Zhongguo ying yong sheng li xue za zhi = Zhongguo yingyong shenglixue zazhi = Chinese journal of applied physiology最新文献

Poorly soluble small compounds pose challenges in drug formulation due to low solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. These compounds often struggle to effectively target the disease due to their limited solubility. A large particle size further complicates reaching the desired site of action in the body. Reducing particle size through micronization or nanonization can enhance the efficacy of these active substances. Various methods, such as precipitation, milling, and high-pressure homogenization, are used to create nanocrystals, which can be delivered via multiple routes, with oral administration being preferred for safety and patient compliance. Nanonization is a key process in improving bioavailability, transforming micronized particles into nanoparticles under 1000 nm.

Pharmaceutical cocrystals have emerged as a transformative approach in drug development, enhancing the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as solubility, bioavailability, stability, and dissolution rate without altering their pharmacological characteristics. Defined as multicomponent crystalline solids composed of two or more neutral molecules in a stoichiometric ratio, cocrystals are formed through non-ionic interactions like hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. This review explores the evolution, design, preparation, and applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals, highlighting their ability to improve drug performance, enable controlled release, and offer intellectual property opportunities. Various preparation methods, including solvent-based (e.g., solvent evaporation, cooling crystallization) and solid-based (e.g., grinding, liquid-assisted grinding) techniques, are discussed alongside design approaches like hydrogen bonding propensity and the supramolecular synthonic approach. The review also addresses challenges such as molecular compatibility, thermodynamic barriers, and regulatory considerations. With regulatory acceptance from agencies like the FDA and ongoing advancements in crystal engineering, pharmaceutical cocrystals hold significant promise for optimizing drug delivery and formulation, necessitating further research to fully realize their potential in commercial applications.

Intranasal delivery offers a promising route for direct drug transport to the central nervous system, bypassing the blood-brain barrier and improving therapeutic outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil, a widely prescribed drug for Alzheimer's, suffers from poor oral bioavailability, delayed onset, and limited nootropic activity due to extensive systemic metabolism. To address these limitations, this study aimed to develop and optimize a Donepezil-loaded lipid-based nanoemulsion for enhanced nose-to-brain delivery. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize three formulation variables: drug-to-lipid ratio (1:2 to 1:6), surfactant concentration (1-2% w/v), and stirring speed (1500-2500 rpm), with their effects assessed on particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug loading. Based on solubility and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, Glyceryl Monostearate and Tween 80 were selected as excipients. Seventeen formulations were prepared and analyzed using Response Surface Methodology. The optimized formulation (Batch 18) exhibited a particle size of 160.12 nm, entrapment efficiency of 80.75%, and drug loading of 19.98%, with a desirability score of 0.977. Predicted and observed values were within ±5% variation, confirming model reliability with high Adjusted R² (>0.95), Predicted R² (>0.90), and a non-significant lack of fit (p > 0.05) by ANOVA. The optimized nanoemulsion showed enhanced brain-targeting efficiency and improved nootropic potential of Donepezil via the intranasal route, presenting a promising strategy for Alzheimer's therapy. However, the study was limited to in vitro assessments, and further in vivo pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and long-term safety evaluations are warranted to comprehensively establish its therapeutic potential.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have witnessed significant advancements in recent years, offering promising therapeutic options for the management of complex and multifactorial diseases. Despite their success, conventional mAbs exhibit limitations such as restricted targeting capacity and suboptimal immune activation, which has driven the development of bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) capable of engaging multiple antigens simultaneously. Among these, CD3-bispecific mAbs have emerged as a potent class of immunotherapeutics, capable of activating T cells and inducing T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells, particularly in cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights several representative formats of BsAbs, elucidates their underlying mechanisms of action, and discusses current design strategies for CD3-bispecific mAbs. Emphasis is placed on optimizing their therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects, supported by recent drug development examples and clinical applications.

Introduction: Cancer remains a major global health concern, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths annually. Despite its complexity and heterogeneity, significant advancements in cancer research over the past two decades have transformed the landscape of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Notably, the integration of personalized medicine and technological innovations has led to more precise, effective, and individualized care strategies.

Materials: This review utilized peer-reviewed articles, clinical trial data, and recent meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2025. Major databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using keywords such as "cancer therapy," "personalized medicine," "cancer diagnostics," "immunotherapy," and "cancer prevention.

Methods: A systematic review approach was applied, focusing on studies that reported significant advancements in cancer treatment modalities (e.g., targeted therapy, immunotherapy), diagnostic technologies (e.g., liquid biopsy, AI-based imaging), and preventive strategies (e.g., vaccination, genetic screening). Articles were selected based on relevance, impact, and recency, with a preference for clinical studies and high-impact reviews.

Results: Emerging therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, and molecularly targeted agents have shown improved survival and response rates in several cancer types. Diagnostic innovations, including next-generation sequencing and non-invasive liquid biopsies, have enhanced early detection and monitoring of treatment response. Preventive measures, such as HPV and HBV vaccination and genetic risk profiling, have reduced the incidence of several preventable cancers. Personalized medicine approaches have enabled treatment decisions based on individual genetic and molecular profiles, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes and reduced adverse effects.

Discussion: The integration of genomics, artificial intelligence, and immunotherapy into oncology practice marks a shift toward precision medicine. While these advances have significantly improved patient care, challenges such as treatment resistance, access disparities, and the high cost of novel therapies remain. Continued interdisciplinary research, equitable healthcare policies, and investment in emerging technologies are essential to fully realize the benefits of modern cancer care.

Flax seeds, scientifically known as Linum usitatissimum, are nutrient-rich seeds with omega-3 fatty acids, lignans, and fiber. They offer diverse health benefits including cholesterol reduction, cardiovascular support, anti-inflammatory properties, and potential in combating chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer. Additionally, their anti-arrhythmic and anti-atherogenic properties benefit vascular health. Studying their botanical features, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities could lead to innovative medical treatments. Flax seeds, with their nutritional versatility, present a valuable addition to a balanced diet, potentially contributing to improved well-being and disease prevention. studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in the production of nanoparticles with enhanced pharmacological effects and potential applications in various biomedical fields. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to explore the importantrole of L. usitatissimum as an important medicinal weed and to study its various pharmacological activities as well as the required chemical components.

The effect of Shirisharishta on histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs was evaluated in this study. Guinea pigs were placed in a histamine chamber, and an aerosol of 0.5% histamine was introduced using a compressor and nebulizer. The antihistaminic activity of the compound formulation of Albizzia lebbeck bark, i.e., Shirisharishta, as well as the extracts of its individual Prakshepa Dravyas, was assessed against histamine aerosol-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. Additionally, a clinical trial of Shirisharishta was conducted on a group of patients suffering from urticaria, wherein its antiallergic effects were observed and compared to a standard treatment group. The study demonstrated promising antiallergic and bronchodilator activity of Shirisharishta, supporting its therapeutic potential in allergic and respiratory disorders.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) represents a holistic approach to health and wellness that integrates ancient philosophies with diverse therapeutic modalities. Rooted in concepts of Yin-Yang balance, Qi (vital energy), and the Five Elements theory, TCM aims to harmonize the body, mind, and spirit to achieve optimal health outcomes. This review explores the historical development, philosophical foundations, diagnostic methods, and common practices within TCM. It highlights the integration of acupuncture, herbal medicine, dietary therapy, and mind-body practices as key components of TCM's therapeutic arsenal. Scientific perspectives on TCM emphasize ongoing research efforts to validate its efficacy, mechanisms of action, and integration into modern healthcare systems. Criticisms surrounding TCM include challenges related to scientific validation, safety concerns regarding herbal products, and cultural differences in healthcare practices. Despite these challenges, TCM continues to evolve with advancements in research methodologies, digital health technologies, and integrative medicine approaches. The future of TCM holds promise in personalized and preventive medicine, global standardization, and ethical practices, positioning it as a valuable contributor to comprehensive healthcare models worldwide.

Fecal microbiota Transplantation (FMT), often referred to as stool transplantation, fecal transfusion, and fecal bacteria therapy, is considered one of the most medical innovations of the 20th century. Fecal microbiota Transplantation entails filtering and dilution of a healthy donor's feces before injecting it into the recipient's digestive system. In China, it was first administered orally in the fourth century for diarrhea and food poisoning under the name "Yellow Soup." It has recently been widely employed in a variety of clinical settings, including cases of Clostridium difficile infection that are recurring and resistant. By replacing the unhealthy intestinal microbiota with a healthy bacterial community, the FMT treatment aims to enhance the intestinal flora. It also looks at neurological conditions where alterations in gut microbiota are prevalent. We have discussed FMT in the context of its use in conditions affecting the nerve system, such as neurological and other conditions (multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, epilepsy, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Tourette syndrome, neuropathic pain, Huntington's diseases, etc.), as well as the role of gut microbiota in many neurological disorders.

Sotagliflozin, a novel dual inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1/2), represents a promising therapeutic advancement for managing diabetes mellitus. By inhibiting SGLT1 in the small intestine and SGLT2 in the kidneys, sotagliflozin uniquely improves glycemic control through reduced postprandial glucose absorption and enhanced urinary glucose excretion. This dual mechanism has shown significant benefits for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including reduced insulin requirements, better glycemic control, weight loss, and improved cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Clinical trials have highlighted its potential to mitigate the risks of diabetic complications such as heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, its use is associated with some side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary tract infections, and an elevated risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. This review explores the chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic implications of sotagliflozin, emphasizing its unique dual-target approach and potential to address unmet needs in diabetes management.