Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.1
Yunna Lee, E. Im
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the brain, autonomic nervous system, and different peripheral tissues, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Dysfunction of the NPY or NPY system has been implicated in various tumor microenvironments and cardiovascular and GI disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD, including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a major health concern due to its increasing incidence globally. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that NPY also acts as a potent immunomodulator by linking the nervous and immune systems. NPY plays an important role in immunopathology during intestinal inflammation. This paper discusses the potential role of NPY as a valuable biomarker for IBD due to its consistent upregulation in both in vivo and clinical studies. Consequently, it confirms the pro-inflammatory effects of NPY, providing a rational basis for targeting NPY signaling as a therapeutic strategy.
{"title":"Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptide Y in Intestinal Inflammation","authors":"Yunna Lee, E. Im","doi":"10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the brain, autonomic nervous system, and different peripheral tissues, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Dysfunction of the NPY or NPY system has been implicated in various tumor microenvironments and cardiovascular and GI disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD, including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a major health concern due to its increasing incidence globally. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that NPY also acts as a potent immunomodulator by linking the nervous and immune systems. NPY plays an important role in immunopathology during intestinal inflammation. This paper discusses the potential role of NPY as a valuable biomarker for IBD due to its consistent upregulation in both in vivo and clinical studies. Consequently, it confirms the pro-inflammatory effects of NPY, providing a rational basis for targeting NPY signaling as a therapeutic strategy.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89077307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.45
Kyung-Jun Boo, K. Lee, Il-Ho Park, T. Kang
Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke) has been traditionally used in the treatment of digestive-related disease, severe hyperlipidemia and liver disease. Recently, anti-inflammatory effect of artichoke has been reported by several studies, but its mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of artichoke was studied using an in vitro acute inflammation model. The effect of artichoke on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin- 1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, was examined by using ELISA and RT-PCR. As a result, artichoke inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose dependent manner. The expression of inflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2 was next investigated in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Artichoke also inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 in the cells at a dose dependent manner. Artichoke suppressed the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages by LPS. The effect of artichoke on the activation of NF-κB was examined and LPS-induced NF-κB activation was decreased by treatment of artichoke, suggesting that artichoke has anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF- κB activation.
{"title":"Cynara scolymus L. Inhibits the LPS-induced Inflammatory Reaction via Suppression of NF-κB Activity in RAW 264.7 Cells","authors":"Kyung-Jun Boo, K. Lee, Il-Ho Park, T. Kang","doi":"10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke) has been traditionally used in the treatment of digestive-related disease, severe hyperlipidemia and liver disease. Recently, anti-inflammatory effect of artichoke has been reported by several studies, but its mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of artichoke was studied using an in vitro acute inflammation model. The effect of artichoke on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin- 1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, was examined by using ELISA and RT-PCR. As a result, artichoke inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose dependent manner. The expression of inflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2 was next investigated in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Artichoke also inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 in the cells at a dose dependent manner. Artichoke suppressed the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages by LPS. The effect of artichoke on the activation of NF-κB was examined and LPS-induced NF-κB activation was decreased by treatment of artichoke, suggesting that artichoke has anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF- κB activation.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86566933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.23
Nagyeong Lee, Sylvia Park
This study aimed to understand the general public’s perception of the definition and equivalence of generic medicines, and to identify factors associated with the perception. We conducted a nationwide survey of the general public who are currently taking prescription drugs for chronic conditions or who filled at least one prescription in the prior 3 months. A total of 2,026 people were included in the analysis. Of the respondents, 21.0% knew the definition of generic medicines. Less than half of respondents considered generic medicines to be as effective (42.8%) as their original counterparts, and to have same side effects (37.1%) and same quality (35.0%). Also, respondents who were men, taking prescription drugs, and those of higher income or higher levels of education were more likely to know the definition of generic drugs. Higher trust in pharmaceutical equivalence of generic medicines were associated with being male, higher education and knowing the definition of generic medicines. This result implies that consumers having more ability to acquire information tend to have more knowledge on generic medicines. Consumers’ trust in generic medicines seems to build from their knowledge rather than experience of using generic medicines. Information should be given to consumers more effectively in order to enhance their knowledge and perceptions on generic medicine.
{"title":"Consumers’ Knowledge and Perceptions on Generic Medicines","authors":"Nagyeong Lee, Sylvia Park","doi":"10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.23","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to understand the general public’s perception of the definition and equivalence of generic medicines, and to identify factors associated with the perception. We conducted a nationwide survey of the general public who are currently taking prescription drugs for chronic conditions or who filled at least one prescription in the prior 3 months. A total of 2,026 people were included in the analysis. Of the respondents, 21.0% knew the definition of generic medicines. Less than half of respondents considered generic medicines to be as effective (42.8%) as their original counterparts, and to have same side effects (37.1%) and same quality (35.0%). Also, respondents who were men, taking prescription drugs, and those of higher income or higher levels of education were more likely to know the definition of generic drugs. Higher trust in pharmaceutical equivalence of generic medicines were associated with being male, higher education and knowing the definition of generic medicines. This result implies that consumers having more ability to acquire information tend to have more knowledge on generic medicines. Consumers’ trust in generic medicines seems to build from their knowledge rather than experience of using generic medicines. Information should be given to consumers more effectively in order to enhance their knowledge and perceptions on generic medicine.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88104441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.32
S. Lee, Geunjeong Lee, Young Jin Kim, Young ho Cho, Gye-Won Lee
In this study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based subcutaneous implant containing metformin HCl was prepared by hot-melt extrusion (HME). This study aimed to evaluate swelling and dissolution behavior for application as subcutaneous implant. Implants containing metformin HCl were fabricated successfully at 30 rpm, 90oC by HME. Drugexcipient compatibility studies through FT-IR and DSC revealed the absence of any interaction between the drug and polymers. Dissolution rate and swelling ratio of metformin HCl was significantly affected by the type of PLGA. Dissolution rate increased as the ratio of -COOH terminal group and GA. By the results, we could confirm that the mechanism of drug release from implants is Korsmeyer-Peppas model (n=0.14~0.71) by combination of non-fickian diffusion and erosion. The formulation F7 with 65% of RG 752H and 5% of RG 502 was showed excellent swelling ratio with drug release control. In this study, mixing 5~10% of RG 502 with RG 752H can be expected to develop optimal implants exhibiting diffusion-controlled release for 3 months without initial burst release.
{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Implant using Hot-Melt Extrusion","authors":"S. Lee, Geunjeong Lee, Young Jin Kim, Young ho Cho, Gye-Won Lee","doi":"10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based subcutaneous implant containing metformin HCl was prepared by hot-melt extrusion (HME). This study aimed to evaluate swelling and dissolution behavior for application as subcutaneous implant. Implants containing metformin HCl were fabricated successfully at 30 rpm, 90oC by HME. Drugexcipient compatibility studies through FT-IR and DSC revealed the absence of any interaction between the drug and polymers. Dissolution rate and swelling ratio of metformin HCl was significantly affected by the type of PLGA. Dissolution rate increased as the ratio of -COOH terminal group and GA. By the results, we could confirm that the mechanism of drug release from implants is Korsmeyer-Peppas model (n=0.14~0.71) by combination of non-fickian diffusion and erosion. The formulation F7 with 65% of RG 752H and 5% of RG 502 was showed excellent swelling ratio with drug release control. In this study, mixing 5~10% of RG 502 with RG 752H can be expected to develop optimal implants exhibiting diffusion-controlled release for 3 months without initial burst release.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82368089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.310
Y. Park, Sang-Won Lee
This research investigated how collaborations affect drug development, including innovation speed and productivity in the field of new drug development. Two-hundred and twenty new drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2015 and 2019 were analyzed for the duration of each clinical phase using the Clinicaltrials.gov database. Collaborative drug development projects were associated with longer clinical development than independent projects. The largest differences were seen in phases 2 and 3. Collaborations between small firms were associated with longer clinical development times than other types of collaboration. This result suggests consideration should be given, when devising a new drug development strategy, to the fact that collaborative development can slow down the clinical development process.
{"title":"Impact of Collaboration on Clinical Development Time","authors":"Y. Park, Sang-Won Lee","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.310","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated how collaborations affect drug development, including innovation speed and productivity in the field of new drug development. Two-hundred and twenty new drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2015 and 2019 were analyzed for the duration of each clinical phase using the Clinicaltrials.gov database. Collaborative drug development projects were associated with longer clinical development than independent projects. The largest differences were seen in phases 2 and 3. Collaborations between small firms were associated with longer clinical development times than other types of collaboration. This result suggests consideration should be given, when devising a new drug development strategy, to the fact that collaborative development can slow down the clinical development process.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75524798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.316
S. Lee, S. Choung, Changhee Kim, Hyung Jee Kim, SangJoon Mo, Sun-Hyang Choi, Eun Young Kim, Dahye Kang, Eun Jin Kim, Jin Chul Ahn
Male menopause, also referred to as late-onset hypogonadism or andropause, is a clinical syndrome characterized by sexual dysfunction, depressive disorder, and insomnia secondary to a testosterone deficiency in older men. Lespedeza cuneata, which belongs to the Fabaceae family, possesses several biological properties, including antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antidiabetic effects. We investigated the inhibitory effect of standardized L. cuneata extract (LCE) on andropause symptoms in vivo. LCE administration significantly increased serum levels of total testosterone without any effects on serum estrogen levels. Additionally, LCE significantly increased serum 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 protein levels and reduced levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that blocks free testosterone movement into the cytosol. LCE significantly upregulated the expression of cAMP response element binding protein and androgen receptor (AR), which functions as a transcription factor to stimulate spermatogenesis-associated genes and results in increased numbers of AR-positive cells, such as Leydig and Sertoli cells in the testis. To summarize, LCE administration increases serum testosterone, reduces SHBG levels and upregulates AR expression. Therefore, LCE may be useful as alternative therapy for andropause in older men.
{"title":"Ameliorating Effect of Lespedeza cuneata Extract on Male Menopause in Wistar Rats by Increasing Androgen Receptor","authors":"S. Lee, S. Choung, Changhee Kim, Hyung Jee Kim, SangJoon Mo, Sun-Hyang Choi, Eun Young Kim, Dahye Kang, Eun Jin Kim, Jin Chul Ahn","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.316","url":null,"abstract":"Male menopause, also referred to as late-onset hypogonadism or andropause, is a clinical syndrome characterized by sexual dysfunction, depressive disorder, and insomnia secondary to a testosterone deficiency in older men. Lespedeza cuneata, which belongs to the Fabaceae family, possesses several biological properties, including antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antidiabetic effects. We investigated the inhibitory effect of standardized L. cuneata extract (LCE) on andropause symptoms in vivo. LCE administration significantly increased serum levels of total testosterone without any effects on serum estrogen levels. Additionally, LCE significantly increased serum 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 protein levels and reduced levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that blocks free testosterone movement into the cytosol. LCE significantly upregulated the expression of cAMP response element binding protein and androgen receptor (AR), which functions as a transcription factor to stimulate spermatogenesis-associated genes and results in increased numbers of AR-positive cells, such as Leydig and Sertoli cells in the testis. To summarize, LCE administration increases serum testosterone, reduces SHBG levels and upregulates AR expression. Therefore, LCE may be useful as alternative therapy for andropause in older men.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84355078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.345
Jinyoung Lee, S. Kim, Seung-Tae Kim, Heegyu Kim, Huu Long Nguyen, Young-Suk Jung, Hwayoung Yun
Small molecular EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been proved as a successful and powerful strategy for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent studies have reported that the T790M mutation in EGFR is the most prevalent factor in acquired resistance for NSCLC patients. In an effort to identify small molecules for the inhibition of T790M mutant EGFR, a screening of our in-house chemical library was conducted by an MTT assay. A set of 2-anilinopyrimidine derivatives was rationally selected and then evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against three different type of NSCLC cell lines H358 (EGFR wild-type), HCC827 (EGFR exon 19 deletion) and H1975 (EGFR L858R/T790M double-mutant). Compounds 9, possessing a piperidine in the part A and a 4-methylpiperidine in the part B, selectively showed inhibitory activity in the T790M mutant cell line. In addition, in silico studies of 9 utilizing a SwissADME tool exhibited good drug-like properties.
{"title":"Discovery of 2-Anilinopyrimidine-based Selective Inhibitors against Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line H1975","authors":"Jinyoung Lee, S. Kim, Seung-Tae Kim, Heegyu Kim, Huu Long Nguyen, Young-Suk Jung, Hwayoung Yun","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.345","url":null,"abstract":"Small molecular EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been proved as a successful and powerful strategy for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent studies have reported that the T790M mutation in EGFR is the most prevalent factor in acquired resistance for NSCLC patients. In an effort to identify small molecules for the inhibition of T790M mutant EGFR, a screening of our in-house chemical library was conducted by an MTT assay. A set of 2-anilinopyrimidine derivatives was rationally selected and then evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against three different type of NSCLC cell lines H358 (EGFR wild-type), HCC827 (EGFR exon 19 deletion) and H1975 (EGFR L858R/T790M double-mutant). Compounds 9, possessing a piperidine in the part A and a 4-methylpiperidine in the part B, selectively showed inhibitory activity in the T790M mutant cell line. In addition, in silico studies of 9 utilizing a SwissADME tool exhibited good drug-like properties.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80914312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.350
Sohee Kim, Daesung Lee, Hyungbin Choi, Kyenghee Kwon
The extended patent term or exclusivity period from pharmaceuticals’ approval date is limited to 14 years in the US or 15 years in the EU. However there are no such restrictions in Korea, so the market exclusivity can be excessively extended. Therefore, the status of extension of patent term in Korea was analyzed and the patent term from the product’s approval date in Korea, the US, Japan, the UK, France, and Germany were compared. For that, the following information from NEDRUG or KIPRIS were collected and analyzed: the filing date of the patent, whether the patent term has been extended, the expiration date of the patent term, approval date, the products’ name, and representative claims. Alecensa, Xalkori, Biktarvy, and Champix were selected for the comparison. Among 597 patents in Korea, 90.1% (538) were extended and 17.1% (102) of patents exceeded 14 years from the approval date. There were 81 and 60 products that have patents whose term exceeds 14 and 15 years from the approval date, respectively. In the comparative cases of 4 products, the patent term from products’ approval date in Korea is longer than 14 or 15 years, whereas the US, the UK, France, and Germany comply with the regulated limitation. The excessive patent protection delays the market entry of lower-cost generics and leads to an increase in financial burden on healthcare cost. To address such problems, a proper limitation on the extension of the patent term from the product’s approval date needs to be established.
{"title":"Comparative Study on the Extended Patent Term to Restrain Patent Owners from Obtaining the Excessive Market Exclusivity Regarding Pharmaceuticals in Korea, the US, Japan, the UK, France, and Germany","authors":"Sohee Kim, Daesung Lee, Hyungbin Choi, Kyenghee Kwon","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.350","url":null,"abstract":"The extended patent term or exclusivity period from pharmaceuticals’ approval date is limited to 14 years in the US or 15 years in the EU. However there are no such restrictions in Korea, so the market exclusivity can be excessively extended. Therefore, the status of extension of patent term in Korea was analyzed and the patent term from the product’s approval date in Korea, the US, Japan, the UK, France, and Germany were compared. For that, the following information from NEDRUG or KIPRIS were collected and analyzed: the filing date of the patent, whether the patent term has been extended, the expiration date of the patent term, approval date, the products’ name, and representative claims. Alecensa, Xalkori, Biktarvy, and Champix were selected for the comparison. Among 597 patents in Korea, 90.1% (538) were extended and 17.1% (102) of patents exceeded 14 years from the approval date. There were 81 and 60 products that have patents whose term exceeds 14 and 15 years from the approval date, respectively. In the comparative cases of 4 products, the patent term from products’ approval date in Korea is longer than 14 or 15 years, whereas the US, the UK, France, and Germany comply with the regulated limitation. The excessive patent protection delays the market entry of lower-cost generics and leads to an increase in financial burden on healthcare cost. To address such problems, a proper limitation on the extension of the patent term from the product’s approval date needs to be established.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84707902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.374
Miryoung Kim, Sola Han, H. S. Suh
Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing potassium competitive acid blockers (PCABs) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been previously conducted, systematic reviews are lacking. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, KMBASE, and KoreaMed databases for relevant RCTs up to October 3, 2020. We assessed the Helicobacter pylori eradication rate of PCAB-based first-line triple therapy and compared it with that of PPI-based therapy. In all five of the included studies comprising a total of 1542 patients, the intervention used was vonoprazan (VPZ)-based therapy, and there were no studies on tegoprazan (TPZ)-based therapy. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) for the eradication rate of VPZ-based therapy as compared to those of PPI-based therapies was 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–1.26, P<0.00001 for overall effect, I2=41%, P=0.15 for heterogeneity). The RR of VPZ-based therapy compared to that of PPI-based for clarithromycin (CAM)-resistant strains was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.12– 1.48, P<0.0003 for overall effect, I2=0%, P=0.78 for heterogeneity). VPZ-based first-line triple therapy shows a significant H. pylori eradication rate compared to that of the PPI-based. Notably, VPZ-based therapy shows a better eradication rate than that PPI-based therapy, even in patients with CAM-resistant strains.
{"title":"The Efficacy of Potassium Competitive Acid Blocker-based First-line Triple Therapy on Helicobacter pylori Eradication as Compared to Proton Pump Inhibitor-based Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Miryoung Kim, Sola Han, H. S. Suh","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.374","url":null,"abstract":"Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing potassium competitive acid blockers (PCABs) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been previously conducted, systematic reviews are lacking. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, KMBASE, and KoreaMed databases for relevant RCTs up to October 3, 2020. We assessed the Helicobacter pylori eradication rate of PCAB-based first-line triple therapy and compared it with that of PPI-based therapy. In all five of the included studies comprising a total of 1542 patients, the intervention used was vonoprazan (VPZ)-based therapy, and there were no studies on tegoprazan (TPZ)-based therapy. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) for the eradication rate of VPZ-based therapy as compared to those of PPI-based therapies was 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–1.26, P<0.00001 for overall effect, I2=41%, P=0.15 for heterogeneity). The RR of VPZ-based therapy compared to that of PPI-based for clarithromycin (CAM)-resistant strains was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.12– 1.48, P<0.0003 for overall effect, I2=0%, P=0.78 for heterogeneity). VPZ-based first-line triple therapy shows a significant H. pylori eradication rate compared to that of the PPI-based. Notably, VPZ-based therapy shows a better eradication rate than that PPI-based therapy, even in patients with CAM-resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77215414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.364
S. Jang, Cinoo Kang
As the number of elderly living in long-term care facilities increases, unused medicines are also increasing. This study investigated the status of unused medicines in long-term care facilities and the factors affecting it. Using National Health Insurance Claims Database(NHICB) and Long-term Care Insurance Claims Database(LTCHCD), 137,309 people who lived only in long-term care facilities and took prescription drugs in 2019 were analyzed in this study. Most of them were prescribed by the clinic (41%), and the days per prescription were 25 days in average. Only 1.8% of prescriptions were from tertiary general hospitals, but the days per prescription reached 85 days, accounting for 67% of prescriptions for more than 60 days. The average age of long-term care facility residents was 84.8 years, and 22.6% of them deceased in 2019. 33.7% of the subjects had unused medicines. The days of unused medicines due to duplication in pharmacologically equivalent groups were 13 days in average. The average days of unused medicine due to death were comparatively longer, which was 75.5 days. Unused medicine costs were about 0.9% of the total pharmaceutical expenditures and 77.8% of the costs was caused by death. Unused medicines increased as the number of outpatient visits increased (Relative Risk (RR): 1.14) or when the days per prescription were long (RR: 1.16). Older adults who died were 15 times more likely to have unused medicines than those who were alive. The amount of unused medicines in long-term care facilities is substantial, so it is necessary to establish appropriate policies to reduce it.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Unused Medicine Occurrences in Long-term Care Facilities","authors":"S. Jang, Cinoo Kang","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.6.364","url":null,"abstract":"As the number of elderly living in long-term care facilities increases, unused medicines are also increasing. This study investigated the status of unused medicines in long-term care facilities and the factors affecting it. Using National Health Insurance Claims Database(NHICB) and Long-term Care Insurance Claims Database(LTCHCD), 137,309 people who lived only in long-term care facilities and took prescription drugs in 2019 were analyzed in this study. Most of them were prescribed by the clinic (41%), and the days per prescription were 25 days in average. Only 1.8% of prescriptions were from tertiary general hospitals, but the days per prescription reached 85 days, accounting for 67% of prescriptions for more than 60 days. The average age of long-term care facility residents was 84.8 years, and 22.6% of them deceased in 2019. 33.7% of the subjects had unused medicines. The days of unused medicines due to duplication in pharmacologically equivalent groups were 13 days in average. The average days of unused medicine due to death were comparatively longer, which was 75.5 days. Unused medicine costs were about 0.9% of the total pharmaceutical expenditures and 77.8% of the costs was caused by death. Unused medicines increased as the number of outpatient visits increased (Relative Risk (RR): 1.14) or when the days per prescription were long (RR: 1.16). Older adults who died were 15 times more likely to have unused medicines than those who were alive. The amount of unused medicines in long-term care facilities is substantial, so it is necessary to establish appropriate policies to reduce it.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87645711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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