Greater than 50% of all class B biosolids produced in the US are reused by application to agricultural land. The goal of this research was to pair a comprehensive literature review with a field aerosol sampling campaign to characterize aerosols emitted during the land application process and provide a simplified framework for evaluating exposure to on-site workers and off-site residents. Three aerosolization scenarios for dewatered biosolids were considered and include spreading biosolids onto land by side slinging, disk incorporating into soils, and aerosolization of land applied biosolids due to high wind events. Particulate mater, metal aerosols, and biological aerosols of biosolids origin were in the respirable size range and were markedly greater downwind of land application than in upwind ambient control sites. Low level aerosolization of field applied biosolids were detected during high wind events, and biosolids derived aerosols were detected at 170 meters downwind of disk incorporation. The ability to reconstruct source aerosol concentration from PM10 measurements and the linear correlations made between bulk biosolids concentrations and source emission rates serve as a framework for determining relevant aerosol concentrations without the requirement of biological or chemical aerosol sampling. Application of this framework eliminates the inherent limitations and costs associated with monitoring low aerosol concentration of toxic compounds and pathogens. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397700 (eBook)
{"title":"Quantification of Airborne Biological Contaminants Associated with Land-Applied Biosolids","authors":"J. Peccia","doi":"10.2166/9781843397700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781843397700","url":null,"abstract":"Greater than 50% of all class B biosolids produced in the US are reused by application to agricultural land. The goal of this research was to pair a comprehensive literature review with a field aerosol sampling campaign to characterize aerosols emitted during the land application process and provide a simplified framework for evaluating exposure to on-site workers and off-site residents. Three aerosolization scenarios for dewatered biosolids were considered and include spreading biosolids onto land by side slinging, disk incorporating into soils, and aerosolization of land applied biosolids due to high wind events.\u0000\u0000Particulate mater, metal aerosols, and biological aerosols of biosolids origin were in the respirable size range and were markedly greater downwind of land application than in upwind ambient control sites. Low level aerosolization of field applied biosolids were detected during high wind events, and biosolids derived aerosols were detected at 170 meters downwind of disk incorporation. The ability to reconstruct source aerosol concentration from PM10 measurements and the linear correlations made between bulk biosolids concentrations and source emission rates serve as a framework for determining relevant aerosol concentrations without the requirement of biological or chemical aerosol sampling. Application of this framework eliminates the inherent limitations and costs associated with monitoring low aerosol concentration of toxic compounds and pathogens.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843397700 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"29 1","pages":"9781843397700-9781843397700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79714819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The central theme of the book is the flow of information from experimental approaches in biofilm research to simulation and modeling of complex wastewater systems. Probably the greatest challenge in wastewater research lies in using the methods and the results obtained in one scientific discipline to design intelligent experiments in other disciplines, and eventually to improve the knowledge base the practitioner needs to run wastewater treatment plants. The purpose of Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment is to provide engineers with the knowledge needed to apply the new insights gained by researchers. The authors provide an authoritative insight into the function of biofilms on a technical and on a lab-scale, cover some of the exciting new basic microbiological and wastewater engineering research involving molecular biology techniques and microscopy, and discuss recent attempts to predict the development of biofilms. This book is divided into 3 sections: Modeling and Simulation; Architecture, Population Structure and Function; and From Fundamentals to Practical Application, which all start with a scientific question. Individual chapters attempt to answer the question and present different angles of looking at problems. In addition there is an extensive glossary to familiarize the non-expert with unfamiliar terminology used by microbiologists and computational scientists. ISBN: 9781843390077 (Print) ISBN: 9781780402741 (eBook)
{"title":"Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment: An Interdisciplinary Approach","authors":"S. Wuertz, P. Bishop, P. Wilderer","doi":"10.2166/9781780402741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780402741","url":null,"abstract":"The central theme of the book is the flow of information from experimental approaches in biofilm research to simulation and modeling of complex wastewater systems. Probably the greatest challenge in wastewater research lies in using the methods and the results obtained in one scientific discipline to design intelligent experiments in other disciplines, and eventually to improve the knowledge base the practitioner needs to run wastewater treatment plants.\u0000\u0000The purpose of Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment is to provide engineers with the knowledge needed to apply the new insights gained by researchers. The authors provide an authoritative insight into the function of biofilms on a technical and on a lab-scale, cover some of the exciting new basic microbiological and wastewater engineering research involving molecular biology techniques and microscopy, and discuss recent attempts to predict the development of biofilms.\u0000\u0000This book is divided into 3 sections: Modeling and Simulation; Architecture, Population Structure and Function; and From Fundamentals to Practical Application, which all start with a scientific question. Individual chapters attempt to answer the question and present different angles of looking at problems. In addition there is an extensive glossary to familiarize the non-expert with unfamiliar terminology used by microbiologists and computational scientists.\u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843390077 (Print)\u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781780402741 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"345 3","pages":"9781780402741-9781780402741"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91429746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Municipal wastewater is the largest reservoir of enterobacteria (total coliforms) and a host of other microorganisms. Wastewater also harbors a range of pathogenic, opportunistic pathogenic, and nonpathogenic species. The public health significance of this reservoir may depend upon the physiological status of the wastewater microbial community. Viability and culturability are integral aspects of bacterial physiology but their relationship in the context of wastewater processing and disinfection are poorly understood. While culturable microbes must be viable, viable organisms may not be culturable, but they can retain metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and the capacity to resume culturability (growth). The ability of an organism to be cultured can be a variable trait. Transient loss of culturability precipitated by disinfection would confound containment assessment and pathogen control. To better understand the relationship between coliform physiology and disinfection, culture-independent methods are necessary. Such methods can avoid culture-bias and the loss of information reflecting the in situ experience of resident organisms. While the relationship between viable but not culturable bacterial pathogens to public health risk is important, it remains poorly understood and outside the scope of the current study. In this study, two culture independent methods were used to examine in situ coliform physiology and taxonomic identity during wastewater processing and disinfection. The protein profiling method employed fluor-coupled coliform-specific antibodies and demonstrated that biological treatment regimens produce physiologically different coliform communities readily distinguished by their sensitivity to disinfection. A new culture-independent method called mRNA profiling was developed using fluor-coupled DNA probes to simultaneously assess wastewater coliform physiology and taxonomic identity. The mRNA profiling method demonstrated that fecal coliforms resident in chlorinated secondary treated wastewater could be resuscitated and comprised a significant fraction of the coliform community. The project findings together with current treatment strategies may increase treatment plant performance, realize reduce wastewater coliforms content and minimize release of disinfection byproducts into receiving waters. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397519 (eBook)
{"title":"Understanding Viability of Pathogens During Disinfection","authors":"P. Blum","doi":"10.2166/9781843397519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781843397519","url":null,"abstract":"Municipal wastewater is the largest reservoir of enterobacteria (total coliforms) and a host of other microorganisms. Wastewater also harbors a range of pathogenic, opportunistic pathogenic, and nonpathogenic species. The public health significance of this reservoir may depend upon the physiological status of the wastewater microbial community. Viability and culturability are integral aspects of bacterial physiology but their relationship in the context of wastewater processing and disinfection are poorly understood.\u0000\u0000While culturable microbes must be viable, viable organisms may not be culturable, but they can retain metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and the capacity to resume culturability (growth). The ability of an organism to be cultured can be a variable trait. Transient loss of culturability precipitated by disinfection would confound containment assessment and pathogen control.\u0000\u0000To better understand the relationship between coliform physiology and disinfection, culture-independent methods are necessary. Such methods can avoid culture-bias and the loss of information reflecting the in situ experience of resident organisms. While the relationship between viable but not culturable bacterial pathogens to public health risk is important, it remains poorly understood and outside the scope of the current study.\u0000\u0000In this study, two culture independent methods were used to examine in situ coliform physiology and taxonomic identity during wastewater processing and disinfection. The protein profiling method employed fluor-coupled coliform-specific antibodies and demonstrated that biological treatment regimens produce physiologically different coliform communities readily distinguished by their sensitivity to disinfection.\u0000\u0000A new culture-independent method called mRNA profiling was developed using fluor-coupled DNA probes to simultaneously assess wastewater coliform physiology and taxonomic identity. The mRNA profiling method demonstrated that fecal coliforms resident in chlorinated secondary treated wastewater could be resuscitated and comprised a significant fraction of the coliform community.\u0000\u0000The project findings together with current treatment strategies may increase treatment plant performance, realize reduce wastewater coliforms content and minimize release of disinfection byproducts into receiving waters.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843397519 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"2 1","pages":"9781843397519-9781843397519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87113456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Santa Ana River (SAR) is the primary source of groundwater recharge for the Orange County Groundwater Basin. Approximately 85% of the baseflow in the SAR comes from wastewater treatment facilities operated by three dischargers. Treated effluent or surface water impacted by wastewater discharge contains a range of chemicals. Suitable toxicological information exists for only a small percentage of these chemicals, and toxicological data for individual compounds are not adequate for predicting risk posed by a mixture of compounds (most of which are unknown). The National Research Council recommended that biomonitoring systems be specifically developed for application to water problems employing on-line, flow-through bioassays as a means of more easily judging public health impacts. To implement such a system, fish were employed in an investigative mode to evaluate the water quality of shallow ground water originating from the SAR and allow a better evaluation of risk due to the consumption of recycled water. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397632 (Print) ISBN: 9781780403878 (eBook)
{"title":"Online Methods for Evaluating the Safety of Reclaimed Water","authors":"D. Schlenk","doi":"10.2166/9781780403878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780403878","url":null,"abstract":"The Santa Ana River (SAR) is the primary source of groundwater recharge for the Orange County Groundwater Basin. Approximately 85% of the baseflow in the SAR comes from wastewater treatment facilities operated by three dischargers. Treated effluent or surface water impacted by wastewater discharge contains a range of chemicals. Suitable toxicological information exists for only a small percentage of these chemicals, and toxicological data for individual compounds are not adequate for predicting risk posed by a mixture of compounds (most of which are unknown).\u0000\u0000The National Research Council recommended that biomonitoring systems be specifically developed for application to water problems employing on-line, flow-through bioassays as a means of more easily judging public health impacts. To implement such a system, fish were employed in an investigative mode to evaluate the water quality of shallow ground water originating from the SAR and allow a better evaluation of risk due to the consumption of recycled water.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843397632 (Print)\u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781780403878 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"236 1","pages":"9781780403878-9781780403878"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89125648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics provides the necessary conceptual framework and tools to assess all appropriate aspects of water and sanitation projects in developing countries. Using the lessons learned from courses taught at the Technical University of Denmark, Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics is the concerted effort of a broad team including “hard core” engineers and practitioners as well as “soft core” environmental and institutional planners and economists, with contributions from renowned researchers as well as seasoned project managers. The first part of the book aims to give a basic understanding of international projects and addresses how to identify, formulate, select, organise, cost, finance, implement and manage water and wastewater management projects in developing countries. Later chapters focus on three different types of water and wastewater management projects in a tropical context: rural water and sanitation; urban water and wastewater management; and, industrial water and wastewater management. Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics will appeal to graduate environmental engineering students but also to practitioners, economists, sociologists, and institutional planners working with water and sanitation projects in developing countries. This title belongs to Water Research Foundation Report Series ISBN: 9781843390138 (Print) ISBN: 9781780402543 (eBook)
{"title":"Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics","authors":"J. Lønholdt","doi":"10.2166/9781780402543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780402543","url":null,"abstract":"Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics provides the necessary conceptual framework and tools to assess all appropriate aspects of water and sanitation projects in developing countries.\u0000\u0000Using the lessons learned from courses taught at the Technical University of Denmark, Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics is the concerted effort of a broad team including “hard core” engineers and practitioners as well as “soft core” environmental and institutional planners and economists, with contributions from renowned researchers as well as seasoned project managers.\u0000\u0000The first part of the book aims to give a basic understanding of international projects and addresses how to identify, formulate, select, organise, cost, finance, implement and manage water and wastewater management projects in developing countries. Later chapters focus on three different types of water and wastewater management projects in a tropical context: rural water and sanitation; urban water and wastewater management; and, industrial water and wastewater management.\u0000\u0000Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics will appeal to graduate environmental engineering students but also to practitioners, economists, sociologists, and institutional planners working with water and sanitation projects in developing countries.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to Water Research Foundation Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843390138 (Print)\u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781780402543 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"46 1","pages":"9781780402543-9781780402543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87535347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To protect aquatic ecosystems from stresses induced by toxic chemicals, risk models must be developed, calibrated and verified for feral populations. Although risk models require good estimates of chemical exposure (dose) and quantitative measures of effects (response), few models, if any, have been appropriately calibrated for linking dose and response in situ. It is this lack of knowledge that limits the development of strong cause-effect relationships for aquatic species. Exposure models, using quantitative biomonitoring techniques, have been developed independently from bioassay and/or biomarker systems that are used to quantify stress. The present research integrated these two approaches by comprehensively calibrating the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) as an appropriate bioindicator of toxicological stress in aquatic ecosystems. This was achieved by integrating quantitative biomonitoring techniques with a novel, sensitive assay for genotoxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). At four sites along the river, chemical exposures and the incidence of dermal papillomas and neoplastic lesions in liver tissue were quantified, along with the measurement of PAH metabolites in bile, quantification of DNA damage in erythrocytes using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay), and the quantification of changes in apoptotic processes in dermal and liver tissues of exposed fish. Field studies on metabolite formation and apoptosis were compared to laboratory investigations in order to quantify the link between PAH metabolites and genotoxicity. Bullheads were exposed to Detroit River bottom sediment and environmentally-relevant levels of a major genotoxic PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and dose-response models of metabolite formation were developed in order to determine the mass of PAH chemicals that are converted to DNA active metabolites. Genotoxicity was assessed in these laboratory populations using the comet assay on erythrocytes and liver cells. We assessed the link between DNA damage and the down-regulation of apoptosis, which is characterized as one of the key initial steps of tumorogenesis. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397540 (Print) ISBN: 9781780403922 (eBook)
{"title":"Chemical Exposure and Effects in Freshwater Aquatic Species","authors":"D. Haffner","doi":"10.2166/9781780403922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780403922","url":null,"abstract":"To protect aquatic ecosystems from stresses induced by toxic chemicals, risk models must be developed, calibrated and verified for feral populations. Although risk models require good estimates of chemical exposure (dose) and quantitative measures of effects (response), few models, if any, have been appropriately calibrated for linking dose and response in situ. It is this lack of knowledge that limits the development of strong cause-effect relationships for aquatic species.\u0000\u0000Exposure models, using quantitative biomonitoring techniques, have been developed independently from bioassay and/or biomarker systems that are used to quantify stress. The present research integrated these two approaches by comprehensively calibrating the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) as an appropriate bioindicator of toxicological stress in aquatic ecosystems. This was achieved by integrating quantitative biomonitoring techniques with a novel, sensitive assay for genotoxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).\u0000\u0000At four sites along the river, chemical exposures and the incidence of dermal papillomas and neoplastic lesions in liver tissue were quantified, along with the measurement of PAH metabolites in bile, quantification of DNA damage in erythrocytes using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay), and the quantification of changes in apoptotic processes in dermal and liver tissues of exposed fish. Field studies on metabolite formation and apoptosis were compared to laboratory investigations in order to quantify the link between PAH metabolites and genotoxicity. Bullheads were exposed to Detroit River bottom sediment and environmentally-relevant levels of a major genotoxic PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and dose-response models of metabolite formation were developed in order to determine the mass of PAH chemicals that are converted to DNA active metabolites. Genotoxicity was assessed in these laboratory populations using the comet assay on erythrocytes and liver cells. We assessed the link between DNA damage and the down-regulation of apoptosis, which is characterized as one of the key initial steps of tumorogenesis.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843397540 (Print)\u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781780403922 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"42 1","pages":"9781780403922-9781780403922"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83665555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a result of an evaluation of biomass reduction technologies, anaerobic treatment was found to have potential for the lowest level of biomass production in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. A limitation of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes for dilute wastewaters and at cold temperatures is the ability to maintain a significant level of methanogenic organisms in the reactor to sustain efficient treatment. A process consisting of an anaerobic baffled reactor followed by membrane separation was proposed for the treatment of low strength wastewaters at colder temperatures. A 4 gpm pilot plant facility was assembled and installed at the West Point wastewater treatment plant in Seattle, to test the feasibility of the anaerobic/membrane separation treatment system. During a 7 month period, 3 different attempts were made for system start up with the result of little methanogenic activity in the anaerobic baffled reactor system. The temperatures during the start up ranged from 10 to 15°C and may have been a significant factor in the inability to generate a significant methanogenic population within the time available. Another aspect of this continuing study to investigate biomass reduction was a cost analysis to evaluate the potential for an anaerobic/membrane process for biomass reduction. The cost analysis showed that the significant capital expenditure for adding a membrane reactor to retrofit an existing secondary treatment system resulted in a greater annual amortization costs than the significant operational cost savings realized by less sludge production, less aeration hp, and excess methane gas production. Because the membrane separation system represented about 90% of the retrofit costs, the cost analysis suggests that a less expensive method be pursued for liquid solids separation after anaerobic treatment of low strength wastewaters. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397298 (eBook)
{"title":"Preliminary Investigation of an Anaerobic Membrane Separation Process for Treatment of Low-Strength Wastewaters","authors":"D. Stensel","doi":"10.2166/9781843397298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781843397298","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of an evaluation of biomass reduction technologies, anaerobic treatment was found to have potential for the lowest level of biomass production in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. A limitation of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes for dilute wastewaters and at cold temperatures is the ability to maintain a significant level of methanogenic organisms in the reactor to sustain efficient treatment. A process consisting of an anaerobic baffled reactor followed by membrane separation was proposed for the treatment of low strength wastewaters at colder temperatures. A 4 gpm pilot plant facility was assembled and installed at the West Point wastewater treatment plant in Seattle, to test the feasibility of the anaerobic/membrane separation treatment system. During a 7 month period, 3 different attempts were made for system start up with the result of little methanogenic activity in the anaerobic baffled reactor system. The temperatures during the start up ranged from 10 to 15°C and may have been a significant factor in the inability to generate a significant methanogenic population within the time available.\u0000\u0000Another aspect of this continuing study to investigate biomass reduction was a cost analysis to evaluate the potential for an anaerobic/membrane process for biomass reduction. The cost analysis showed that the significant capital expenditure for adding a membrane reactor to retrofit an existing secondary treatment system resulted in a greater annual amortization costs than the significant operational cost savings realized by less sludge production, less aeration hp, and excess methane gas production. Because the membrane separation system represented about 90% of the retrofit costs, the cost analysis suggests that a less expensive method be pursued for liquid solids separation after anaerobic treatment of low strength wastewaters.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843397298 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"21 1","pages":"9781843397298-9781843397298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89237349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Integrated water resource management has been discussed since at least the Civil War; yet, there is still no integrated framework for sustainably managing water. Recognizing this need, the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) funded a research project to develop an integrated, conceptual framework for sustainable water resources management. Through WERF funding, this framework was developed over the past four years. Development of the framework was guided by the U.N. Agenda 21, Global Water Partnership, the Enlibra Principles, and Panarchy Theory. The conceptual framework for Sustainable Water Resources Management considers water as a renewable, but finite resource with global and regional constraints. It integrates ecological, economic, and social considerations through institutional and legal/regulatory constructs to move toward sustainable water resources. Implementation of the framework is guided by a process flow?chart that considers both crisis management and proactive management activities. We believe that sustainability is as much an outcome as a goal. If water resources are viewed within a total systems context and monitored, assessed and adaptively managed through time, sustainable water resources are the outcome. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397564 (Print) ISBN: 9781780403984 (eBook)
{"title":"Strategies for Sustainable Water Resource Management","authors":"K. Thornton","doi":"10.2166/9781780403984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780403984","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated water resource management has been discussed since at least the Civil War; yet, there is still no integrated framework for sustainably managing water. Recognizing this need, the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) funded a research project to develop an integrated, conceptual framework for sustainable water resources management. Through WERF funding, this framework was developed over the past four years. Development of the framework was guided by the U.N. Agenda 21, Global Water Partnership, the Enlibra Principles, and Panarchy Theory.\u0000\u0000The conceptual framework for Sustainable Water Resources Management considers water as a renewable, but finite resource with global and regional constraints. It integrates ecological, economic, and social considerations through institutional and legal/regulatory constructs to move toward sustainable water resources. Implementation of the framework is guided by a process flow?chart that considers both crisis management and proactive management activities. We believe that sustainability is as much an outcome as a goal. If water resources are viewed within a total systems context and monitored, assessed and adaptively managed through time, sustainable water resources are the outcome.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843397564 (Print)\u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781780403984 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"16 1","pages":"9781780403984-9781780403984"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76503935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bathe, M. K. D. Kreuk, B. McSwain, N. Schwarzenbeck
Aerobic Granular Sludge has recently received growing attention by researchers and technology developers, worldwide. Laboratory studies and preliminary field tests led to the conclusion that granular activated sludge can be readily established and profitably used in activated sludge plants, provided ‘correct’ process conditions are chosen. But what makes process conditions ‘correct’? And what makes granules different from activated sludge flocs? Answers to these question are offered in Aerobic Granular Sludge. Major topics covered in this book include: Aerobic Granular Sludge provides up-to-date information about a rapidly emerging new technology of biological treatment. This title belongs to Water and Environmental Management Series (WEMS) ISBN: 9781843395096 (Print) ISBN: 9781780402055 (eBook)
{"title":"Aerobic Granular Sludge","authors":"S. Bathe, M. K. D. Kreuk, B. McSwain, N. Schwarzenbeck","doi":"10.2166/9781780402055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780402055","url":null,"abstract":"Aerobic Granular Sludge has recently received growing attention by researchers and technology developers, worldwide. Laboratory studies and preliminary field tests led to the conclusion that granular activated sludge can be readily established and profitably used in activated sludge plants, provided ‘correct’ process conditions are chosen. But what makes process conditions ‘correct’? And what makes granules different from activated sludge flocs? Answers to these question are offered in Aerobic Granular Sludge. Major topics covered in this book include: Aerobic Granular Sludge provides up-to-date information about a rapidly emerging new technology of biological treatment. This title belongs to Water and Environmental Management Series (WEMS) ISBN: 9781843395096 (Print) ISBN: 9781780402055 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"29 1","pages":"9781780402055-9781780402055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76635867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dewatering practices reduce the water content of sludges in order to minimise the volume to be handled and improve handling properties. Studies have shown that the ability of dewatering processes to reduce the water content is dependent on the specific dewatering process and the nature of the sludge. If additional water can be removed by changing the sludge properties or in response to pressure during dewatering, substantial cost reductions for sludge processing or handling are possible. The objective of this project was to produce both an applied and fundamental understanding of how to improve sludge dewatering. The literature was reviewed to define the state-of-the-art in terms of conditioning and dewatering of sewage sludges. The relationships between floc structure and water release from sludge were investigated experimentally. Novel techniques for improving sludge conditioning and dewatering were evaluated experimentally. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397441 (eBook)
{"title":"Innovation in Dewatering Sludges","authors":"S. Miller, Yao-de Yan, B. Firth, G. Jameson","doi":"10.2166/9781843397441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781843397441","url":null,"abstract":"Dewatering practices reduce the water content of sludges in order to minimise the volume to be handled and improve handling properties. Studies have shown that the ability of dewatering processes to reduce the water content is dependent on the specific dewatering process and the nature of the sludge. If additional water can be removed by changing the sludge properties or in response to pressure during dewatering, substantial cost reductions for sludge processing or handling are possible. The objective of this project was to produce both an applied and fundamental understanding of how to improve sludge dewatering.\u0000\u0000The literature was reviewed to define the state-of-the-art in terms of conditioning and dewatering of sewage sludges. The relationships between floc structure and water release from sludge were investigated experimentally. Novel techniques for improving sludge conditioning and dewatering were evaluated experimentally.\u0000\u0000This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series \u0000\u0000ISBN: 9781843397441 (eBook)","PeriodicalId":23698,"journal":{"name":"Water intelligence online","volume":"23 1","pages":"9781843397441-9781843397441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73362969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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