Physiological responses are generally involuntary; however, real-time feedback enables, at least to a certain extent, to voluntary control automatic processes. Recently, it was demonstrated that even pupil dilation is subject to controlled interference. To address effects of training on the ability to exercise control on pupil dilation, the current study examines repeated exercise over seven successive days. Participants utilize self-induced changes in arousal to increase pupil diameter, real-time feedback was applied to evaluate and improve individual performance. We observe inter-individual differences with regard to responsiveness of the pupillary response: six of eight participants considerably increase pupil diameter already during the first session, two exhibit only slight changes, and all showed rather stable performance throughout training. There was a trend towards stronger peak amplitudes that tend to occur increasingly early across time. Hence, higher cognitive control on pupil dilations can be practiced by most users and may therefore provide an appropriate input mechanism in human-computer interaction.
{"title":"Training facilitates cognitive control on pupil dilation","authors":"Jan Ehlers, Christoph Strauch, A. Huckauf","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3204570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204570","url":null,"abstract":"Physiological responses are generally involuntary; however, real-time feedback enables, at least to a certain extent, to voluntary control automatic processes. Recently, it was demonstrated that even pupil dilation is subject to controlled interference. To address effects of training on the ability to exercise control on pupil dilation, the current study examines repeated exercise over seven successive days. Participants utilize self-induced changes in arousal to increase pupil diameter, real-time feedback was applied to evaluate and improve individual performance. We observe inter-individual differences with regard to responsiveness of the pupillary response: six of eight participants considerably increase pupil diameter already during the first session, two exhibit only slight changes, and all showed rather stable performance throughout training. There was a trend towards stronger peak amplitudes that tend to occur increasingly early across time. Hence, higher cognitive control on pupil dilations can be practiced by most users and may therefore provide an appropriate input mechanism in human-computer interaction.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"PE-1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126755736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Model-based methods for glint-free gaze estimation typically infer eye pose using pupil contours extracted from eye images. Existing methods, however, either ignore or require complex hardware setups to deal with refraction effects occurring at the corneal interfaces. In this work we provide a detailed analysis of the effects of refraction in glint-free gaze estimation using a single near-eye camera, based on the method presented by [Świrski and Dodgson 2013]. We demonstrate systematic deviations in inferred eyeball positions and gaze directions with respect to synthetic ground-truth data and show that ignoring corneal refraction can result in angular errors of several degrees. Furthermore, we quantify gaze direction dependent errors in pupil radius estimates. We propose a novel approach to account for corneal refraction in 3D eye model fitting and by analyzing synthetic and real images show that our new method successfully captures refraction effects and helps to overcome the shortcomings of the state of the art approach.
{"title":"A novel approach to single camera, glint-free 3D eye model fitting including corneal refraction","authors":"K. Dierkes, Moritz Kassner, A. Bulling","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3204525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204525","url":null,"abstract":"Model-based methods for glint-free gaze estimation typically infer eye pose using pupil contours extracted from eye images. Existing methods, however, either ignore or require complex hardware setups to deal with refraction effects occurring at the corneal interfaces. In this work we provide a detailed analysis of the effects of refraction in glint-free gaze estimation using a single near-eye camera, based on the method presented by [Świrski and Dodgson 2013]. We demonstrate systematic deviations in inferred eyeball positions and gaze directions with respect to synthetic ground-truth data and show that ignoring corneal refraction can result in angular errors of several degrees. Furthermore, we quantify gaze direction dependent errors in pupil radius estimates. We propose a novel approach to account for corneal refraction in 3D eye model fitting and by analyzing synthetic and real images show that our new method successfully captures refraction effects and helps to overcome the shortcomings of the state of the art approach.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133821972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we introduce a two-step method for estimating the strength of user-created graphical passwords based on the eye-gaze behaviour during password composition. First, the individuals' gaze patterns, represented by the unique fixations on each area of interest (AOI) and the total fixation duration per AOI, are calculated. Second, the gaze-based entropy of the individual is calculated. To investigate whether the proposed metric is a credible predictor of the password strength, we conducted two feasibility studies. Results revealed a strong positive correlation between the strength of the created passwords and the gaze-based entropy. Hence, we argue that the proposed gaze-based metric allows for unobtrusive prediction of the strength of the password a user is going to create and enables intervention to the password composition for helping users create stronger passwords.
{"title":"Towards gaze-based quantification of the security of graphical authentication schemes","authors":"C. Katsini, G. Raptis, C. Fidas, N. Avouris","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3204589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204589","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce a two-step method for estimating the strength of user-created graphical passwords based on the eye-gaze behaviour during password composition. First, the individuals' gaze patterns, represented by the unique fixations on each area of interest (AOI) and the total fixation duration per AOI, are calculated. Second, the gaze-based entropy of the individual is calculated. To investigate whether the proposed metric is a credible predictor of the password strength, we conducted two feasibility studies. Results revealed a strong positive correlation between the strength of the created passwords and the gaze-based entropy. Hence, we argue that the proposed gaze-based metric allows for unobtrusive prediction of the strength of the password a user is going to create and enables intervention to the password composition for helping users create stronger passwords.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132989370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korok Sengupta, Min Ke, Raphael Menges, C. Kumar, Steffen Staab
Hands-free browsers provide an effective tool for Web interaction and accessibility, overcoming the need for conventional input sources. Current approaches to hands-free interaction are primarily categorized in either voice or gaze-based modality. In this work, we investigate how these two modalities could be integrated to provide a better hands-free experience for end-users. We demonstrate a multimodal browsing approach combining eye gaze and voice inputs for optimized interaction, and to suffice user preferences with unimodal benefits. The initial assessment with five participants indicates improved performance for the multimodal prototype in comparison to single modalities for hands-free Web browsing.
{"title":"Hands-free web browsing: enriching the user experience with gaze and voice modality","authors":"Korok Sengupta, Min Ke, Raphael Menges, C. Kumar, Steffen Staab","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3208338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3208338","url":null,"abstract":"Hands-free browsers provide an effective tool for Web interaction and accessibility, overcoming the need for conventional input sources. Current approaches to hands-free interaction are primarily categorized in either voice or gaze-based modality. In this work, we investigate how these two modalities could be integrated to provide a better hands-free experience for end-users. We demonstrate a multimodal browsing approach combining eye gaze and voice inputs for optimized interaction, and to suffice user preferences with unimodal benefits. The initial assessment with five participants indicates improved performance for the multimodal prototype in comparison to single modalities for hands-free Web browsing.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123900843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Outram, Yun Suen Pai, Tanner Person, K. Minamizawa, K. Kunze
Gaze-based interactions promise to be fast, intuitive and effective in controlling virtual and augmented environments. Yet, there is still a lack of usable 3D navigation and observation techniques. In this work: 1) We introduce a highly advantageous orbital navigation technique, AnyOrbit, providing an intuitive and hands-free method of observation in virtual environments that uses eye-tracking to control the orbital center of movement; 2) The versatility of the technique is demonstrated with several control schemes and use-cases in virtual/augmented reality head-mounted-display and desktop setups, including observation of 3D astronomical data and spectator sports.
{"title":"Anyorbit: orbital navigation in virtual environments with eye-tracking","authors":"B. Outram, Yun Suen Pai, Tanner Person, K. Minamizawa, K. Kunze","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3209579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3209579","url":null,"abstract":"Gaze-based interactions promise to be fast, intuitive and effective in controlling virtual and augmented environments. Yet, there is still a lack of usable 3D navigation and observation techniques. In this work: 1) We introduce a highly advantageous orbital navigation technique, AnyOrbit, providing an intuitive and hands-free method of observation in virtual environments that uses eye-tracking to control the orbital center of movement; 2) The versatility of the technique is demonstrated with several control schemes and use-cases in virtual/augmented reality head-mounted-display and desktop setups, including observation of 3D astronomical data and spectator sports.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"506 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123199975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drew T. Guarnera, Corey A. Bryant, Ashwin Mishra, Jonathan I. Maletic, Bonita Sharif
The paper presents iTrace, an eye tracking infrastructure, that enables eye tracking in development environments such as Visual Studio and Eclipse. Software developers work with software that is comprised of numerous source code files. This requires frequent switching between project artifacts during program understanding or debugging activities. Additionally, the amount of content contained within each artifact can be quite large and require scrolling or navigation of the content. Current approaches to eye tracking are meant for fixed stimuli and struggle to capture context during these activities. iTrace overcomes these limitations allowing developers to work in realistic settings during an eye tracking study. The iTrace architecture is presented along with several use cases of where it can be used by researchers. A short video demonstration is available at https://youtu.be/AmrLWgw4OEs
{"title":"iTrace","authors":"Drew T. Guarnera, Corey A. Bryant, Ashwin Mishra, Jonathan I. Maletic, Bonita Sharif","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3208343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3208343","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents iTrace, an eye tracking infrastructure, that enables eye tracking in development environments such as Visual Studio and Eclipse. Software developers work with software that is comprised of numerous source code files. This requires frequent switching between project artifacts during program understanding or debugging activities. Additionally, the amount of content contained within each artifact can be quite large and require scrolling or navigation of the content. Current approaches to eye tracking are meant for fixed stimuli and struggle to capture context during these activities. iTrace overcomes these limitations allowing developers to work in realistic settings during an eye tracking study. The iTrace architecture is presented along with several use cases of where it can be used by researchers. A short video demonstration is available at https://youtu.be/AmrLWgw4OEs","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123514068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haofei Wang, Jimin Pi, Tong Qin, S. Shen, Bertram E. Shi
Past work in eye tracking has focused on estimating gaze targets in two dimensions (2D), e.g. on a computer screen or scene camera image. Three-dimensional (3D) gaze estimates would be extremely useful when humans are mobile and interacting with the real 3D environment. We describe a system for estimating the 3D locations of gaze using a mobile eye tracker. The system integrates estimates of the user's gaze vector from a mobile eye tracker, estimates of the eye tracker pose from a visual-inertial simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, a 3D point cloud map of the environment from a RGB-D sensor. Experimental results indicate that our system produces accurate estimates of 3D gaze over a much larger range than remote eye trackers. Our system will enable applications, such as the analysis of 3D human attention and more anticipative human robot interfaces.
{"title":"SLAM-based localization of 3D gaze using a mobile eye tracker","authors":"Haofei Wang, Jimin Pi, Tong Qin, S. Shen, Bertram E. Shi","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3204584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204584","url":null,"abstract":"Past work in eye tracking has focused on estimating gaze targets in two dimensions (2D), e.g. on a computer screen or scene camera image. Three-dimensional (3D) gaze estimates would be extremely useful when humans are mobile and interacting with the real 3D environment. We describe a system for estimating the 3D locations of gaze using a mobile eye tracker. The system integrates estimates of the user's gaze vector from a mobile eye tracker, estimates of the eye tracker pose from a visual-inertial simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, a 3D point cloud map of the environment from a RGB-D sensor. Experimental results indicate that our system produces accurate estimates of 3D gaze over a much larger range than remote eye trackers. Our system will enable applications, such as the analysis of 3D human attention and more anticipative human robot interfaces.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127245955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavel Orlov, A. Shafti, C. Auepanwiriyakul, Noyan Songur, A. Faisal
Humans process high volumes of visual information to perform everyday tasks. In a reaching task, the brain estimates the distance and position of the object of interest, to reach for it. Having a grasp intention in mind, human eye-movements produce specific relevant patterns. Our Gaze-Contingent Intention Decoding Engine uses eye-movement data and gaze-point position to indicate the hidden intention. We detect the object of interest using deep convolution neural networks and estimate its position in a physical space using 3D gaze vectors. Then we trigger the possible actions from an action grammar database to perform an assistive movement of the robotic arm, improving action performance in physically disabled people. This document is a short report to accompany the Gaze-contingent Intention Decoding Engine demonstrator, providing details of the setup used and results obtained.
{"title":"A gaze-contingent intention decoding engine for human augmentation","authors":"Pavel Orlov, A. Shafti, C. Auepanwiriyakul, Noyan Songur, A. Faisal","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3208350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3208350","url":null,"abstract":"Humans process high volumes of visual information to perform everyday tasks. In a reaching task, the brain estimates the distance and position of the object of interest, to reach for it. Having a grasp intention in mind, human eye-movements produce specific relevant patterns. Our Gaze-Contingent Intention Decoding Engine uses eye-movement data and gaze-point position to indicate the hidden intention. We detect the object of interest using deep convolution neural networks and estimate its position in a physical space using 3D gaze vectors. Then we trigger the possible actions from an action grammar database to perform an assistive movement of the robotic arm, improving action performance in physically disabled people. This document is a short report to accompany the Gaze-contingent Intention Decoding Engine demonstrator, providing details of the setup used and results obtained.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121841567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Musical sight-reading is a complex task which requires fluent use of multiple types of skills and knowledge. The ability to sight-read a score is typically described as one of the most challenging aims for beginners and finding ways of scaffolding their learning is, therefore, an important task for researchers in music education. The purpose of this study is to provide a deeper understanding of how an application of eye tracking technology can be utilized to improve choir singers' sight-reading ability. Collected data of novices' sight-reading patterns during choral rehearsal have helped identify problems that singers are facing. Analyzing corresponding patterns in sight-reading performed by expert singers may provide valuable information about helpful strategies developed with increasing experience. This project is expected to generate an approximate model, similar to the experts' eye movement path. The model will then be implemented in a training method for unskilled choral singers. Finally, as a summative result, we plan to evaluate how the training affects novices' competency in sight-reading and comprehension of the score.
{"title":"Seeing into the music score: eye-tracking and sight-reading in a choral context","authors":"M. Timoshenko","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3207415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3207415","url":null,"abstract":"Musical sight-reading is a complex task which requires fluent use of multiple types of skills and knowledge. The ability to sight-read a score is typically described as one of the most challenging aims for beginners and finding ways of scaffolding their learning is, therefore, an important task for researchers in music education. The purpose of this study is to provide a deeper understanding of how an application of eye tracking technology can be utilized to improve choir singers' sight-reading ability. Collected data of novices' sight-reading patterns during choral rehearsal have helped identify problems that singers are facing. Analyzing corresponding patterns in sight-reading performed by expert singers may provide valuable information about helpful strategies developed with increasing experience. This project is expected to generate an approximate model, similar to the experts' eye movement path. The model will then be implemented in a training method for unskilled choral singers. Finally, as a summative result, we plan to evaluate how the training affects novices' competency in sight-reading and comprehension of the score.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121761566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Managing an audience's visual attention to presentation content is critical for effective communication in tele-conferences. This paper explores how audience and presenter coordinate visual and verbal information, and how consistent their gaze behavior is, to understand if their gaze behavior can be used for inferring and communicating attention in remote presentations. In a lab study, participants were asked first to view a short video presentation, and next, to rehearse and present to a remote viewer using the slides from the video presentation. We found that presenters coordinate their speech and gaze at visual regions of the slides in a timely manner (in 72% of all events analyzed), whereas audience only looked at what the presenter talked about in 53% of all events. Rehearsing aloud and presenting resulted in similar scanpaths. To further explore if it possible to infer if what a presenter is looking at is also talked about, we successfully trained models to detect an attention match between gaze and speech. These findings suggest that using the presenter's gaze has the potential to reliably communicate the presenter's focus on essential parts of the visual presentation material to help the audience better follow the presenter.
{"title":"Gaze patterns during remote presentations while listening and speaking","authors":"Pernilla Qvarfordt, Matthew L. Lee","doi":"10.1145/3204493.3204540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3204540","url":null,"abstract":"Managing an audience's visual attention to presentation content is critical for effective communication in tele-conferences. This paper explores how audience and presenter coordinate visual and verbal information, and how consistent their gaze behavior is, to understand if their gaze behavior can be used for inferring and communicating attention in remote presentations. In a lab study, participants were asked first to view a short video presentation, and next, to rehearse and present to a remote viewer using the slides from the video presentation. We found that presenters coordinate their speech and gaze at visual regions of the slides in a timely manner (in 72% of all events analyzed), whereas audience only looked at what the presenter talked about in 53% of all events. Rehearsing aloud and presenting resulted in similar scanpaths. To further explore if it possible to infer if what a presenter is looking at is also talked about, we successfully trained models to detect an attention match between gaze and speech. These findings suggest that using the presenter's gaze has the potential to reliably communicate the presenter's focus on essential parts of the visual presentation material to help the audience better follow the presenter.","PeriodicalId":237808,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114367748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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