Pub Date : 2018-01-18DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198737827.003.0004
Freya Johnston
That style mattered to Hazlitt cannot be in doubt. ‘An author’s style’ he judged ‘not less a criterion of his understanding than his sentiments’; a test of character, as of sensations and ideas, it bodied forth the perpetually shifting relationships between human beings and the objects of their love, hatred, and indifference (in Hazlitt, even the absence of feeling is vehemently felt). An author who lacked style therefore lacked sympathetic involvement with other people, the greatest failing imaginable, since ‘Whatever interests, is interesting’.
{"title":"Keeping to William Hazlitt","authors":"Freya Johnston","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198737827.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198737827.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"That style mattered to Hazlitt cannot be in doubt. ‘An author’s style’ he judged ‘not less a criterion of his understanding than his sentiments’; a test of character, as of sensations and ideas, it bodied forth the perpetually shifting relationships between human beings and the objects of their love, hatred, and indifference (in Hazlitt, even the absence of feeling is vehemently felt). An author who lacked style therefore lacked sympathetic involvement with other people, the greatest failing imaginable, since ‘Whatever interests, is interesting’.","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"2 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113932570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An estimate of uncertainty is necessary to make appropriate use of the information conveyed by a measurement. Traditional error propagation quantifies the uncertainty in a measurement due to well-understood perturbations in a measurement and auxiliary data – known, quantified `unknowns'. The underconstrained nature of most satellite remote sensing observations requires the use of approximations and assumptions that produce non-linear systematic errors that are not readily assessed – known, unquantifiable `unknowns'. Additional errors result from the inability of a measurement to resolve all scales and aspects of variation in a system – unknown `unknowns'. The latter two categories of error are dominant in satellite remote sensing and the difficulty of their quantification limits the utility of existing uncertainty estimates, degrading confidence in such data. Ensemble techniques present multiple self-consistent realisations of a data set as a means of depicting unquantified uncertainties, generated using various algorithms or forward models believed to be appropriate to the conditions observed. Benefiting from the experience of the climate modelling community, an ensemble provides a user with a more accurate representation of the uncertainty as understood by the data producer and greater freedom to exploit the advantages and disadvantages of different manners of describing a physical system. The technique will be demonstrated with retrievals of aerosol, cloud, and surface properties, for which many sources of error cannot currently be quantified (such as the assumed aerosol microphysical properties). The Optimal Retrieval of Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC) can produce an ensemble by evaluating data with a succession of microphysical models (e.g. liquid cloud, urban aerosol, etc.). A further ensemble can be formed from products produced by various European institutions. These will be used to demonstrate uncertainties in such observations that are poorly characterised in current products.
{"title":"Known and unknown unknowns: Uncertainty estimation in satellite remote sensing data","authors":"A. Povey, R. Grainger","doi":"10.5194/AMT-8-4699-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/AMT-8-4699-2015","url":null,"abstract":"An estimate of uncertainty is necessary to make appropriate use of the information conveyed by a measurement. Traditional error propagation quantifies the uncertainty in a measurement due to well-understood perturbations in a measurement and auxiliary data – known, quantified `unknowns'. The underconstrained nature of most satellite remote sensing observations requires the use of approximations and assumptions that produce non-linear systematic errors that are not readily assessed – known, unquantifiable `unknowns'. Additional errors result from the inability of a measurement to resolve all scales and aspects of variation in a system – unknown `unknowns'. The latter two categories of error are dominant in satellite remote sensing and the difficulty of their quantification limits the utility of existing uncertainty estimates, degrading confidence in such data.\u0000\u0000Ensemble techniques present multiple self-consistent realisations of a data set as a means of depicting unquantified uncertainties, generated using various algorithms or forward models believed to be appropriate to the conditions observed. Benefiting from the experience of the climate modelling community, an ensemble provides a user with a more accurate representation of the uncertainty as understood by the data producer and greater freedom to exploit the advantages and disadvantages of different manners of describing a physical system.\u0000\u0000The technique will be demonstrated with retrievals of aerosol, cloud, and surface properties, for which many sources of error cannot currently be quantified (such as the assumed aerosol microphysical properties). The Optimal Retrieval of Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC) can produce an ensemble by evaluating data with a succession of microphysical models (e.g. liquid cloud, urban aerosol, etc.). A further ensemble can be formed from products produced by various European institutions. These will be used to demonstrate uncertainties in such observations that are poorly characterised in current products.","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123612500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-20DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199686858.013.041
C. Gillebert, G. Humphreys
An efficient representation of the environment requires both the selection of a fraction of the information that reaches our senses and the organization of this information into coherent and meaningful elements. Here we discuss the dynamic interplay between selective attention and perceptual organization, important processes that allow us to perceive a seamless, integrated world. Based on evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies with normal observers and neuropsychological patients, we examine whether: (i) perceptual grouping constrains visual attention, determining which objects will be selected and be candidates for explicit report; (ii) visual attention modulates perceptual grouping, determining how elements are grouped to form meaningful wholes. The data suggest that, whilst not being necessary for at least some forms of perceptual grouping, visual attention can nevertheless modulate grouping. We conclude that selection is dynamically set by bottom-up stimulus factors, top-down knowledge and the allocation of attention to space and within grouped regions of objects.
{"title":"Mutual interplay between perceptual organization and attention: a neuropsychological perspective","authors":"C. Gillebert, G. Humphreys","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199686858.013.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199686858.013.041","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient representation of the environment requires both the selection of a fraction of the information that reaches our senses and the organization of this information into coherent and meaningful elements. Here we discuss the dynamic interplay between selective attention and perceptual organization, important processes that allow us to perceive a seamless, integrated world. Based on evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies with normal observers and neuropsychological patients, we examine whether: (i) perceptual grouping constrains visual attention, determining which objects will be selected and be candidates for explicit report; (ii) visual attention modulates perceptual grouping, determining how elements are grouped to form meaningful wholes. The data suggest that, whilst not being necessary for at least some forms of perceptual grouping, visual attention can nevertheless modulate grouping. We conclude that selection is dynamically set by bottom-up stimulus factors, top-down knowledge and the allocation of attention to space and within grouped regions of objects.","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128345818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Fragments of the Demotic Mut Text in Copenhagen and Florence","authors":"Mj Smith, R. Jasnow","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvvncsx.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvncsx.31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132588882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop the a posteriori error analysis of finite element approximations of implicit power-law-like models for viscous incompressible fluids. The Cauchy stress and the symmetric part of the velocity gradient in the class of models under consideration are related by a, possibly multi--valued, maximal monotone $r$-graph, with $frac{2d}{d+1} < $r$ < ∞. We establish upper and lower bounds on the finite element residual, as well as the local stability of the error bound. We then consider an adaptive finite element approximation of the problem, and, under suitable assumptions, we show the weak convergence of the adaptive algorithm to a weak solution of the boundary-value problem. The argument is based on a variety of weak compactness techniques, including Chacon's biting lemma and a finite element counterpart of the Acerbi--Fusco Lipschitz truncation of Sobolev functions, introduced by L. Diening, C. Kreuzer and E. Suli [Finite element approximation of steady flows of incompressible fluids with implicit power-law-like rheology.
我们发展了粘性不可压缩流体隐式幂律模型有限元近似的后验误差分析。在考虑的这类模型中，柯西应力和速度梯度的对称部分由一个可能是多值的最大单调$r$-图联系起来，其中$frac{2d}{d+1} < $r$ <∞。建立了有限元残差的上界和下界，以及误差界的局部稳定性。然后，我们考虑问题的自适应有限元逼近，并在适当的假设下，我们证明了自适应算法对边值问题的弱解的弱收敛性。该论点基于各种弱紧性技术，包括Chacon的咬引理和Sobolev函数的Acerbi—Fusco Lipschitz截断的有限元对应项，由L. Diening, C. Kreuzer和E. Suli[具有隐式幂律样流变的不可压缩流体的稳定流动的有限元近似]引入。
{"title":"Adaptive Finite element approximation of steady flows of incompressible fluids with implicit power-law-like rheology","authors":"C. Kreuzer, E. Suli","doi":"10.1051/m2an/2015085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/m2an/2015085","url":null,"abstract":"We develop the a posteriori error analysis of finite element approximations of implicit power-law-like models for viscous incompressible fluids. The Cauchy stress and the symmetric part of the velocity gradient in the class of models under consideration are related by a, possibly multi--valued, maximal monotone $r$-graph, with $frac{2d}{d+1} < $r$ < ∞. We establish upper and lower bounds on the finite element residual, as well as the local stability of the error bound. We then consider an adaptive finite element approximation of the problem, and, under suitable assumptions, we show the weak convergence of the adaptive algorithm to a weak solution of the boundary-value problem. The argument is based on a variety of weak compactness techniques, including Chacon's biting lemma and a finite element counterpart of the Acerbi--Fusco Lipschitz truncation of Sobolev functions, introduced by L. Diening, C. Kreuzer and E. Suli [Finite element approximation of steady flows of incompressible fluids with implicit power-law-like rheology.","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"1561 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120876346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-23DOI: 10.1142/S0218202516500391
Miroslav Bul'ivcek, P. Gwiazda, E. Suli, Agnieszka Świerczewska-Gwiazda
The paper is concerned with a class of mathematical models for polymeric fluids, which involves the coupling of the Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous, incompressible, constant-density fluid with a parabolic-hyperbolic integro-differential equation describing the evolution of the polymer distribution function in the solvent, and a parabolic integro-differential equation for the evolution of the monomer density function in the solvent. The viscosity coefficient appearing in the balance of linear momentum equation in the Navier-Stokes system includes dependence on the shear-rate as well as on the weight-averaged polymer chain length. The system of partial differential equations under consideration captures the impact of polymerization and depolymerization effects on the viscosity of the fluid. We prove the existence of global-in-time, large-data weak solutions under fairly general hypotheses.
{"title":"Analysis of a viscosity model for concentrated polymers","authors":"Miroslav Bul'ivcek, P. Gwiazda, E. Suli, Agnieszka Świerczewska-Gwiazda","doi":"10.1142/S0218202516500391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218202516500391","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is concerned with a class of mathematical models for polymeric\u0000fluids, which involves the coupling of the Navier-Stokes equations for a\u0000viscous, incompressible, constant-density fluid with a parabolic-hyperbolic\u0000integro-differential equation describing the evolution of the polymer\u0000distribution function in the solvent, and a parabolic integro-differential\u0000equation for the evolution of the monomer density function in the solvent. The\u0000viscosity coefficient appearing in the balance of linear momentum equation in\u0000the Navier-Stokes system includes dependence on the shear-rate as well as on\u0000the weight-averaged polymer chain length. The system of partial differential\u0000equations under consideration captures the impact of polymerization and\u0000depolymerization effects on the viscosity of the fluid. We prove the existence\u0000of global-in-time, large-data weak solutions under fairly general hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131276386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nouri Al-Maliki's legacy and the intricate crisis of the Iraqi political system","authors":"N. Neggaz","doi":"10.23976/INS.2014118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23976/INS.2014118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133495903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-01DOI: 10.1007/978-94-6209-230-3_1
H. Meyer, E. John, M. Chankseliani, Lina Uribe
{"title":"The Crisis of Higher Education Access—A Crisis of Justice","authors":"H. Meyer, E. John, M. Chankseliani, Lina Uribe","doi":"10.1007/978-94-6209-230-3_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-230-3_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130209899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Clifton, Lei A. Clifton, Mohsan S. Alvi, S. Khalid, D. Meredith, J. Price, P. Watkinson, L. Tarassenko
This paper describes the development of a reliable multi-sensor data fusion system for monitoring patient vital-signs in the home. Initial investigatory work has taken place using ambulatory hospital patients, in the Oxford Cancer Hospital. Our monitoring approach is based on a probabilistic model of normality learned from a data-set of vital signs acquired from a representative group of high-risk patients. Alerts are provided to carers whenever patient vital signs are deemed "abnormal" with respect to the model of normality. We show examples of how this approach correctly detects physiological deterioration in the target patient group, and describe future work in further validation of the technology in home monitoring applications. (6 pages)
{"title":"Towards assisted living via probabilistic vital-sign monitoring in the home","authors":"D. Clifton, Lei A. Clifton, Mohsan S. Alvi, S. Khalid, D. Meredith, J. Price, P. Watkinson, L. Tarassenko","doi":"10.1049/IC.2011.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/IC.2011.0022","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the development of a reliable multi-sensor data fusion system for monitoring patient vital-signs in the home. Initial investigatory work has taken place using ambulatory hospital patients, in the Oxford Cancer Hospital. Our monitoring approach is based on a probabilistic model of normality learned from a data-set of vital signs acquired from a representative group of high-risk patients. Alerts are provided to carers whenever patient vital signs are deemed \"abnormal\" with respect to the model of normality. We show examples of how this approach correctly detects physiological deterioration in the target patient group, and describe future work in further validation of the technology in home monitoring applications. (6 pages)","PeriodicalId":238120,"journal":{"name":"ORA review team","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121744756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：