Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.269
Joo Hui Kim, Seong-Ok Kim
This study was examined to evaluate readiness for interprofessional learning of students from the College of Pharmacy and the College of Nursing at a university. A cross-sectional structured survey was used to compare the readiness for interprofessional learning between different departments and by the experience of interprofessional education. As a survey questionnaire, the Korean version of readiness for interprofessional learning Scale (RIPLS) included 19 items. The subjects consisted of 76 students (20 nursing students with IPE experience, 33 pharmacy students with IPE experience, and 26 pharmacy students without IPE experience) enrolled in 2021. The response rate was 41.6%. The scores of readiness for interprofessional learning in nursing students were significantly higher than pharmacy students (p<0.05). The scores of readiness for interprofessional learning in pharmacy students without IPE experience were significantly higher than pharmacy students with IPE experience (p<0.05). Five sub-items in the teamwork and collaboration categories of RIPLS had a high score of over 4 points. An effective IPE program suitable for the educational field in Korea needs to be developed through additional research on IPE class content, essential skills, and learning methods in pharmaceutical education.
{"title":"Evaluation of Readiness for Interprofessional Learning of students from the College of Pharmacy and the College of Nursing at a University","authors":"Joo Hui Kim, Seong-Ok Kim","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.269","url":null,"abstract":"This study was examined to evaluate readiness for interprofessional learning of students from the College of Pharmacy and the College of Nursing at a university. A cross-sectional structured survey was used to compare the readiness for interprofessional learning between different departments and by the experience of interprofessional education. As a survey questionnaire, the Korean version of readiness for interprofessional learning Scale (RIPLS) included 19 items. The subjects consisted of 76 students (20 nursing students with IPE experience, 33 pharmacy students with IPE experience, and 26 pharmacy students without IPE experience) enrolled in 2021. The response rate was 41.6%. The scores of readiness for interprofessional learning in nursing students were significantly higher than pharmacy students (p<0.05). The scores of readiness for interprofessional learning in pharmacy students without IPE experience were significantly higher than pharmacy students with IPE experience (p<0.05). Five sub-items in the teamwork and collaboration categories of RIPLS had a high score of over 4 points. An effective IPE program suitable for the educational field in Korea needs to be developed through additional research on IPE class content, essential skills, and learning methods in pharmaceutical education.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90964009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.225
Hea-Lim Kim, Hye-Jae Lee
The number of dementia patients and the associated socio-economic burden are rapidly increasing in Korea. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia increase the burden on caregivers, thus primarily instigating admission to a nursing home. In this study, using 2018 Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-Aged Patient Sample (HIRA-APS) data, the pattern of concurrent use of anti-dementia and antipsychotic drugs by dementia patients was investigated, and related factors were identified. The most frequently used combination were donepezil-quetiapine (52.8%), donepezil-memantine-quetiapine (13.8%), and donepezil-risperidone (8.8%). Logistic regression analysis revealed male patients, those aged ≥75 years, medical aid beneficiaries, and those with Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ≥5 to be more likely to receive concomitant administration. The likelihood increased in patients visiting nursing or general hospitals, while it decreased in patients visiting tertiary hospitals. Honam, Gyeongsang, and Chungcheong regions showed lower likelihood of concurrent use than Seoul-metropolitan area. The results of this study provide basic evidence for further studies on the outcome of concurrent use in dementia patients.
{"title":"Patterns of the Concurrent Use of Anti-dementia Drugs and Antipsychotics: Analysis using HIRA-APS-2018 Data","authors":"Hea-Lim Kim, Hye-Jae Lee","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.225","url":null,"abstract":"The number of dementia patients and the associated socio-economic burden are rapidly increasing in Korea. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia increase the burden on caregivers, thus primarily instigating admission to a nursing home. In this study, using 2018 Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-Aged Patient Sample (HIRA-APS) data, the pattern of concurrent use of anti-dementia and antipsychotic drugs by dementia patients was investigated, and related factors were identified. The most frequently used combination were donepezil-quetiapine (52.8%), donepezil-memantine-quetiapine (13.8%), and donepezil-risperidone (8.8%). Logistic regression analysis revealed male patients, those aged ≥75 years, medical aid beneficiaries, and those with Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ≥5 to be more likely to receive concomitant administration. The likelihood increased in patients visiting nursing or general hospitals, while it decreased in patients visiting tertiary hospitals. Honam, Gyeongsang, and Chungcheong regions showed lower likelihood of concurrent use than Seoul-metropolitan area. The results of this study provide basic evidence for further studies on the outcome of concurrent use in dementia patients.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77963517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.217
Jung-eun Lee, D. Im
The Indian neem tree has been used for treating several medical conditions. Nimbolide, an active compound present in the leaves of the Indian neem tree, has shown anti-inflammatory effects in several animal models. However, its efficacy against allergic asthma has not been examined. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nimbolide on mast cell degranulation and ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice. Nimbolide administration inhibited antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced the immune cell numbers by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies also demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of nimbolide, evident from the reduced number of periodic acid-Schiff-stained cells and inflammatory scores in the lungs. Furthermore, nimbolide administration inhibited the increase of IL-13 levels, but not that of serum IgE levels. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of nimbolide against allergic asthma.
{"title":"Inhibitory Effect of Nimbolide on Mast Cell Degranulation and Allergic Asthma in Mice","authors":"Jung-eun Lee, D. Im","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.217","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian neem tree has been used for treating several medical conditions. Nimbolide, an active compound present in the leaves of the Indian neem tree, has shown anti-inflammatory effects in several animal models. However, its efficacy against allergic asthma has not been examined. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nimbolide on mast cell degranulation and ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice. Nimbolide administration inhibited antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced the immune cell numbers by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies also demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of nimbolide, evident from the reduced number of periodic acid-Schiff-stained cells and inflammatory scores in the lungs. Furthermore, nimbolide administration inhibited the increase of IL-13 levels, but not that of serum IgE levels. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of nimbolide against allergic asthma.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77817923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.255
Hyemin Cho, Yumin Lee, S. Jang
Pharmacy utilization among immigrants in Korea is increasing amid the rapidly rising number of immigrants living in the country. However, few studies have investigated immigrants’ pharmacy utilization. This qualitative study used group interviews to explore immigrants’ experiences and perceptions of drug use and pharmacist services in Korea. The study participants consisted of 30 immigrants who had lived in Incheon and Gyeonggi for at least one year and had used pharmacies. The analysis results are grouped under three themes: “Reasons for visiting and selecting a pharmacy,” “Experience and perception of pharmacy and pharmacists’ services,” and “Experience and perception of taking medicine.” Our study shows that immigrants in Korea face language barriers when visiting pharmacies and struggle with Korea’s prescription-dispensing systems, forcing them to rely on their home country communities. However, immigrants who build a relationship of trust with a certain pharmacy tend to visit it regularly. Therefore, Korean pharmacists must strive to build good relationships with immigrants in order to help them adapt to Korea’s healthcare system.
{"title":"Experience and Perception of Immigrants on Drug Use and Services of Pharmacists","authors":"Hyemin Cho, Yumin Lee, S. Jang","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.255","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacy utilization among immigrants in Korea is increasing amid the rapidly rising number of immigrants living in the country. However, few studies have investigated immigrants’ pharmacy utilization. This qualitative study used group interviews to explore immigrants’ experiences and perceptions of drug use and pharmacist services in Korea. The study participants consisted of 30 immigrants who had lived in Incheon and Gyeonggi for at least one year and had used pharmacies. The analysis results are grouped under three themes: “Reasons for visiting and selecting a pharmacy,” “Experience and perception of pharmacy and pharmacists’ services,” and “Experience and perception of taking medicine.” Our study shows that immigrants in Korea face language barriers when visiting pharmacies and struggle with Korea’s prescription-dispensing systems, forcing them to rely on their home country communities. However, immigrants who build a relationship of trust with a certain pharmacy tend to visit it regularly. Therefore, Korean pharmacists must strive to build good relationships with immigrants in order to help them adapt to Korea’s healthcare system.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"424 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86846668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.204
Ji Eun Park, M. Oh
The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety is amending its test methods for dietary supplements (functional health food) to establish regulatory standards and specifications in South Korea. In this study, we develop analytical test methods to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the chitosan test method. We develop liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry for a chitosan analysis using acid hydrolysis to glucosamine. This method can be used to characterize and quantify dietary supplement formulations containing chitosan. The procedure was validated in the 78 ~ 2,500 ng/mL range, and standard calibration curves presented linearity with the coefficient of determination (r²) > 0.999. The limits of detection and quantitation were 51 ng/mL and 154 ng/mL, respectively. The recovery results ranged between 94.8 ~ 102.9% at three different concentration levels with relative standard deviations less than 3.1%, and precision (0.8 ~ 2.5%) was obtained. These are in accordance with the established validation criteria (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). Subsequently, our research provides scientific evidence for amending the chitosan test method for the Health Functional Food Codes.
{"title":"Analytical Method Development for Determination of Chitosan by LC-MS/MS in Dietary Supplement","authors":"Ji Eun Park, M. Oh","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.204","url":null,"abstract":"The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety is amending its test methods for dietary supplements (functional health food) to establish regulatory standards and specifications in South Korea. In this study, we develop analytical test methods to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the chitosan test method. We develop liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry for a chitosan analysis using acid hydrolysis to glucosamine. This method can be used to characterize and quantify dietary supplement formulations containing chitosan. The procedure was validated in the 78 ~ 2,500 ng/mL range, and standard calibration curves presented linearity with the coefficient of determination (r²) > 0.999. The limits of detection and quantitation were 51 ng/mL and 154 ng/mL, respectively. The recovery results ranged between 94.8 ~ 102.9% at three different concentration levels with relative standard deviations less than 3.1%, and precision (0.8 ~ 2.5%) was obtained. These are in accordance with the established validation criteria (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). Subsequently, our research provides scientific evidence for amending the chitosan test method for the Health Functional Food Codes.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77021728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.161
E. Z. Yoon, Jae Hyeon Kim, Nakyung Jeon
Intensive insulin therapy is the primary treatment option for patients with type 1 and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Insulin pump therapy and multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) are the principal methods of intensive insulin therapy. The clinical utility of an insulin pump is generally greater than an MDI regimen. An artificial pancreas, which is an insulin pump with an integrated continuous glucose monitor (CGM), has recently been introduced on the market with emerging clinical evidence. Although it may offer clinical benefits and reduce the self-management burden among patients with diabetes, its potential for inappropriate use and unaffordability are the major barriers to its universal utilization. Despite the medical assistance program offered by the Korean National Healthcare System, which provides coverage for consumables and devices for diabetes treatment, some patients cannot afford to use an advanced insulin delivery system (i.e., the artificial pancreas). Under the current reimbursement policy, the healthcare system considers an insulin pump and a CGM as separate items for regulatory and reimbursement purposes. In other words, the artificial pancreas is categorized as an insulin pump and reimbursed at the same amount as a traditional insulin pump. The fundamental operating function may be the same between the artificial pancreas and a traditional insulin pump; however, there should be a different reimbursement pathway to make a novel category for the artificial pancreas instead of categorizing it under insulin pumps and to differentiate pricing based on the comparative (cost-) effectiveness among insulin delivery devices. Other countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France are moving toward rapid and universal adoption of the artificial pancreas supported by their clinical governance and regulatory affairs. In this review, we highlight the need to improve the accessibility and affordability of advanced diabetes technology by discussing the current issues in the reimbursement policy that limit the universal use of advanced insulin delivery devices in Korea.
{"title":"Current Status and Improvement of Reimbursement Policy for Insulin Delivery Device in Korea: Toward Universal Use of Artificial Pancreas","authors":"E. Z. Yoon, Jae Hyeon Kim, Nakyung Jeon","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.161","url":null,"abstract":"Intensive insulin therapy is the primary treatment option for patients with type 1 and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Insulin pump therapy and multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) are the principal methods of intensive insulin therapy. The clinical utility of an insulin pump is generally greater than an MDI regimen. An artificial pancreas, which is an insulin pump with an integrated continuous glucose monitor (CGM), has recently been introduced on the market with emerging clinical evidence. Although it may offer clinical benefits and reduce the self-management burden among patients with diabetes, its potential for inappropriate use and unaffordability are the major barriers to its universal utilization. Despite the medical assistance program offered by the Korean National Healthcare System, which provides coverage for consumables and devices for diabetes treatment, some patients cannot afford to use an advanced insulin delivery system (i.e., the artificial pancreas). Under the current reimbursement policy, the healthcare system considers an insulin pump and a CGM as separate items for regulatory and reimbursement purposes. In other words, the artificial pancreas is categorized as an insulin pump and reimbursed at the same amount as a traditional insulin pump. The fundamental operating function may be the same between the artificial pancreas and a traditional insulin pump; however, there should be a different reimbursement pathway to make a novel category for the artificial pancreas instead of categorizing it under insulin pumps and to differentiate pricing based on the comparative (cost-) effectiveness among insulin delivery devices. Other countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France are moving toward rapid and universal adoption of the artificial pancreas supported by their clinical governance and regulatory affairs. In this review, we highlight the need to improve the accessibility and affordability of advanced diabetes technology by discussing the current issues in the reimbursement policy that limit the universal use of advanced insulin delivery devices in Korea.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78759260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.192
Ji Yeon Kim, Min Joung Choi, S. Ki, W. Lee
Plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs) are pharmaceuticals prepared using proteins in plasma, a liquid component of blood. Regarding the use of human blood as a raw material in PDMP manufacturing, it has unique characteristics unlike other pharmaceuticals (for example, limitations of scientific identification, finiteness of blood, and risk of infection through disease pathogens, such as the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in the blood). The safety management policy of PDMPs in Korea started with the enactment of the Blood Management Act in 1970. After that, the current safety management system was established through product approval management according to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 2006, higher standards of safety management for imported source plasma in 2009, and expansion of management standards for source plasma in 2012. The safety management of PDMPs involves several important policies. Public management has been carried out by the Korean Red Cross and national government, and domestic plasma should be used first, while imported plasma may be used only if there is not enough. Additionally, to ensure blood products safety, plasma testing, inventory hold, and plasma master file reporting obligations are being implemented. In addition, it is managed as a subject of national lot release, which should also be quality-confirmed by the country. Because the supply of domestic source plasma, which is the raw material of PDMPs, has shown a decreasing trend in recent years, continuous monitoring and preparation is required. In this study, we describe the history of safety management policies, including the definition and classification of PDMPs, product status, usage status of source plasma, and the related policy guidelines and characteristics.
{"title":"An Investigation on the Safety Management Policy and Characteristics of Domestic Plasma-derived Medicinal Products","authors":"Ji Yeon Kim, Min Joung Choi, S. Ki, W. Lee","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.192","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs) are pharmaceuticals prepared using proteins in plasma, a liquid component of blood. Regarding the use of human blood as a raw material in PDMP manufacturing, it has unique characteristics unlike other pharmaceuticals (for example, limitations of scientific identification, finiteness of blood, and risk of infection through disease pathogens, such as the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in the blood). The safety management policy of PDMPs in Korea started with the enactment of the Blood Management Act in 1970. After that, the current safety management system was established through product approval management according to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 2006, higher standards of safety management for imported source plasma in 2009, and expansion of management standards for source plasma in 2012. The safety management of PDMPs involves several important policies. Public management has been carried out by the Korean Red Cross and national government, and domestic plasma should be used first, while imported plasma may be used only if there is not enough. Additionally, to ensure blood products safety, plasma testing, inventory hold, and plasma master file reporting obligations are being implemented. In addition, it is managed as a subject of national lot release, which should also be quality-confirmed by the country. Because the supply of domestic source plasma, which is the raw material of PDMPs, has shown a decreasing trend in recent years, continuous monitoring and preparation is required. In this study, we describe the history of safety management policies, including the definition and classification of PDMPs, product status, usage status of source plasma, and the related policy guidelines and characteristics.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78884055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.175
Ha Neul Lee, Minku Kang, Tae Eun Park
The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved empagliflozin, which is a sodiumglucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes, for the treatment of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in 2021. Earlier this year, empagliflozin became the only SGLT2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) as well. These approvals were based on the studies that showed empagliflozin reducing hospitalization for HF and cardiovascular mortality. Based on these new findings, SGLT2 inhibitors, including empagliflozin, have been recently added to the heart failure treatment guidelines in the US and Europe. Although empagliflozin is approved for adults with HFrEF in South Korea, treatment guidelines for chronic heart failure have not been updated to include this drug and other SGLT2 inhibitors, yet. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the studies on the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in heart failure and its current place in clinical practice.
{"title":"Review of Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure","authors":"Ha Neul Lee, Minku Kang, Tae Eun Park","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.175","url":null,"abstract":"The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved empagliflozin, which is a sodiumglucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes, for the treatment of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in 2021. Earlier this year, empagliflozin became the only SGLT2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) as well. These approvals were based on the studies that showed empagliflozin reducing hospitalization for HF and cardiovascular mortality. Based on these new findings, SGLT2 inhibitors, including empagliflozin, have been recently added to the heart failure treatment guidelines in the US and Europe. Although empagliflozin is approved for adults with HFrEF in South Korea, treatment guidelines for chronic heart failure have not been updated to include this drug and other SGLT2 inhibitors, yet. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the studies on the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in heart failure and its current place in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74159192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.169
Yunho Jeong, Ye Eun Kim, Sang Hyup Lee
Reuterin, one of the low-molecular organic compounds, contains an aldehyde and alcohol group with three carbons. It also possesses a certain degree of complexity in chemical structure because of the presence of aldehyde group. In an aqueous solution of reuterin, monomeric, hydrate, and dimeric forms coexist in equilibrium. Reuterin has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiinflammatory, and antifungal activities. Specifically, it displays stronger antibacterial activities and lower toxicities than the existing antimicrobial agents such as glutaraldehyde. Due to the beneficial biological attributes, reuterin can be a potential candidate for novel functional compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Preparation methods for reuterin include biochemical conversion and chemical synthesis. Biochemical conversion approach employs bioconversion using glycerol and Lactobacillus reuteri and chemical synthesis utilizes acrolein or 1,2,4-butanetriol as a starting material. However, despite its exceptional biological activities, the mechanism of action is obscure. Collectively, reuterin has substantial potential as a functional compound in food and pharmaceutical domain.
{"title":"Review on the Structural Features and Biological Activities of Reuterin","authors":"Yunho Jeong, Ye Eun Kim, Sang Hyup Lee","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.169","url":null,"abstract":"Reuterin, one of the low-molecular organic compounds, contains an aldehyde and alcohol group with three carbons. It also possesses a certain degree of complexity in chemical structure because of the presence of aldehyde group. In an aqueous solution of reuterin, monomeric, hydrate, and dimeric forms coexist in equilibrium. Reuterin has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiinflammatory, and antifungal activities. Specifically, it displays stronger antibacterial activities and lower toxicities than the existing antimicrobial agents such as glutaraldehyde. Due to the beneficial biological attributes, reuterin can be a potential candidate for novel functional compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Preparation methods for reuterin include biochemical conversion and chemical synthesis. Biochemical conversion approach employs bioconversion using glycerol and Lactobacillus reuteri and chemical synthesis utilizes acrolein or 1,2,4-butanetriol as a starting material. However, despite its exceptional biological activities, the mechanism of action is obscure. Collectively, reuterin has substantial potential as a functional compound in food and pharmaceutical domain.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88910759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.184
Jihyun Kim, S. Hlaing, Juho Lee, A. Saparbayeva, Jin-Wook Yoo
The gut microbiome is a critical determinant of human health and disease status. Administration of live microorganisms has emerged as an effective way to recover damaged gut microbiome for improving host health. However, live microorganisms are susceptible to various environmental stresses, including acidic pH during the gastric transit. Thus, appropriate delivery techniques are required to protect the live microorganisms during their transit to the target area and ensure their release at a desired location such as ileum or ascending colon. In this review, we provide an overview of intestinal delivery techniques for live microorganisms.
{"title":"Intestinal Delivery Techniques for Live Microorganisms: A Brief Overview","authors":"Jihyun Kim, S. Hlaing, Juho Lee, A. Saparbayeva, Jin-Wook Yoo","doi":"10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.4.184","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiome is a critical determinant of human health and disease status. Administration of live microorganisms has emerged as an effective way to recover damaged gut microbiome for improving host health. However, live microorganisms are susceptible to various environmental stresses, including acidic pH during the gastric transit. Thus, appropriate delivery techniques are required to protect the live microorganisms during their transit to the target area and ensure their release at a desired location such as ileum or ascending colon. In this review, we provide an overview of intestinal delivery techniques for live microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":23923,"journal":{"name":"Yakhak Hoeji","volume":"172 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77714010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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