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) is one of the viral-encoded proteins essential for viral replication as well as modulation of the immune response. In this study, we demonstrated that CHIKV nsP2 suppresses both Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways. Domain mapping of nsP2 identified that the N-terminal region encompassing the N-terminal domain and the helicase domain (NH) is responsible for the inhibition. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that a functional helicase is necessary for inhibiting interferon production, but the C-terminal VLoop region, previously implicated in host transcriptional shutoff is not. Lastly, we demonstrated that nsP2 disrupts two key immune RLRs and TLRs mediated signaling pathways by interfering with the common proteins TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), which are involved in both signaling pathways. These findings enhance our understanding of CHIKV immune evasion strategies and offer potential targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have developed a recombinant vaccinia vaccine (rDIs-S) against SARS-CoV-2 from an attenuated vaccinia virus (Dairen-I minute-pock variant: DIs strain). The rDIs-S vaccine containing DNA of an S gene of SARS-CoV-2 early-pandemic Pango B strain protected cynomolgus macaques from severe pneumonia caused by a SARS-CoV-2 Pango A strain and induced a broad reactive neutralization antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1) in our previous study. In the present study, to further confirm the safety and efficacy of rDIs-S, the vaccine (1 × 108 PFU) was inoculated intradermally into rhesus macaques, which showed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) after vaccination with another vaccinia virus vector, MVA carrying a SARS-CoV S gene, and challenge infection with SARS-CoV. The rDIs-S vaccination induced neutralization activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in plasma of rhesus macaques [100 % (6/6 macaques)] and reduced viral replication of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and infiltration of T cells and macrophages into the lungs of rhesus macaques [100 % (5/5 macaques)] after challenge infection with 1 × 107 TCID50 of the two SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the presence of plasma of vaccinated macaques, viral RNA levels in human FcγR-positive cells increased slightly by up to 1.8-folds, but they were much lower than those previously reported in sera of mRNA-vaccinated individuals, in which ADE was anticipated (ratios approximately 10–1000). Thus, rDIs-S induced protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 and vaccination with rDIs-S did not enhance pneumonia or replication of SARS-CoV-2, indicating the efficacy and safety of rDIs-S in the rhesus macaque model.
{"title":"Vaccinia virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prevents lung immunopathology without antibody-dependent enhancement in female rhesus macaques","authors":"Cong Thanh Nguyen , Misako Nakayama , Fumihiko Yasui , Hirohito Ishigaki , Kenichi Otaki , Naoki Yamamoto , Takahiro Sanada , Kenzaburo Yamaji , Tomoko Honda , Yusuke Matsumoto , Naoko Kitagawa , Koji Ishii , Tomoe Kusayanagi , Yoshiki Yagi , Michinori Kohara , Yasushi Itoh","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have developed a recombinant vaccinia vaccine (rDIs-S) against SARS-CoV-2 from an attenuated vaccinia virus (Dairen-I minute-pock variant: DIs strain). The rDIs-S vaccine containing DNA of an S gene of SARS-CoV-2 early-pandemic Pango B strain protected cynomolgus macaques from severe pneumonia caused by a SARS-CoV-2 Pango A strain and induced a broad reactive neutralization antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1) in our previous study. In the present study, to further confirm the safety and efficacy of rDIs-S, the vaccine (1 × 10<sup>8</sup> PFU) was inoculated intradermally into rhesus macaques, which showed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) after vaccination with another vaccinia virus vector, MVA carrying a SARS-CoV S gene, and challenge infection with SARS-CoV. The rDIs-S vaccination induced neutralization activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in plasma of rhesus macaques [100 % (6/6 macaques)] and reduced viral replication of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and infiltration of T cells and macrophages into the lungs of rhesus macaques [100 % (5/5 macaques)] after challenge infection with 1 × 10<sup>7</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub> of the two SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the presence of plasma of vaccinated macaques, viral RNA levels in human FcγR-positive cells increased slightly by up to 1.8-folds, but they were much lower than those previously reported in sera of mRNA-vaccinated individuals, in which ADE was anticipated (ratios approximately 10–1000). Thus, rDIs-S induced protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 and vaccination with rDIs-S did not enhance pneumonia or replication of SARS-CoV-2, indicating the efficacy and safety of rDIs-S in the rhesus macaque model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110776
Saisai Zhao , Dongwei Wang , Yafei Qin , Mingtian Mao , Yiman Li , Yizhang Hao , Yaru Fan , Dalin He , Yi Tang , Youxiang Diao
To combat the emerging challenge of co-circulating hepatotropic pathogens, duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1), duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3), and Duck astrovirus type 1 (DAstV-1), complicating duck viral hepatitis (DVH) control in China, we engineered a novel trivalent egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) preparation designed to transcend serotype-specific limitations and enhance passive immunization efficacy. The polyvalent antibody was produced through multistage immunization protocols in high-yielding laying hens, followed by octanoic acid fractionation purification. The preparation exhibited a potent in vitro neutralization index of up to 1:143 against DHAV-1 and 1:256 against DHAV-3 while demonstrating robust immunoreactivity against the DAstV-1 antibody titer of 1:512 via ELISA. Prophylactic administration conferred complete protection (100 %) in challenge models. Therapeutic intervention yielded survival rates of 70 % for DHAV-1, 90 % for DHAV-3, and 80 % for DAstV-1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a trivalent IgY agent that concurrently neutralizes the three predominant hepatotropic viruses (DHAV-1, DHAV-3, and DAstV-1) complicating DVH, establishing a broad-spectrum immunoprophylactic and therapeutic strategy.
{"title":"Decoding cross-serotype interference in duck hepatitis viruses: Trivalent IgY targeting DHAV-1, DHAV-3 and DAstV-1","authors":"Saisai Zhao , Dongwei Wang , Yafei Qin , Mingtian Mao , Yiman Li , Yizhang Hao , Yaru Fan , Dalin He , Yi Tang , Youxiang Diao","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To combat the emerging challenge of co-circulating hepatotropic pathogens, duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1), duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3), and Duck astrovirus type 1 (DAstV-1), complicating duck viral hepatitis (DVH) control in China, we engineered a novel trivalent egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) preparation designed to transcend serotype-specific limitations and enhance passive immunization efficacy. The polyvalent antibody was produced through multistage immunization protocols in high-yielding laying hens, followed by octanoic acid fractionation purification. The preparation exhibited a potent <em>in vitro</em> neutralization index of up to 1:143 against DHAV-1 and 1:256 against DHAV-3 while demonstrating robust immunoreactivity against the DAstV-1 antibody titer of 1:512 via ELISA. Prophylactic administration conferred complete protection (100 %) in challenge models. Therapeutic intervention yielded survival rates of 70 % for DHAV-1, 90 % for DHAV-3, and 80 % for DAstV-1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a trivalent IgY agent that concurrently neutralizes the three predominant hepatotropic viruses (DHAV-1, DHAV-3, and DAstV-1) complicating DVH, establishing a broad-spectrum immunoprophylactic and therapeutic strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110776"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110774
Rui Xue , Rang Wang , Haodong Zhang , Weijie Xu , Yiting Liu , Donglingzi Cao , Jiamo Huang , Jinrui Chen , Shixin Liu , Huabo Zhou , Yifeng Qin , Kang Ouyang , Yeshi Yin , Zuzhang Wei , Weijian Huang , Jianming Long , Ying Chen
Feline astrovirus (FAstV), as an intestinal pathogen, has been widely detected worldwide, but little is known about its genetic evolutionary diversity and isolation. This study presents the comprehensive molecular epidemiological investigation of FAstV in Guangxi, China. Screening 775 feline intestinal samples revealed an FAstV prevalence of 4.25 % (33/775), with 39.4 % (13/33) of positive cases co-infected with six other major feline enteric viruses. Notably, FAstV-feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) co-infection emerged as the predominant viral combination (27.27 %, 9/33), suggesting potential synergistic pathogenesis in feline gastroenteritis cases. Phylogenetic analysis of 13 ORF2 genes and 2 complete genomes identified three distinct FAstV genogroups (G1-G3) with significant amino acid divergence (0.445–0.765 p-distance), supporting their classification as separate genotypes. Additionally, we successfully isolated a novel FAstV strain (GXNNF10-2024) in trypsin-supplemented feline kidney-derived FK81 cell cultures, which exhibited characteristic cytopathic effects (CPEs) and was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of FAstV genetic diversity, provide essential tools for viral isolation, and establish a foundation for developing diagnostic and control strategies against this emerging feline enteric pathogen.
{"title":"Genetic characterization and isolation of feline astrovirus in domestic cats in Guangxi, China","authors":"Rui Xue , Rang Wang , Haodong Zhang , Weijie Xu , Yiting Liu , Donglingzi Cao , Jiamo Huang , Jinrui Chen , Shixin Liu , Huabo Zhou , Yifeng Qin , Kang Ouyang , Yeshi Yin , Zuzhang Wei , Weijian Huang , Jianming Long , Ying Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feline astrovirus (FAstV), as an intestinal pathogen, has been widely detected worldwide, but little is known about its genetic evolutionary diversity and isolation. This study presents the comprehensive molecular epidemiological investigation of FAstV in Guangxi, China. Screening 775 feline intestinal samples revealed an FAstV prevalence of 4.25 % (33/775), with 39.4 % (13/33) of positive cases co-infected with six other major feline enteric viruses. Notably, FAstV-feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) co-infection emerged as the predominant viral combination (27.27 %, 9/33), suggesting potential synergistic pathogenesis in feline gastroenteritis cases. Phylogenetic analysis of 13 ORF2 genes and 2 complete genomes identified three distinct FAstV genogroups (G1-G3) with significant amino acid divergence (0.445–0.765 <em>p</em>-distance), supporting their classification as separate genotypes. Additionally, we successfully isolated a novel FAstV strain (GXNNF10-2024) in trypsin-supplemented feline kidney-derived FK81 cell cultures, which exhibited characteristic cytopathic effects (CPEs) and was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of FAstV genetic diversity, provide essential tools for viral isolation, and establish a foundation for developing diagnostic and control strategies against this emerging feline enteric pathogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110773
Ying Zhai , Hao Peng , Prabu Gnanasekaran , Anirban Roy , Hanu R. Pappu
Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV) is a Begomovirus infecting a wide range of vegetables, ornamentals, and weeds. The monopartite CYVMV genome comprises a single-stranded circular DNA (DNA-A). It is also associated with a DNA-betasatellite (DNA-β) called croton yellow vein mosaic betasatellite (CroYVMB). While DNA-A encodes three RNA silencing suppressors viz. V2/C2/C4, DNA-β encodes βC1, which also acts as silencing suppressor. The V2 protein physically interacts with both itself and V1, which is critical for cell-to-cell movement of CYVMV. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of how V2 suppresses plant RNA silencing machinery and the defense system. Here, we identified twenty-three putative V2-interacting proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana via affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and performed gene ontology (GO) analysis on these V2-interacting candidates. Particularly, two N. benthamiana (Nb) proteins, Ankyrin repeat domain containing protein (NbANK) and Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (NbRACK1), were verified to physically interact with V2 in both yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Compared to NbRACK1, NbANK exhibited much stronger binding capacity with V2 in Y2H assays, which was consistent with structural predictions of V2-NbANK and V2-NbRACK1 complexes using AlphaFold 3. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays using the pTRV vectors demonstrated that the silencing of NbANK significantly increased CYVMV abundance in N. benthamiana, but did not lead to enhanced pathogenicity. In conclusion, our proteomic analysis identifies specific CYVMV V2 interactors in plants, and NbANK is used as an example to show their critical roles in CYVMV propagation.
Croton yellow vein mosaic virus （CYVMV）是一种感染多种蔬菜、观赏植物和杂草的begomavirus。单分子CYVMV基因组由单链环状DNA （DNA- a）组成。它还与一种称为CroYVMB的DNA-β卫星（DNA-β）有关。DNA- a编码3种RNA沉默抑制因子，即V2/C2/C4， DNA-β编码同样具有沉默抑制作用的βC1。V2蛋白与自身和V1相互作用，这对CYVMV的细胞间运动至关重要。然而，关于V2如何抑制植物RNA沉默机制和防御系统的分子机制知之甚少。在这里，我们通过亲和纯化-质谱（AP-MS）鉴定了23个可能与v2相互作用的烟叶（Nicotiana benthamiana）蛋白，并对这些与v2相互作用的候选蛋白进行了基因本体（GO）分析。特别是，两个N. benthamiana （Nb）蛋白，Ankyrin repeat domain containing protein （NbANK）和Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (NbRACK1)，被证实在酵母双杂交（Y2H）和双分子荧光互补（BiFC）中与V2有物理相互作用。与NbRACK1相比，在Y2H实验中，NbANK与V2的结合能力更强，这与使用AlphaFold 3对V2-NbANK和V2-NbRACK1复合物的结构预测一致。利用pTRV载体进行的病毒诱导基因沉默（VIGS）实验表明，NbANK的沉默显著增加了benthamiana中CYVMV的丰度，但并未导致致病性增强。总之，我们的蛋白质组学分析确定了植物中特定的CYVMV V2相互作用因子，并以NbANK为例展示了它们在CYVMV繁殖中的关键作用。
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Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110768
Matthew D. De Koch , Simona Kraberger , Russell Fielding , Kendal Smith , Kelsie Schiavone , Katharine R. Hall , Vincent S. Reid , Diallo Boyea , Emma L. Smith , Kara Schmidlin , Rafaela S. Fontenele , Darren P. Martin , Mart Krupovic , Arvind Varsani
The family Circoviridae comprises viruses with small single-stranded DNA genomes that are known to infect various animals, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality in some hosts. Circoviruses have been recently identified through metagenomic sequencing in diverse terrestrial vertebrate species, but their distribution and diversity in marine vertebrates remains underexplored. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify circoviruses from archived tissue samples of delphinids (order Artiodactyla, infraorder Cetacea, family Delphinidae). Based on the HTS data, we designed specific abutting primer pairs to recover seven complete circovirus genomes from individual delphinid hosts, namely, the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus, n = 5) and the orca (Orcinus orca, n = 2). The circoviruses from the two delphinid species share <65.4 % genome-wide pairwise nucleotide identity with all classified circovirus representative sequences and 66 % amongst themselves. Accordingly, these viruses, which we have named shofin circovirus and orcin circovirus, respectively, represent two novel species. This report also marks the first detection of cetacean circoviruses in the North Atlantic Ocean (near St. Vincent, Caribbean). Notably, analysis of the capsid protein sequences and structures of the delphinid circoviruses revealed notable elaborations within the surface exposed loops that have been previously shown to be a major antigenic epitope in porcine circovirus 2. Collectively, the delphinid circovirus genomes expand the known diversity of circoviruses of marine vertebrates and suggest similar evolutionary pressures exerted by the immune systems of cetacean and suina hosts, both members of the order Artiodactyla.
圆环病毒科包括具有小单链DNA基因组的病毒，已知可感染各种动物，在某些宿主中导致相当高的发病率和死亡率。最近，人们通过宏基因组测序在多种陆生脊椎动物中发现了圆环病毒，但它们在海洋脊椎动物中的分布和多样性仍未得到充分探索。本研究采用高通量测序（HTS）技术，从存档的海豚科（蹄甲目、鲸目、海豚科）组织样本中鉴定环状病毒。基于HTS数据，我们设计了特异性的连接引物对，从短鳍领港鲸（Globicephala macrorhynchus, n = 5）和虎鲸（Orcinus orca, n = 2）个体海豚宿主中恢复7个完整的环状病毒基因组。来自这两种海豚的圆环病毒是相同的
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