Yu-Jun Xia, Tianle Lv, Yong-Bing Li, H. Ghassemi-Armaki, B. Carlson
Dynamic resistance is one of the most common and important signals used to monitor and control the resistance spot welding (RSW) process. However, existing studies on the signal evolution mechanism are limited to qualitative analysis, resulting in an ambiguous interpretation of the formation mechanism for the signal features. In this paper, a collaborative simulation approach was applied for the RSW of bare DP590 steel to obtain high-precision computation of the temperature and potential distributions inside the weld. On this basis, an analytical mapping model between the dynamic resistance signal and the weld profile was developed based on basic physical laws, and the signal evolution mechanism was quantitatively revealed through the model. It was found that the main factors determining the signal evolution trend are average sheet temperature and electrode/sheet contact diameter rather than the nugget growth process. The peak resistance feature was attributed to the bilinear relationship between sheet resistivity and temperature rather than nugget formation. The resistance drop after the peak mainly arose from the increase of the electrode/sheet contact diameter rather than nugget growth. This study can help improve the comprehension of the dynamic resistance signal and the interpretability of some data-driven methods used for RSW quality monitoring and control.
{"title":"Quantitative Interpretation of Dynamic Resistance Signal in Resistance Spot Welding","authors":"Yu-Jun Xia, Tianle Lv, Yong-Bing Li, H. Ghassemi-Armaki, B. Carlson","doi":"10.29391/2023.102.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.006","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic resistance is one of the most common and important signals used to monitor and control the resistance spot welding (RSW) process. However, existing studies on the signal evolution mechanism are limited to qualitative analysis, resulting in an ambiguous interpretation of the formation mechanism for the signal features. In this paper, a collaborative simulation approach was applied for the RSW of bare DP590 steel to obtain high-precision computation of the temperature and potential distributions inside the weld. On this basis, an analytical mapping model between the dynamic resistance signal and the weld profile was developed based on basic physical laws, and the signal evolution mechanism was quantitatively revealed through the model. It was found that the main factors determining the signal evolution trend are average sheet temperature and electrode/sheet contact diameter rather than the nugget growth process. The peak resistance feature was attributed to the bilinear relationship between sheet resistivity and temperature rather than nugget formation. The resistance drop after the peak mainly arose from the increase of the electrode/sheet contact diameter rather than nugget growth. This study can help improve the comprehension of the dynamic resistance signal and the interpretability of some data-driven methods used for RSW quality monitoring and control.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46489421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kiril Schmidt, J. Bergmann, Eric Spaniol, M. Trautmann, U. Füssel
Heat input in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) directly correlates with the applied current. As a result, welding irregularities, such as incomplete fusion and excessive penetration, increase and mechanical properties decrease. One way for adjusting heat input is to use hot wire technology. In this article, a two-dimensional arc deflection in GMAW was presented by simultaneous application of two alternating current (AC) hot wires. It is shown how the positioning of the hot wires and the signal characteristics of the current intensity influenced the deflection pattern and weld quality. It was found that the magnetic fields of the two hot wires overlapped due to the narrow opening between. Therefore, an increased one-dimensional deflection resulted. To obtain a two-dimensional deflection, it was necessary to shield the magnetic fields from each other by means of a ferritic material. By pulsing or phase shifting the current signals, individual deflection patterns were possible. The effect of arc deflection was visualized with highspeed recordings and metallographic investigations. Different deflection patterns were generated to adjust heat input and counteract weld irregularities. The use of hot wire technology allowed an increase in deposition rate by simultaneous improvement of weld quality.
{"title":"The GMAW Process Using a Two-Dimensional Arc Deflection with AC Hot Wires","authors":"Kiril Schmidt, J. Bergmann, Eric Spaniol, M. Trautmann, U. Füssel","doi":"10.29391/2023.102.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.007","url":null,"abstract":"Heat input in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) directly correlates with the applied current. As a result, welding irregularities, such as incomplete fusion and excessive penetration, increase and mechanical properties decrease. One way for adjusting heat input is to use hot wire technology. In this article, a two-dimensional arc deflection in GMAW was presented by simultaneous application of two alternating current (AC) hot wires. It is shown how the positioning of the hot wires and the signal characteristics of the current intensity influenced the deflection pattern and weld quality. It was found that the magnetic fields of the two hot wires overlapped due to the narrow opening between. Therefore, an increased one-dimensional deflection resulted. To obtain a two-dimensional deflection, it was necessary to shield the magnetic fields from each other by means of a ferritic material. By pulsing or phase shifting the current signals, individual deflection patterns were possible. The effect of arc deflection was visualized with highspeed recordings and metallographic investigations. Different deflection patterns were generated to adjust heat input and counteract weld irregularities. The use of hot wire technology allowed an increase in deposition rate by simultaneous improvement of weld quality.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48942065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A machine learning approach was used to perform a regression analysis of Evans’s shielded metal arc (SMA) weld metal (WM) database involving several groups of Fe-C-Mn high-strength steels. The objective of this investigation was to develop an expression for austenite-to-ferrite (Ar3) transformation temperature that also included the effects of principal and minor alloy elements (in wt-%) and weld cooling rate (in °C/s) and relate this expression with WM ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The Ar3 data from 257 records obtained from several selected sources were combined with Ar3 projections at extreme end points in Evans’s WM database. Subsequently, a cluster analysis was performed. The data in Evans’s database was filtered with the carbon equivalent number limited to 0.3 maximum, carbon content limited to 0.1 wt-% maximum, nitrogen content limited to 99 ppm (0.0099 wt-%) maximum, preassigned Ar3 values limited to 680°C minimum, and WM UTS limited to 710 MPa maximum. The results provided a good approximation to the expression for Ar3 transformation temperature in terms of elemental compositions and cooling rate. This allowed the Ar3 to correlate with WM UTS of Fe-C-Mn in at least four ways depending on the sign of correlation of the data clusters. The elemental combinations in the cluster with the highest negative correlation revealed highly predictable WM UTS. In particular, the new Ar3 expression helped to predict decreases observed in certain Ar3 experimental data on WMs with balanced Ti, B, Al, N, and O additions reported among 13 records with additional dilatometry results. This correlation between the new expression for the Ar3 temperature and UTS of Fe-C-Mn WM is expected to complement the Japan Welding Engineering Society artificial neural network model currently available to predict Charpy V-notch test temperature for 28 J absorbed energy based on WM chemical composition. It will thereby provide a pair of effective tools for efficient development and/or evaluation of high-performance welding electrodes based on an Fe-C-Mn system for demand-critical applications.
{"title":"Application of Machine Learning to Regression Analysis of a Large SMA Weld Metal Database","authors":"Rajan Varadarajan, K. Sampath","doi":"10.29391/2023.102.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.004","url":null,"abstract":"A machine learning approach was used to perform a regression analysis of Evans’s shielded metal arc (SMA) weld metal (WM) database involving several groups of Fe-C-Mn high-strength steels. The objective of this investigation was to develop an expression for austenite-to-ferrite (Ar3) transformation temperature that also included the effects of principal and minor alloy elements (in wt-%) and weld cooling rate (in °C/s) and relate this expression with WM ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The Ar3 data from 257 records obtained from several selected sources were combined with Ar3 projections at extreme end points in Evans’s WM database. Subsequently, a cluster analysis was performed. The data in Evans’s database was filtered with the carbon equivalent number limited to 0.3 maximum, carbon content limited to 0.1 wt-% maximum, nitrogen content limited to 99 ppm (0.0099 wt-%) maximum, preassigned Ar3 values limited to 680°C minimum, and WM UTS limited to 710 MPa maximum. The results provided a good approximation to the expression for Ar3 transformation temperature in terms of elemental compositions and cooling rate. This allowed the Ar3 to correlate with WM UTS of Fe-C-Mn in at least four ways depending on the sign of correlation of the data clusters. The elemental combinations in the cluster with the highest negative correlation revealed highly predictable WM UTS. In particular, the new Ar3 expression helped to predict decreases observed in certain Ar3 experimental data on WMs with balanced Ti, B, Al, N, and O additions reported among 13 records with additional dilatometry results. This correlation between the new expression for the Ar3 temperature and UTS of Fe-C-Mn WM is expected to complement the Japan Welding Engineering Society artificial neural network model currently available to predict Charpy V-notch test temperature for 28 J absorbed energy based on WM chemical composition. It will thereby provide a pair of effective tools for efficient development and/or evaluation of high-performance welding electrodes based on an Fe-C-Mn system for demand-critical applications.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47205926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stability control of the welding process is necessary to guarantee weld quality. In this study, a sensing method that collects both global and local arc information was proposed to conveniently monitor metal transfer stability during gas tungsten arc welding. This sensing method was also used to monitor the stability of the weld surface height by sensing the change in global arc length. The stability factor (fmt) was calculated to quantify the metal transfer stability. The characteristic signal (U*), which represents the average global arc voltage in the presence of a liquid bridge, was extracted to characterize the change in arc length by decoupling the dynamic interference signal of metal transfer. Both a fuzzy controller and a proportional integral derivative controller were designed to control the metal transfer stability and the weld surface height. The preliminary control experiments proved the effectiveness and potential of the proposed sensing and control strategies.
{"title":"Effects of Filler Wire Intervention on the Gas Tungsten Arc: Part III — Process Stability Control of Wire-Filled GTAW","authors":"S. Zou, Zhijiang Wang, Yue Cao, Shengsun Hu","doi":"10.29391/2023.102.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.005","url":null,"abstract":"Stability control of the welding process is necessary to guarantee weld quality. In this study, a sensing method that collects both global and local arc information was proposed to conveniently monitor metal transfer stability during gas tungsten arc welding. This sensing method was also used to monitor the stability of the weld surface height by sensing the change in global arc length. The stability factor (fmt) was calculated to quantify the metal transfer stability. The characteristic signal (U*), which represents the average global arc voltage in the presence of a liquid bridge, was extracted to characterize the change in arc length by decoupling the dynamic interference signal of metal transfer. Both a fuzzy controller and a proportional integral derivative controller were designed to control the metal transfer stability and the weld surface height. The preliminary control experiments proved the effectiveness and potential of the proposed sensing and control strategies.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49485103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Khan, Rahul Chhibber, N. Saini, Yajing Wang, Ravikiran Kopparthi, Suvan Dev Choudhury, Leijun Li
The pitting corrosion resistance of dissimilar pipeline steel API X70 and Super Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds was studied. The GTA welds were fabricated using Super Duplex 2594 Filler Metal or austenitic 309L Filler Metal. The specimens extracted from the base metal, weld fusion zone, fusion boundary, and heat-affected zones (HAZs) were subjected to a potentiodynamic corrosion test in a 3.5% NaCl water solution. The weld made using the 309L Filler Metal was found to have a smaller pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) difference between ferrite and austenite, making it more corrosion resistant than the weld fabricated using the 2594 Filler Metal. The HAZ on the X70 side was the most susceptible to pitting and galvanic corrosion for both filler metals.
{"title":"Corrosion Resistance of Dissimilar GTA Welds for Offshore Applications","authors":"W. Khan, Rahul Chhibber, N. Saini, Yajing Wang, Ravikiran Kopparthi, Suvan Dev Choudhury, Leijun Li","doi":"10.29391/2023.102.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.002","url":null,"abstract":"The pitting corrosion resistance of dissimilar pipeline steel API X70 and Super Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds was studied. The GTA welds were fabricated using Super Duplex 2594 Filler Metal or austenitic 309L Filler Metal. The specimens extracted from the base metal, weld fusion zone, fusion boundary, and heat-affected zones (HAZs) were subjected to a potentiodynamic corrosion test in a 3.5% NaCl water solution. The weld made using the 309L Filler Metal was found to have a smaller pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) difference between ferrite and austenite, making it more corrosion resistant than the weld fabricated using the 2594 Filler Metal. The HAZ on the X70 side was the most susceptible to pitting and galvanic corrosion for both filler metals.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46952893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zenin, I. Bakeev, A. Klimov, E. Oks, A. Tyunkov
The authors have investigated the effect of temperature on the composition and structure of the joint metal produced by electron beam brazing of titanium and alumina ceramic using a fore-vacuum-pressure, plasma-cathode electron source. We found that for brazing temperatures below the titanium polymorphic α-β transition temperature, conditions favorably affect the performance characteristics of the metal-ceramic joint produced. Based on these studies, a strong, tight metal-ceramic joint between titanium and alumina ceramic was obtained
{"title":"The Effect of Temperature on Electron Beam Brazing of Titanium to Alumina Ceramic","authors":"A. Zenin, I. Bakeev, A. Klimov, E. Oks, A. Tyunkov","doi":"10.29391/2023.102.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.003","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have investigated the effect of temperature on the composition and structure of the joint metal produced by electron beam brazing of titanium and alumina ceramic using a fore-vacuum-pressure, plasma-cathode electron source. We found that for brazing temperatures below the titanium polymorphic α-β transition temperature, conditions favorably affect the performance characteristics of the metal-ceramic joint produced. Based on these studies, a strong, tight metal-ceramic joint between titanium and alumina ceramic was obtained","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46567192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Barraza, C. Cross, C. Stull, Jesse N Martinez, C. Fink
In-situ radiographic aluminum welding experiments were set up to observe the porosity formation and movement in aluminum weld pools. Aluminum Alloys 1100, 4047, and 6061 were autogenously gas tungsten arc welded while digitally recording radiograph images of macropores. Hydrogen was added in controlled parts per million through an argon-hydrogen shielding gas. The shielding gas hydrogen varied between 0 and 1000 parts per million of hydrogen, and three travel speeds were tested: 1.69, 2.54, and 3.39 mm/s. The transfer of hydrogen from the arc plasma to the weld pool was characterized using postweld gravimetric measurements to get the total pore volume and calculate weld metal hydrogen content. The amount of hydrogen added through the shielding gas played an important role in macropore volume and growth rate. Welding travel speed likewise played a critical role in hydrogen pickup. Alloy 1100 macropores originated at the bottom of the weld pool and then migrated upward toward the rear of the pool. Macropores in Alloys 4047 and 6061 originated at the leading edge of the weld pool and then moved downward and toward the rear of the pool. It is hypothesized that this difference in behavior is related to Marangoni-controlled fluid flow in Alloys 4047 and 6061.
{"title":"Applying In-Situ Radiography to Study Porosity Formation in Aluminum Welds","authors":"A. Barraza, C. Cross, C. Stull, Jesse N Martinez, C. Fink","doi":"10.29391/2023.102.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2023.102.001","url":null,"abstract":"In-situ radiographic aluminum welding experiments were set up to observe the porosity formation and movement in aluminum weld pools. Aluminum Alloys 1100, 4047, and 6061 were autogenously gas tungsten arc welded while digitally recording radiograph images of macropores. Hydrogen was added in controlled parts per million through an argon-hydrogen shielding gas. The shielding gas hydrogen varied between 0 and 1000 parts per million of hydrogen, and three travel speeds were tested: 1.69, 2.54, and 3.39 mm/s. The transfer of hydrogen from the arc plasma to the weld pool was characterized using postweld gravimetric measurements to get the total pore volume and calculate weld metal hydrogen content. The amount of hydrogen added through the shielding gas played an important role in macropore volume and growth rate. Welding travel speed likewise played a critical role in hydrogen pickup. Alloy 1100 macropores originated at the bottom of the weld pool and then migrated upward toward the rear of the pool. Macropores in Alloys 4047 and 6061 originated at the leading edge of the weld pool and then moved downward and toward the rear of the pool. It is hypothesized that this difference in behavior is related to Marangoni-controlled fluid flow in Alloys 4047 and 6061.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46354907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior research in the development of 30% chromium-nickel alloy nuclear welding wires has resulted in the resolution of primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) and ductility dip cracking (DDC) as well as improvement in solidification cracking (SC) resistance. The resolution of DDC exhibits some Laves phase, which has a negative effect on SC resistance. In this study, the use of an alternate carbide former, tantalum (Ta), in combination with niobium (Nb) was researched. Three heats of recently designed Filler Metal 52MSS-Ta (i.e., HV1648, HV1673A, and VX131WXW) were melted, fabricated, and systematically studied. DDC and SC were evaluated with thermodynamic modeling using the Scheil solidification simulation model, two types of varestraint tests, and strain-to-fracture (STF) testing. The varestraint and STF test results showed an improved SC resistance with reduced Laves phase and concurrent excellent DDC resistance. Optimized compositions with low Laves phase also exhibited high threshold strain values (TSVs) in the STF test. VX131WXW — which contains 2.81 wt-% Ta, 0.6 wt-% Nb, and 6 wt-% iron (Fe) - exhibited a TSV of 24%. Thermo-Calc computed the Laves phase to be 0.24% for VX131WXW compared to 0.06% in HV1673A. This difference in Laves phase resulted in the lower SC resistance of VX131WXW compared to HV1673A when measured with longitudinal varestraint testing. The maximum crack distance for HV1673A was about 0.6 mm while that of heat VX131WXW was about 1.0 mm. The typical diluted weld deposit made with VX131WXW was also resistant to PWSCC due to the chromium content exceeding 24%. These simultaneous results mark progress toward crack-free welds and provide direction for further optimization of Ta-containing filler metals.
{"title":"Crack-Free 30% Chromium-Nickel Alloy Welding Products for Nuclear Service","authors":"S. Kiser, B. Baker, Zhili Feng, T. Dai, Yiyu Wang","doi":"10.29391/2022.101.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2022.101.024","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research in the development of 30% chromium-nickel alloy nuclear welding wires has resulted in the resolution of primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) and ductility dip cracking (DDC) as well as improvement in solidification cracking (SC) resistance. The resolution of DDC exhibits some Laves phase, which has a negative effect on SC resistance. In this study, the use of an alternate carbide former, tantalum (Ta), in combination with niobium (Nb) was researched. Three heats of recently designed Filler Metal 52MSS-Ta (i.e., HV1648, HV1673A, and VX131WXW) were melted, fabricated, and systematically studied. DDC and SC were evaluated with thermodynamic modeling using the Scheil solidification simulation model, two types of varestraint tests, and strain-to-fracture (STF) testing. The varestraint and STF test results showed an improved SC resistance with reduced Laves phase and concurrent excellent DDC resistance. Optimized compositions with low Laves phase also exhibited high threshold strain values (TSVs) in the STF test. VX131WXW — which contains 2.81 wt-% Ta, 0.6 wt-% Nb, and 6 wt-% iron (Fe) - exhibited a TSV of 24%. Thermo-Calc computed the Laves phase to be 0.24% for VX131WXW compared to 0.06% in HV1673A. This difference in Laves phase resulted in the lower SC resistance of VX131WXW compared to HV1673A when measured with longitudinal varestraint testing. The maximum crack distance for HV1673A was about 0.6 mm while that of heat VX131WXW was about 1.0 mm. The typical diluted weld deposit made with VX131WXW was also resistant to PWSCC due to the chromium content exceeding 24%. These simultaneous results mark progress toward crack-free welds and provide direction for further optimization of Ta-containing filler metals.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45197748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deposition Rate in GMAW of ER1100 and ER5183 Aluminum Alloys","authors":"Zhaoyang Yan, Kevin Scott, Shujun Chen, P. Mendez","doi":"10.29391/2022.101.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2022.101.023","url":null,"abstract":"Droplet temperature, wire resistivity, electrode extension.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47779032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) metal structure is widely used in various industries to reduce the weight and cost of the structure without compromising performance. The main challenge for manufacturing the CFRP metal structure comes from the lack of flexible and robust joining processes. In this study, a new laser joining process was developed that used a thin layer of polyamide 6 as an interlayer material lying between carbon fiber-reinforced thermosets and a quenching-partition (QP) 980 steel to achieve the joint since the laser can’t directly join the steel to the thermoset composite. It was found that the joint’s strength was seriously degraded by the porosity’s formation. The porosity formation mechanism was studied by online-recording the thermal history inside the joint during the laser joining process. Experimental results demonstrated that the emerging of the porosities in the joint was mainly caused by the cooling shrinkage instead of pyrolysis gas release. Furthermore, a new approach of controlling and optimizing the interfacial pressure was developed to suppress the porosity formation in the joint, which can significantly reduce the porosity rate from 25.8 to 1.2% and dramatically improve the joint shear strength from 10.69 to 18.6 MPa by 73.99%.
{"title":"Laser Joining of CFRTS and Steel by Interfacial Pressure Control","authors":"Jinyu Bai, Shanlu Yang, Zhe-An Lin, Qian Yin","doi":"10.29391/2022.101.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29391/2022.101.022","url":null,"abstract":"The carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) metal structure is widely used in various industries to reduce the weight and cost of the structure without compromising performance. The main challenge for manufacturing the CFRP metal structure comes from the lack of flexible and robust joining processes. In this study, a new laser joining process was developed that used a thin layer of polyamide 6 as an interlayer material lying between carbon fiber-reinforced thermosets and a quenching-partition (QP) 980 steel to achieve the joint since the laser can’t directly join the steel to the thermoset composite. It was found that the joint’s strength was seriously degraded by the porosity’s formation. The porosity formation mechanism was studied by online-recording the thermal history inside the joint during the laser joining process. Experimental results demonstrated that the emerging of the porosities in the joint was mainly caused by the cooling shrinkage instead of pyrolysis gas release. Furthermore, a new approach of controlling and optimizing the interfacial pressure was developed to suppress the porosity formation in the joint, which can significantly reduce the porosity rate from 25.8 to 1.2% and dramatically improve the joint shear strength from 10.69 to 18.6 MPa by 73.99%.","PeriodicalId":23681,"journal":{"name":"Welding Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43817596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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