Wiadomosci parazytologiczne最新文献

In this study total of 266 fecal samples from 242 animals belonging to 113 species kept in the Poznan Zoological Garden were examined for Giardia. The cysts of Giardia were found only in five samples of feces collected from a giant toad (Bufo marinus), tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla) and three individuals of cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus). Fragments of beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes were successfully amplified only from the Giardia isolate obtained from the tamandua. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Giardia isolate from the tamandua belonged to the B assemblage and showed homologies of 99% to 100% at bg, gdh and tpi loci of the same markers of parasites isolated from humans and animals in various parts of the world. This is the first molecular characterization of G. duodenalis from tamandua.

Opisthorchid digenean Pseudamphistomum truncatum (Rudolphi, 1819) was isolated from liver bile ducts of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) found dead in the fishing pond complex near Wrocław (Lower Silesia, SW. Poland) in March 2009. Since this is the first record of the parasite in the otter from Poland, the description, biometrical data and figure are presented.

Poultry production proved to be a significant source of bioaerosols. The exposure to high concentration of microorganisms in the air can cause primarily irritations, infections, allergies, and toxic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seasonal biodiversity of airborne fungi in the poultry house, in the surrounding area, as well as to estimate health risk. Seasonal investigations were conducted in the spring, summer, autumn and winter 2010 in the poultry house located near Wrocław in Lower Silesia (Poland). The air samples were collected with the use of a Merck MAS-100 onto nutrient Sabouraud agar and were incubated for 5 days at 26 degrees C. Subsequently the colony-forming units (CFU) were determined. The identification of the isolated fungi was made in accordance with the standard procedures. In the summer and autumn when the weather conditions are most friendly for the spread and the development of numerous microorganisms, fungi were more abundant in the surrounding area than in early spring and winter, when both humidity and temperature were lower. The total of 26 species were analysed (10 in the poultry house and 17 in the surrounding areas). Among 12 fungal genera: Aspergillus, Penicilium, Alternaria, Exophiala, Mycelia sterilla, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Scopulariopsis, Chaetomium, Acremonium, Candida and Rhodotorula nearly everything occurred to be the potential respiratory allergens.

This long-term study of genetic diversity and epidemiology of the alpha-proteobacterium Bartonella in wild rodents from forest (Myodes glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis) and abandoned farmland (Microtus arvalis and Mi. oeconomus) was carried out in the years 2007-2009 in the Mazury Lakes District. In total, 1193 rodents were marked and recaptured, and 2226 blood samples were collected. The highest Bartonella prevalence was found in A. flavicollis (43.5%), the lowest in Mi. oeconomus (9.4%), while prevalence in My. glareolus and Mi. arvalis was, respectively, 13.2% and 11.8% (PCR of citrate synthase gltA gene fragment). Prevalence varied according to year and season, as well as sex of rodents. For woodland animals, a rapid decrease of prevalence was observed in late 2008, due to the dilution effect. Multiple (different species/genotypes of Bartonella in successive months) and mixed infections (more than one bacteria genotype in the same blood sample) were also diagnosed. Between 2835 and 4800000 colony forming units (CFU) per ml blood were recorded, with, for B. taylorii, significant differences between isolates from hosts belonging to different host families. Sequence analysis of 147 isolates revealed 37 gltA variants. In all four rodents, B. taylorii was the most prevalent, and could be divided into three main clades. One clade of B. grahamii was present in My. glareolus, A. flavicollis and Mi. arvalis, and both Microtus species were infected with a single clade of B. doshiae. A single isolate of B. birtlesii from A. flavicollis was collected, while two isolates could not be assigned to any known species. Nested clade analysis showed host specificity of 1st step clades (connected with rodent species) and 2nd step clades (connected with rodent family). Analysis was then extended to other housekeeping genes (cell division proteinftsZ, heat shock protein groEl, riboflavin synthase ribC, beta subunit RNA polymerase rpoB) and gene encoding 16S rRNA. Comparison of alleles of these genes in 27 isolates revealed numerous recombinant events, primarily involving groEl and 16S rRNA genes. Moreover, genetic recombination within housekeeping genes was also identified, and one of the unidentified Bartonella isolates was found to involve recombination within gltA between B. grahamii and B. taylorii. Examination of two T4SS pathogenicity genes (virB5 and bepA), revealed a similar pattern of extensive recombination. BepA from 17 isolates showed little diversity, concomitant with its role as an intra-cellular messenger. The virB5 gene (encoding a putative extra-cellular adhesin) from 22 isolates from voles (Arvicolidae) and A. flavicollis was distinctively different in sequence and putative structure, and showed a clear signature of horizontal gene transfer. Moreover, these recombinant events were often identified in the same isolates in which recombination of groEl or 16S rRNA was observed, suggesting that selection for this pathogenicity gene is importan

The epidemiological and clinical purview of parasite diseases is constantly evolving, mainly due to the changes in human behavior and our environment. The aim of this study was frequency analysis of certain parasite infections, risk factors and clinical symptoms in children and adolescents of north-eastern Poland. 120 children were tested due to the symptoms resembling parasite infection from December 2008 to May 2009. 90 patients (the tested group) aged from 5 months to 18 years were found to be infected with one or more than one of the following parasites: Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia lamblia, Toxocara spp., Strongyloides stercoralis or Enterobius vermicularis. 30 children with no infections found were the control group. Parasites were found by means of microscope decantation stool tests, RIDA Quick Giardia stool test and ELISA blood test (Toxocara IgG). The patients' parents filled out the survey concerning the probability factors of infection and the ailments that were the cause of parasitical diagnosis. High percentage of either isolated or co-invasive parasite infections was ascertained in the tested group--75%. The prevalence of ascariasis was 55.83%, toxocariasis--16.67%, giardiasis--12.5%, strongyloidiasis--5.83% and of enterobiasis--3.33%. The statistical significance of higher dirty hands-mouth contact frequency and more frequent presence of domestic animals in the tested group than in the control group was ascertained. A highly important correlation between the infection and the occurrence of symptoms from at least 3 various systems was ascertained. The presence of habits involving dirty hands-mouth contact and having domestic animals are significant risk factors of parasite infections. The presence of symptoms from at least 3 systems should compel to parasite infection diagnosis with proper differential diagnosis.

The study objective was to determine plasma concentration of pyrimethamine in 24 infants aged 1-5 months, treated for congenital toxoplasmosis. Pyrimethamine was used in a single daily dose at an amount of 0.35-0.98 mg/kg daily, with sulfadiazine (50-100 mg/kg/day) in divided doses 2-3 times a day, and folinic acid given twice a week (7.5 mg). This regimen was continued for 2-6 months, then Fansidar was administered. Pyrimethamine concentration in plasma was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC). A total of 70 tests were performed. Concentration of pyrimethamine ranged from 0.01 to 1.2 microg/ml. In 14 children (58 tests) the concentration of pyrimethamine achieved therapeutic value. In 7 patients (8 tests) the concentration was below therapeutic level, and in 3 patients (4 tests) above therapeutic level. In 11/24 (46%) children transient moderate neutropenia was observed. Modification of therapy was necessary in 12 patients. Monitoring of pyrimethamine concentration in plasma improves safety and effectiveness of the therapy and is useful in obtaining correct individual dose of the drug. Neutropenia is the most common side-effect of pyrimethamine observed even when using the recommended dose.

Cloacotaenia megalops (Nitzsch in Creplin, 1892) is a polyxenic and cosmopolitan tapeworm from the family Hymenolepididae. Its generic name derives from their typical location (cloaca), and the typical final hosts which are birds typically associated with water and marsh environments: Anseriformes, Galliformes and Gruiformes. In Poland, the presence of C. megalops has been observed so far in 16 species of ducks from the Baltic coast, the Mazurian Lake District, Wielkopolsko-Kujawska Lowland, Mazovian Lowland, and Podlasie Lowland. In Western Pomerania, quantitative structure analyses were only carried out on Anas platyrhynchos, and therefore the aim of this study was the detailed analysis of environmental populations of C. megalops in wild ducks. The examined tapeworms were isolated from the digestive tract of 1005 wild ducks representing 17 species belonging to three different eco-tribes: Anatini (n=225), Aythyini (n=413) and Mergini (n=367), from northwestern Poland. During the Study 187 C. megalops were found in 89 birds (8.8% of examined ducks) belonging to 7 species: Anas crecca (common teal), A. querquedula (garganey), A. platyrhynchos (mallard) (Anatini); Aythyaferina (pochard), A. fuligula (tufted duck), A. marila (greater scaup) (Aythyini) and Bucephala clangula (goldeneye) (Mergini). The results show the differences in the quantitative structure of C. megalops among the examined species of ducks. The highest prevalence was found in mallard (18.6%) and the lowest in greater scaup (3.2%). The highest mean intensity was observed in greater scaup (4.0), and the lowest in garganey and common teal (1.0). Relative density was at a similar level in the tested birds. Based on the ratio of dominance, it was found that C. megalops is a rare species in the cestodofauna in the examined birds.

Early detection and correct diagnosis of fungal infection is important for further therapy and prophylaxis. Currently, there are a number of proposals related to rapid diagnostic tests. To those we can include chromogenic media, such as CHROMagar Candida (GRASO). This medium has been developed to differentiate four species of genus Candida. Its use in laboratory has opened up possibilities for growing not only the genus Candida, but also other fungi. The study suggests that medium CHROMagar Candida can provide an excellent pre-test, or be used as complementary to biochemical tests. Establishing a full template of colours would enable more efficient and fuller use of the medium properties, especially in the discrimination of the teleomorphic form from anamorphic.