포 특이성으로부터 애기자운 개체군에 대한 희귀성과 유 ABSTRACT. The mound grave of Korean traditional funeral culture is a unique habitat which is a Zoysiagrass lawn being sustainable in proper management. We phytosociologically described an unusual Zoysiagrass vegetation with Gueldenstaedtia verna by the Zürich-Montpellier School’s method and analyzed eco-floristic characteristics. A new association, GueldenstaedtioZoysietum japonicae ass. nov. hoc loco, was identified and subdivided into festucetosum ovinae, typicum, and trifolietosum repensae. The subassociations were distinguished by the difference in species composition resulting from site accessibility and lawn management method. The association was assigned as not only a regional but also a locally-limited vegetation type, which distributes on a particular microhabitat with strong continentality in the Daegu regional subdistrict of Bioclimatological division. The Zoysiagrass vegetation of Korea was considered as a continental type apparently different from the oceanic type of Zoysion japonicae (Miscanthetea sinensis, Caricetalia nervatae). Mound graves in Korea should be acknowledged as a meaningful habitat for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity and phytocoenosen, despite being a secondary grassland of Gueldenstaedtio-Zoysietum japonicae.
{"title":"A New Association of Gueldenstaedtio-Zoysietum japonicae: A Syntaxonomical and Syngeographical Description of the Southernmost Population of Gueldenstaedtia verna in South Korea","authors":"Jung-a Lee, Jong-Woon Kim","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.40","url":null,"abstract":"포 특이성으로부터 애기자운 개체군에 대한 희귀성과 유 ABSTRACT. The mound grave of Korean traditional funeral culture is a unique habitat which is a Zoysiagrass lawn being sustainable in proper management. We phytosociologically described an unusual Zoysiagrass vegetation with Gueldenstaedtia verna by the Zürich-Montpellier School’s method and analyzed eco-floristic characteristics. A new association, GueldenstaedtioZoysietum japonicae ass. nov. hoc loco, was identified and subdivided into festucetosum ovinae, typicum, and trifolietosum repensae. The subassociations were distinguished by the difference in species composition resulting from site accessibility and lawn management method. The association was assigned as not only a regional but also a locally-limited vegetation type, which distributes on a particular microhabitat with strong continentality in the Daegu regional subdistrict of Bioclimatological division. The Zoysiagrass vegetation of Korea was considered as a continental type apparently different from the oceanic type of Zoysion japonicae (Miscanthetea sinensis, Caricetalia nervatae). Mound graves in Korea should be acknowledged as a meaningful habitat for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity and phytocoenosen, despite being a secondary grassland of Gueldenstaedtio-Zoysietum japonicae.","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"40-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77097099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
사과, 배, 복숭아, 포도 등을 재배하는 과수원에 발생하는 잡초를 조사하여 과수원 문제잡초의 현황을 파악하고 잡초방제의 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 2015년에 전국을 11개 권역으로 나누어 실시하였다. 과수원에 발생하는 잡초는 63과 492종으로 국화과 86종, 화본과 63종, 두과 29종, 사초과 23종, 마디풀과 22종 등의 순이었다. 이들 잡초를 생활형으로 구분하면, 일년생 159종, 동계 일년생 97종, 다년생 236종이었다. 과수원별 발생잡초를 보면, 사과밭에는 50과 306종, 배밭에는 50과 304종, 포도밭에는 50과 286종, 복숭아밭에는 48과 288종이 발생되었다. 우점잡초로는 바랭이, 쑥, 쇠별꽃, 닭의장풀, 깨풀 등이었다. 외래잡초는 127종으로 전체의 25.8%이었고, 토끼풀, 망초, 흰명아주, 서양민들레, 소리쟁이 순으로 발생이 많았다. 30년간의 잡초군락 변화를 보면, 1990년에는 바랭이, 여뀌, 쇠비름 등이 우점하였으나, 2003년에는 바랭이, 깨풀, 쑥 등으로 변하였다. 2015년에는 바랭이, 쑥, 쇠별꽃 등으로 크게 변하지는 않았다.
I. Im, Bo-Hyeok Im, Jea-Hyeon Park, Min-Hyeok Im, Dae-Hyeon Kim, Jeong-Han Jang, K. Choi
본 연구는 벼 재배 논에서 발생하고 있는 강피의 ACCase 저해 제초제에 대한 저항성을 검정하여 발생 지역을 파악하고, 벼 무논직파 재배시 저항성 강피에 대한 방제특성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과, 전남, 전북 벼 재배 논에서 수집한 72종의 중에서 ACCase 저해 제초제 cyhalohopbutyl에 대하여 약 44% 정도가 저항성으로 판단되었다. 저항성 강피에 대하여 토양처리 제초제의 처리시기별로 방제효과를 보면 파종 전에 pretilachlor, butachlor, oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon+ pretilachlor, fentrazamide+oxadiargyl의 처리 및 파종 후 10일에 bromobutide+fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, benzobicyclon+fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl +thiobencarb, fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, bromobutide+ imazosulfuron+mefenacet, bromobutide+imazosulfuron+pyraclonil의 처리는 95% 이상, 파종 후 15일에 bromobutide+imazosulfuron+mefenacet의 처리는 95%, bromobutide+pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+pyriminobac-methyl의 처리는 90%정도 방제효과를 보였다. 파종 후 30일에 cyhalofopbutyl+ propanil의 경엽처리도 90% 이상의 방제효과를 보였다. 또한 저항성 강피에 대하여 토양 잔류에 의한 방제효과를 보면 oxaziclomefone는 처리 후 40일까지 90% 이상 방제효과가 있었다. 따라서 벼 무논직파 재배 논에서도 ACCase 저해 제초제 저항성 강피를 효과적으로 방제할 수가 있었다.
{"title":"Control and Occurrence of Herbicide Resistance Echinochloa oryzicola in Rice Paddy Field of Honam Area","authors":"I. Im, Bo-Hyeok Im, Jea-Hyeon Park, Min-Hyeok Im, Dae-Hyeon Kim, Jeong-Han Jang, K. Choi","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"본 연구는 벼 재배 논에서 발생하고 있는 강피의 ACCase 저해 제초제에 대한 저항성을 검정하여 발생 지역을 파악하고, 벼 무논직파 재배시 저항성 강피에 대한 방제특성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과, 전남, 전북 벼 재배 논에서 수집한 72종의 중에서 ACCase 저해 제초제 cyhalohopbutyl에 대하여 약 44% 정도가 저항성으로 판단되었다. 저항성 강피에 대하여 토양처리 제초제의 처리시기별로 방제효과를 보면 파종 전에 pretilachlor, butachlor, oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon+ pretilachlor, fentrazamide+oxadiargyl의 처리 및 파종 후 10일에 bromobutide+fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, benzobicyclon+fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl +thiobencarb, fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, bromobutide+ imazosulfuron+mefenacet, bromobutide+imazosulfuron+pyraclonil의 처리는 95% 이상, 파종 후 15일에 bromobutide+imazosulfuron+mefenacet의 처리는 95%, bromobutide+pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+pyriminobac-methyl의 처리는 90%정도 방제효과를 보였다. 파종 후 30일에 cyhalofopbutyl+ propanil의 경엽처리도 90% 이상의 방제효과를 보였다. 또한 저항성 강피에 대하여 토양 잔류에 의한 방제효과를 보면 oxaziclomefone는 처리 후 40일까지 90% 이상 방제효과가 있었다. 따라서 벼 무논직파 재배 논에서도 ACCase 저해 제초제 저항성 강피를 효과적으로 방제할 수가 있었다.","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"32-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84668617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In‐Yong Lee, Y. Oh, J. Park, Jun-Keun Choi, Eun-jeong Kim, K. Park, Seng-Hyun Cho, O. Kwon, I. Im, Sang-Kuk Kim, Deok-Gyeong Seong, Chang-Seog Kim, Jeongran Lee, H. Seo, W. Kim
. Ninety species belonging to 28 families of weeds were identified in Korean rice fields. They were divided by eight provinces and 19 agro-climatic zones to be used as basic data of weed control. Looking at the regional weed occurrence, there were 52 species of 20 families in Gyeonggi, 37 species of 17 families in Gangwon, 41 species of 15 families in Chungbuk, 21 species of 12 families in Chungnam, 24 species of 13 families in Jeonbuk, 54 species of 21 families in Chonnam, 36 species of 20 families in Gyeongbuk, and 32 species of 16 families in Gyeongnam province, respectively. The most dominant family was Poaceae followed by Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Mostly dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea , Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui , Eleocharis kuroguwai , and Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala with slight differences among the provinces. Although there were some differences in 18 climate zones from Taebaek sub-highlands to the southern part of the East Coast (except for the Taebaek Highland), the dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea and Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui. The most dominant family was Cyperaceae followed by Poaceae and Asteraceae. The differences of weed occurrence between provinces and agro-climatic zones were largely influenced by various weather conditions rather than the provinces. The changes in cultivation mode and herbicide use might influence as well.
{"title":"Occurrence Characteristics of Weed Flora by Regions and Agro-Climatic Zonal in Paddy Fields of Korea","authors":"In‐Yong Lee, Y. Oh, J. Park, Jun-Keun Choi, Eun-jeong Kim, K. Park, Seng-Hyun Cho, O. Kwon, I. Im, Sang-Kuk Kim, Deok-Gyeong Seong, Chang-Seog Kim, Jeongran Lee, H. Seo, W. Kim","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.11","url":null,"abstract":". Ninety species belonging to 28 families of weeds were identified in Korean rice fields. They were divided by eight provinces and 19 agro-climatic zones to be used as basic data of weed control. Looking at the regional weed occurrence, there were 52 species of 20 families in Gyeonggi, 37 species of 17 families in Gangwon, 41 species of 15 families in Chungbuk, 21 species of 12 families in Chungnam, 24 species of 13 families in Jeonbuk, 54 species of 21 families in Chonnam, 36 species of 20 families in Gyeongbuk, and 32 species of 16 families in Gyeongnam province, respectively. The most dominant family was Poaceae followed by Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Mostly dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea , Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui , Eleocharis kuroguwai , and Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala with slight differences among the provinces. Although there were some differences in 18 climate zones from Taebaek sub-highlands to the southern part of the East Coast (except for the Taebaek Highland), the dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea and Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui. The most dominant family was Cyperaceae followed by Poaceae and Asteraceae. The differences of weed occurrence between provinces and agro-climatic zones were largely influenced by various weather conditions rather than the provinces. The changes in cultivation mode and herbicide use might influence as well.","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"94 1","pages":"11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84539325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
나라의 유기농업에서 실용화 연구를 모색하는데 필요한 기 초정보를 제공하고자 하였다. ABSTRACT. Weed management under organic farming systems is very problematic since organic agriculture does not allow synthetic herbicides. Bioherbicide is needed to develop for weed management in organic agriculture systems. This review covers current status and perspectives of bioherbicide development for effective nonchemical weed management in organic farming systems. Bioherbicides are products of natural origin derived from living organisms, and more specifically bacteria, fungus and plants including natural metabolites for weed control. Bioherbicides derived from microorganisms or natural molecules are currently available on the pesticide markets. Devine, Lockdown (Collego), BioMal, Camperico, Organo-Sol and Opportune were derived from bacteria, Woad Warrior, Smolder, Mygogen, Chontrol Paste, Starritor and Phoma derived from fungus, and Katoun (pelargonic acid) and Beloukha were derived from plants. Corn gluten meal products and plant essential oils products are also available for nonselective weed control in organic agriculture. Organic weed management methods may be more feasible in small scale farming and high-value crops, and bioherbicides may be applied with other weed control practices in organic farming systems.
{"title":"Status and Perspective of Bioherbicde Development for Organic Weed Management","authors":"J. Pyon, Jeung Joo Lee, K. Park","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"나라의 유기농업에서 실용화 연구를 모색하는데 필요한 기 초정보를 제공하고자 하였다. ABSTRACT. Weed management under organic farming systems is very problematic since organic agriculture does not allow synthetic herbicides. Bioherbicide is needed to develop for weed management in organic agriculture systems. This review covers current status and perspectives of bioherbicide development for effective nonchemical weed management in organic farming systems. Bioherbicides are products of natural origin derived from living organisms, and more specifically bacteria, fungus and plants including natural metabolites for weed control. Bioherbicides derived from microorganisms or natural molecules are currently available on the pesticide markets. Devine, Lockdown (Collego), BioMal, Camperico, Organo-Sol and Opportune were derived from bacteria, Woad Warrior, Smolder, Mygogen, Chontrol Paste, Starritor and Phoma derived from fungus, and Katoun (pelargonic acid) and Beloukha were derived from plants. Corn gluten meal products and plant essential oils products are also available for nonselective weed control in organic agriculture. Organic weed management methods may be more feasible in small scale farming and high-value crops, and bioherbicides may be applied with other weed control practices in organic farming systems.","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88099894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shade affects turf quality by reducing light for photosynthesis. The shade tolerance of the tropical grasses, Digitaria longiflora and Axonopus compressus were evaluated against Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustinegrass). The grasses were established under shade structures that provide 0%, 50%, 75% or 90% shade level for 30 days. A suite of leaf traits, recorded from similar leaf developmental stage, displayed distinct responses to shade conditions. Leaf length, relative to control, increased in all three species as shade level increased. The mean leaf extension rate was lowest in St. Augustinegrass (80.42%) followed by A. compressus (84.62%) and D. longiflora (90.78%). The higher leaf extension rate in D. longiflora implied its poor shade tolerance. Specific leaf area (SLA) increased in all species with highest mean SLA increase in D. longiflora (348.55 cm2 mg−1) followed by A. compressus (286.88 cm2 mg−1) and St. Augustinegrass (276.28 cm2 mg−1). The highest SLA increase in D. longiflora suggested its lowest performance under shade. The percent green cover, as estimated by digital image analysis, was lowest in D. longiflora (53%) under 90% shade level compared to both species. The relative shade tolerance of the three turfgrasses could be ranked as St. Augustinegrass > A. compressus > D. longiflora.
{"title":"Comparative Performance of Three Tropical Turfgrasses Digitaria longiflora, Axonopus compressus and St. Augustinegrass under Simulated Shade Conditions","authors":"Chin, Siew-Wai","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Shade affects turf quality by reducing light for photosynthesis. The shade tolerance of the tropical grasses, Digitaria longiflora and Axonopus compressus were evaluated against Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustinegrass). The grasses were established under shade structures that provide 0%, 50%, 75% or 90% shade level for 30 days. A suite of leaf traits, recorded from similar leaf developmental stage, displayed distinct responses to shade conditions. Leaf length, relative to control, increased in all three species as shade level increased. The mean leaf extension rate was lowest in St. Augustinegrass (80.42%) followed by A. compressus (84.62%) and D. longiflora (90.78%). The higher leaf extension rate in D. longiflora implied its poor shade tolerance. Specific leaf area (SLA) increased in all species with highest mean SLA increase in D. longiflora (348.55 cm2 mg−1) followed by A. compressus (286.88 cm2 mg−1) and St. Augustinegrass (276.28 cm2 mg−1). The highest SLA increase in D. longiflora suggested its lowest performance under shade. The percent green cover, as estimated by digital image analysis, was lowest in D. longiflora (53%) under 90% shade level compared to both species. The relative shade tolerance of the three turfgrasses could be ranked as St. Augustinegrass > A. compressus > D. longiflora.","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"55-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80215594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
본 연구는 한국잔디에 주요 한지형 잔디인 켄터키 블루그래스, 톨 페스큐, 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 및 이들 초종의 혼합구를 오버씨딩 후 혼합 식생 잔디밭의 잔디밀도, 균일도 및 분얼경 비교와 함께 적합한 초종 및 파종량을 규명함으로 실무에 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 얻기 위해 수행하였다. 공시재료는 대조구인 한국잔디를 포함해 한지형 단일 초종구 3종류 및 혼합구 4 종류-전체 8개 처리구를 준비하였다. 2007년 10월 초순 오버씨딩 시 파종량은 처리구에 따라 50-150 g m −2 사이로 적용하였다. 잔디밀도 및 균일도는 초종에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 전체적으로 연중 잔디밭 밀도 및 균일도는 혼식잔디가 한국잔디에 비해 우수한 경향으로 나타났다. 오버씨딩 초종, 파종량 및 계절에 따라 잔디밀도 및 균일도 차이가 나타나서 초기에는 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 파종량이 많고, 켄터키 블루그래스 파종량이 적은 처리구일수록 잔디밀도 및 균일도가 양호하였다. 하지만 오버씨딩 다음해에는 우열관계가 바뀌어 장기적으로 단일 초종구의 경우 켄터키 블루그래스가 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 및 톨 페스큐에 비해 양호하였다. 혼합구일 경우에는 켄터키 블루그래스 파종량이 많을수록, 반대로 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 파종량이 적을수록 잔디밀도 및 균일도가 양호하였다. 그리고 대조구인 한국잔디의 밀도 및 균일도는 3월 초순부터 9월 하순까지 증가하였지만, 늦가을에 기온이 하강하면서 크게 감소하였다. 중정도 수준의 혼식 잔디밭에서 지속적으로 잔디밀도 및 균일도에 적합한 초종 및 파종량은 단일 초종구인 경우 켄터키 블루그래스 50 g, 혼합구인 경우 켄터키 블루그래스, 톨 페스큐 및 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 세 초종이 33%씩 혼합해서 75 g을 파종할 경우 적합하다고 판단되었다. 본 실험를 통해 나타난 다양한 연구결과는 한국잔디로 조성된 공원, 잔디구장 및 골프장을 한지형 잔디로 오버씨딩해서 혼합 식생 잔디밭으로 전환할 경우 실무적으로 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 즉 오버씨딩 시 한지형 초종 및 파종량 범위를 적절하게 선정할 경우 한국잔디의 녹색기간 연장과 함께 잔디밀도 및 균일도 등 품질이 향상될 수 있다.
本研究是韩国在草地主要型草坪草的肯塔基兰草,托佩斯居,弗伦尼·格拉斯及这些秒种的混合区奥伯丁后混合,植被的草坪,草坪密度均匀也和分蘖倾比较适合的初款及查明播种量,从而可以用于业务的执行为了获得第一手资料。公告材料包括大造口韩国草坪在内，准备了韩纸型单一草种球3种及混合球4种-共8个处理球。2007年10月上旬overseding时，根据处理口的不同，播种量在50-150 g m - 2之间。根据草种的不同，草坪密度及均一度也有显著的差异。从整体来看，年中草坪密度及均一度来看，混式草坪比韩国草坪优秀。随着草种、播种量及季节的不同，草坪密度及均一度也出现了差异，初期青草播种量多，肯塔基蓝草播种量少的处理口草坪密度及均一度越好。但是在overseding的第二年，优劣关系发生了变化，从长期来看，肯塔基蓝草比青草和托尔菲斯库良好。在混合区，肯塔基蓝草播种量越多，反之，青草播种量越少，草坪密度及均一度越好。大潮区韩国草坪的密度及均一度从3月上旬到9月下旬有所增加，但晚秋气温下降大幅减少。中央情报局也水平的银婚纪念在草地上持续草坪密度及均匀度适合秒种及播种量是单一秒钟久的草,如果肯塔基兰草50 g,草混合区,如果肯塔基兰草,托菲斯昆及弗伦尼·莱格拉斯三秒纸33%混合播种,75 g时,认为适宜了。通过本实验出现的多种研究结果表明，如果将由韩国草坪组成的公园、草坪球场及高尔夫球场过度种植为韩纸型草坪，转换成混合植被草坪，将会有实际应用。也就是说，在过度种植时，如果适当地选定韩纸型草种及播种量范围，就可以延长韩国草坪的绿色时间，同时还可以提高草坪密度及均一度等品质。
{"title":"덧파종한 난지형 및 한지형 혼합 식생 잔디밭에서 잔디밀도, 균일도 및 분얼경 특성 비교","authors":"김경남","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.67","url":null,"abstract":"본 연구는 한국잔디에 주요 한지형 잔디인 켄터키 블루그래스, 톨 페스큐, 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 및 이들 초종의 혼합구를 오버씨딩 후 혼합 식생 잔디밭의 잔디밀도, 균일도 및 분얼경 비교와 함께 적합한 초종 및 파종량을 규명함으로 실무에 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 얻기 위해 수행하였다. 공시재료는 대조구인 한국잔디를 포함해 한지형 단일 초종구 3종류 및 혼합구 4 종류-전체 8개 처리구를 준비하였다. 2007년 10월 초순 오버씨딩 시 파종량은 처리구에 따라 50-150 g m −2 사이로 적용하였다. 잔디밀도 및 균일도는 초종에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 전체적으로 연중 잔디밭 밀도 및 균일도는 혼식잔디가 한국잔디에 비해 우수한 경향으로 나타났다. 오버씨딩 초종, 파종량 및 계절에 따라 잔디밀도 및 균일도 차이가 나타나서 초기에는 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 파종량이 많고, 켄터키 블루그래스 파종량이 적은 처리구일수록 잔디밀도 및 균일도가 양호하였다. 하지만 오버씨딩 다음해에는 우열관계가 바뀌어 장기적으로 단일 초종구의 경우 켄터키 블루그래스가 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 및 톨 페스큐에 비해 양호하였다. 혼합구일 경우에는 켄터키 블루그래스 파종량이 많을수록, 반대로 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 파종량이 적을수록 잔디밀도 및 균일도가 양호하였다. 그리고 대조구인 한국잔디의 밀도 및 균일도는 3월 초순부터 9월 하순까지 증가하였지만, 늦가을에 기온이 하강하면서 크게 감소하였다. 중정도 수준의 혼식 잔디밭에서 지속적으로 잔디밀도 및 균일도에 적합한 초종 및 파종량은 단일 초종구인 경우 켄터키 블루그래스 50 g, 혼합구인 경우 켄터키 블루그래스, 톨 페스큐 및 퍼레니얼 라이그래스 세 초종이 33%씩 혼합해서 75 g을 파종할 경우 적합하다고 판단되었다. 본 실험를 통해 나타난 다양한 연구결과는 한국잔디로 조성된 공원, 잔디구장 및 골프장을 한지형 잔디로 오버씨딩해서 혼합 식생 잔디밭으로 전환할 경우 실무적으로 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 즉 오버씨딩 시 한지형 초종 및 파종량 범위를 적절하게 선정할 경우 한국잔디의 녹색기간 연장과 함께 잔디밀도 및 균일도 등 품질이 향상될 수 있다.","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"62 1","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75423899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought is an environmental stress that will lead to the decline and loss of turfgrass. Most areas of Singapore, require irrigation to maintain desirable turfgrass quality. As water conservation has become an important issue, researchers have put significant effort into developing and evaluating turf species with exceptional drought resistance (Carrow, 1995; Peacock, 2001; Fu et al., 2004; Barton and Colmer, 2006; Huang, 2008). The results from these studies suggest that turfgrasses differ in their performance during drought stress. In a study by Songul et al. (2011), rankings of relative drought resistance under Mediterranean conditions of Turkey indicated that relative drought resistance was superior for Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis (Hybrid green couch), Bouteloua dactyloides (buffalo grass), and Paspalum notatum (bahia grass). Conversely, drought resistance was less ideal for Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum), Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipede grass), Zoysia matrella, and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue). In another field observation by SeedLand® (LawnGrasses.com), grasses for drought resistance were ranked in the order of Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis, Paspalum notatum, Zoysia matrella, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Festuca spp, and Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass). Noteworthy however, that Morris and Shearman (2007) suggested that variations in the rankings of drought resistance may be a result of the varying climatic conditions of the various sites, the assessment method, and duration of the drought. Zoysia matrella, Stenotaphrum secundatum, and Axonopus compressus (broadleaf carpet grass) are the most commonly used turfgrass species in Singapore, but the use of Cynodon dactylon has increased in recent years because of the ability to tolerate drought. This grass has been used as an alternative to ABSTRACT. The appropriate level of irrigation for turfgrasses is vital to the performance of the turfgrass as well as conservation of water. Linear gradient irrigation system (LGIS) facilitates long-term study of turf performance under continuous irrigation gradients at extreme ends of the irrigation scale. The objectives of this study were to: a) determine the minimum irrigation requirements and relative drought resistance in three warm season turfgrasses; and b) evaluate the medium to long-term effects of irrigation levels on turf persistence, weed invasion, and susceptibility to diseases. Results suggest that grasses differed in drought resistance and persistence under variable irrigation regimes. Irrigation (Ep) required for consistent acceptable turf quality for respective grasses was Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis (61%), Zoysia matrella L. Merr (73%), and Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Palmetto’ (86%). Brown patch infection was most prevalent in Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Palmetto’ at 12 and 125% Ep irrigation. Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis and Zoysia matrella L. Merr were better able to adapt to the various i
干旱是一种环境压力，将导致草坪草的减少和损失。新加坡的大部分地区都需要灌溉来保持理想的草坪质量。由于水资源保护已成为一个重要问题，研究人员已投入大量精力开发和评价具有特殊抗旱性的草坪品种(Carrow, 1995;孔雀,2001;Fu et al.， 2004;Barton and Colmer, 2006;黄,2008)。这些研究的结果表明，草坪草在干旱胁迫下的表现不同。Songul等(2011)研究了土耳其地中海条件下的相对抗旱性排名，结果表明Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis(杂交绿草)、Bouteloua dactyloides(水牛草)和Paspalum notatum(巴伊亚草)的相对抗旱性较好。相反，海滨雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum)、蜈蚣草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)、结缕草(Zoysia matrella)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)的抗旱性较差。在另一项由SeedLand®(LawnGrasses.com)进行的田间观察中，禾草的抗旱性依次为Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis、Paspalum notatum、Zoysia matrella、Eremochloa ophiuroides、Festuca spp和Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass)。然而，值得注意的是，Morris和Shearman(2007)认为，抗旱性排名的变化可能是不同地点的气候条件、评估方法和干旱持续时间不同的结果。结缕草(Zoysia matrella)、短尾草(Stenotaphrum secundatum)和压轴草(Axonopus compressus)(阔叶地毯草)是新加坡最常用的草坪草品种，但由于耐干旱的能力，近年来对Cynodon dactylon的使用有所增加。这种草被用作ABSTRACT的替代品。适当的灌溉水平对草坪草的生长性能和水分的保存至关重要。线性梯度灌溉系统(LGIS)有利于在灌溉规模的极端末端连续梯度下对草坪性能进行长期研究。本研究的目的是:a)确定三种暖季草坪草的最低灌溉需要量和相对抗旱性;b)评估灌溉水平对草坪持久性、杂草入侵和病害易感性的中长期影响。结果表明，在不同的灌溉制度下，禾草的抗旱性和持久性存在差异。不同草的草坪质量需要灌溉(Ep)，分别是Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis(61%)、Zoysia matrella L. Merr(73%)和stotaphrum secundatum ' Palmetto(86%)。棕斑病在灌水浓度为125%和125%时最常见。Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis和Zoysia matrella L. Merr能够更好地适应各种灌溉制度，这种能力使这些物种能够抵抗干旱，并保持草皮覆盖，从而防止杂草和疾病的发生。对这些牧草的抗旱能力进行排序，结果表明，Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis的抗旱能力最突出，其次是结缕草(Zoysia matrella L. Merr)，最后是棕榈(stotaphrum secundatum ' Palmetto)。尽管具有最高的灌溉需求，但在高灌溉制度下，棕榈仍不能保持持久性。同样，这种草在低灌溉水平下也失去了草皮覆盖。
{"title":"Performance of Three Warm Season Turfgrasses under Linear Gradient Irrigation","authors":"L. Ow, Subhadip Ghosh","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is an environmental stress that will lead to the decline and loss of turfgrass. Most areas of Singapore, require irrigation to maintain desirable turfgrass quality. As water conservation has become an important issue, researchers have put significant effort into developing and evaluating turf species with exceptional drought resistance (Carrow, 1995; Peacock, 2001; Fu et al., 2004; Barton and Colmer, 2006; Huang, 2008). The results from these studies suggest that turfgrasses differ in their performance during drought stress. In a study by Songul et al. (2011), rankings of relative drought resistance under Mediterranean conditions of Turkey indicated that relative drought resistance was superior for Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis (Hybrid green couch), Bouteloua dactyloides (buffalo grass), and Paspalum notatum (bahia grass). Conversely, drought resistance was less ideal for Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum), Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipede grass), Zoysia matrella, and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue). In another field observation by SeedLand® (LawnGrasses.com), grasses for drought resistance were ranked in the order of Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis, Paspalum notatum, Zoysia matrella, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Festuca spp, and Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass). Noteworthy however, that Morris and Shearman (2007) suggested that variations in the rankings of drought resistance may be a result of the varying climatic conditions of the various sites, the assessment method, and duration of the drought. Zoysia matrella, Stenotaphrum secundatum, and Axonopus compressus (broadleaf carpet grass) are the most commonly used turfgrass species in Singapore, but the use of Cynodon dactylon has increased in recent years because of the ability to tolerate drought. This grass has been used as an alternative to ABSTRACT. The appropriate level of irrigation for turfgrasses is vital to the performance of the turfgrass as well as conservation of water. Linear gradient irrigation system (LGIS) facilitates long-term study of turf performance under continuous irrigation gradients at extreme ends of the irrigation scale. The objectives of this study were to: a) determine the minimum irrigation requirements and relative drought resistance in three warm season turfgrasses; and b) evaluate the medium to long-term effects of irrigation levels on turf persistence, weed invasion, and susceptibility to diseases. Results suggest that grasses differed in drought resistance and persistence under variable irrigation regimes. Irrigation (Ep) required for consistent acceptable turf quality for respective grasses was Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis (61%), Zoysia matrella L. Merr (73%), and Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Palmetto’ (86%). Brown patch infection was most prevalent in Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Palmetto’ at 12 and 125% Ep irrigation. Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis and Zoysia matrella L. Merr were better able to adapt to the various i","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"61-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85994023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Choe, H. Kang, In-Chull Kim, Hai Li, Mingfeng Wu, Imchang Lee
The mutation rate of proline in the position 197 (Pro197) in acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is highest among sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide-resistance mutants. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the resistance mechanism for the mutation and to develop the herbicides specific to the mutants. SU herbicide resistance mechanism of the mutants, 197Ser, 197Thr and 197Ala, in AHAS were targeted for designing new SU-herbicide. We did molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for understanding SU herbicide-resistance mechanisms of AHAS mutants and designed new herbicides with docking and MD evaluations. We have found that mutation to 197Ala and 197Ser enlarged the entrance of the active site, while 197Thr contracted. Map of the root mean square derivation (RMSD) and radius gyrations (Rg) revealed the domain indicating the conformations for herbicide resistant. Based on the enlarging-contracting mechanism of active site entrance, we designed new herbicides with substitution at the heterocyclic moiety of a SU herbicide for the complementary binding to the changed active site entrances of mutants, and designed new herbicides. We confirmed that our screened new herbicides bonded to both AHAS wild type and mutants with higher affinity, showing more stable binding conformation than the existing herbicides.
{"title":"Sulfonylurea Herbicide Resistance Mechanism of Some Acetohydroxy Acid Synthase Mutants and New Designed Herbicides Specific to the Mutants","authors":"M. Choe, H. Kang, In-Chull Kim, Hai Li, Mingfeng Wu, Imchang Lee","doi":"10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2017.6.1.28","url":null,"abstract":"The mutation rate of proline in the position 197 (Pro197) in acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is highest among sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide-resistance mutants. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the resistance mechanism for the mutation and to develop the herbicides specific to the mutants. SU herbicide resistance mechanism of the mutants, 197Ser, 197Thr and 197Ala, in AHAS were targeted for designing new SU-herbicide. We did molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for understanding SU herbicide-resistance mechanisms of AHAS mutants and designed new herbicides with docking and MD evaluations. We have found that mutation to 197Ala and 197Ser enlarged the entrance of the active site, while 197Thr contracted. Map of the root mean square derivation (RMSD) and radius gyrations (Rg) revealed the domain indicating the conformations for herbicide resistant. Based on the enlarging-contracting mechanism of active site entrance, we designed new herbicides with substitution at the heterocyclic moiety of a SU herbicide for the complementary binding to the changed active site entrances of mutants, and designed new herbicides. We confirmed that our screened new herbicides bonded to both AHAS wild type and mutants with higher affinity, showing more stable binding conformation than the existing herbicides.","PeriodicalId":23804,"journal":{"name":"Weed&Turfgrass Science","volume":"109 1","pages":"28-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82793110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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