Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.15
Slavoj Žižek
{"title":"Ar barbariškumas žmogaus veidu – mūsų likimas?","authors":"Slavoj Žižek","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"443 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133051791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.12
Jurga Jonutytė
For a short period of time, the COVID-19 pandemic destroyed a “natural” pyramid of ableism: the frequent encounters with the unknown virus and unpredictability of an organism’s reaction revealed the relativity and arbitrariness of the few main notions on which the ableistic practices were conceptually built. At the very beginning of the pandemic period, the frightening message about the unpredictability of a COVID-19 disease was broadly spread. This fear was based on the information that the criteria of the harshness of the individual illness are very strange: even strong and healthy people may experience severe symptoms of this disease. In this article, the similar moods are discussed as a part of posthumanist anxiety, which serves as an impetus to reconceptualize the following notions: the norm, the limit, the form, and the physical health. This brief rehearsal of the possible weakening of ableism was like a social experiment showing what a society that does not celebrate physical power would look like. The pandemic as a period of complete uncertainty and insecurity highlights the revelations of contingency and reminds us of vulnerability of human body and mind. Methodologically, the article is grounded on the intersection between two conceptual fields: the posthuman philosophy of the body (Gilbert Simondon, Elizabeth Grosz, Catherine Malabou, etc.) and a philosophical analysis of ableism and its predispositions (Georges Canguilhem, Margrit Shildrick, etc).
{"title":"An “Experiment” of Anti-Ableistic Equality During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Jurga Jonutytė","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.12","url":null,"abstract":"For a short period of time, the COVID-19 pandemic destroyed a “natural” pyramid of ableism: the frequent encounters with the unknown virus and unpredictability of an organism’s reaction revealed the relativity and arbitrariness of the few main notions on which the ableistic practices were conceptually built. At the very beginning of the pandemic period, the frightening message about the unpredictability of a COVID-19 disease was broadly spread. This fear was based on the information that the criteria of the harshness of the individual illness are very strange: even strong and healthy people may experience severe symptoms of this disease. In this article, the similar moods are discussed as a part of posthumanist anxiety, which serves as an impetus to reconceptualize the following notions: the norm, the limit, the form, and the physical health. This brief rehearsal of the possible weakening of ableism was like a social experiment showing what a society that does not celebrate physical power would look like. The pandemic as a period of complete uncertainty and insecurity highlights the revelations of contingency and reminds us of vulnerability of human body and mind. Methodologically, the article is grounded on the intersection between two conceptual fields: the posthuman philosophy of the body (Gilbert Simondon, Elizabeth Grosz, Catherine Malabou, etc.) and a philosophical analysis of ableism and its predispositions (Georges Canguilhem, Margrit Shildrick, etc).","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127386455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.6
J. Mininger
This article considers how and why to mourn the worldwide mass deaths caused by COVID-19, first by examining Hannah Arendt’s theory of dark times, in which by virtue of common suffering a contradictory experience follows that both unites and alienates. Second, the article considers forms of melancholy exhibited during the pandemic, which emerged to the detriment of the lesson that mourning, in contrast to melancholy, reveals and acknowledges social interdependence. Judith Butler’s concept of dispossession is deployed to shape that lesson. Third, the article offers Michel Foucault’s theorization of critique as a practice to accompany mourning in the act of identification with suffering, if there be resistance to the systemic violence operative in ranking who can be counted and mourned from the COVID-19 pandemic’s many victims.
{"title":"Toward an Ethics of Dispossession: Philosophical Lessons from the Political Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"J. Mininger","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.6","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers how and why to mourn the worldwide mass deaths caused by COVID-19, first by examining Hannah Arendt’s theory of dark times, in which by virtue of common suffering a contradictory experience follows that both unites and alienates. Second, the article considers forms of melancholy exhibited during the pandemic, which emerged to the detriment of the lesson that mourning, in contrast to melancholy, reveals and acknowledges social interdependence. Judith Butler’s concept of dispossession is deployed to shape that lesson. Third, the article offers Michel Foucault’s theorization of critique as a practice to accompany mourning in the act of identification with suffering, if there be resistance to the systemic violence operative in ranking who can be counted and mourned from the COVID-19 pandemic’s many victims.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115314297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.9
N. Kovalyova
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic put to test medical, political and social systems around the globe. It also probed into our ability to work out coherent explanations of unprecedented situations and to devise effective solutions when operating with grossly insufficient, frequently changing, and often controversial information. Using a Foucauldian lens, this study examines the American public discourse on COVID-19 to reveal the mechanisms through which the crisis was made sense of and managed. It shows that unity in spirit and action in measures against the pandemic did not emerge nor was the virus uniformly affecting the population thus suggesting that “population” as an object of governing is a discursive construction thriving on its partitioning and fracturing the moment it is put together. It concludes that overall, despite the clout of unprecedentedness, COVID-19 produced neither new relations of power nor new subjectivities but further aligned government actions with the interests of the state.
{"title":"A Crisis to Think with: Mining the Biopolitics of COVID-19 in American Public Discourse","authors":"N. Kovalyova","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.9","url":null,"abstract":"The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic put to test medical, political and social systems around the globe. It also probed into our ability to work out coherent explanations of unprecedented situations and to devise effective solutions when operating with grossly insufficient, frequently changing, and often controversial information. Using a Foucauldian lens, this study examines the American public discourse on COVID-19 to reveal the mechanisms through which the crisis was made sense of and managed. It shows that unity in spirit and action in measures against the pandemic did not emerge nor was the virus uniformly affecting the population thus suggesting that “population” as an object of governing is a discursive construction thriving on its partitioning and fracturing the moment it is put together. It concludes that overall, despite the clout of unprecedentedness, COVID-19 produced neither new relations of power nor new subjectivities but further aligned government actions with the interests of the state.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124842601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.17
N. K. Hayles
{"title":"Naujoji Korona: posthumanistinis virusas","authors":"N. K. Hayles","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132382649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.14
Achille Mbembe
{"title":"Universali teisė kvėpuoti","authors":"Achille Mbembe","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131471370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.4
A. Žukauskaitė
The notion of immunity, as it was defined in biology in the middle of the 20th century, draws a boundary between the “self” and the “nonself”. In this respect the notion of immunity is the perfect metaphor for biopolitical government: similar to the immune system, which fights everything that it sees as “nonself”, biopolitical power discriminates against what it sees as “different” or “other”. However, if we examine immunity not as a metaphor but as a phenomenon viewed from the perspective of contemporary biology, we have to admit that immunity comprises not only a defensive reaction toward an external, contagious element, but also a positive reaction or so-called “tolerance”. Thus, the defensive model of immunity should be complemented by a positive one, interpreting immunity as being entangled in its milieu. Alfred I. Tauber suggested that immunity should be seen as an ecological system which not simply reacts toward the external element but opens the negotiations between the “self” and “nonself” within the system. This model of ecological immunology is also a good methodological tool to rethink the notion of biopolitics: instead of seeing biopolitics as the opposition between a sovereign power and an oppressed individual, we can interpret it as a network of sympoietic interactions between individuals, technologies, and nonhuman others.
免疫的概念是在20世纪中叶生物学中定义的，它在“自我”和“非自我”之间划清了界限。在这方面，免疫的概念是生物政治政府的完美隐喻:就像免疫系统对它认为是“非我”的一切进行斗争一样，生物政治权力歧视它认为是“不同的”或“他者”的东西。然而，如果我们从当代生物学的角度来考察免疫，而不是把它作为一种隐喻，我们就必须承认，免疫不仅包括对外部传染因素的防御反应，而且还包括一种积极反应或所谓的“容忍”。因此，应以积极的免疫模式补充防御免疫模式，将免疫解释为与其环境纠缠在一起。Alfred I. Tauber认为，免疫应被视为一个生态系统，它不仅对外部因素作出反应，而且在系统内开启了“自我”和“非我”之间的谈判。这种生态免疫学模型也是重新思考生命政治概念的一个很好的方法论工具:我们可以将生命政治解释为个人、技术和非人类他人之间的共生互动网络，而不是将其视为主权权力与受压迫个体之间的对立。
{"title":"Immunity and SymBiopolitics","authors":"A. Žukauskaitė","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.4","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of immunity, as it was defined in biology in the middle of the 20th century, draws a boundary between the “self” and the “nonself”. In this respect the notion of immunity is the perfect metaphor for biopolitical government: similar to the immune system, which fights everything that it sees as “nonself”, biopolitical power discriminates against what it sees as “different” or “other”. However, if we examine immunity not as a metaphor but as a phenomenon viewed from the perspective of contemporary biology, we have to admit that immunity comprises not only a defensive reaction toward an external, contagious element, but also a positive reaction or so-called “tolerance”. Thus, the defensive model of immunity should be complemented by a positive one, interpreting immunity as being entangled in its milieu. Alfred I. Tauber suggested that immunity should be seen as an ecological system which not simply reacts toward the external element but opens the negotiations between the “self” and “nonself” within the system. This model of ecological immunology is also a good methodological tool to rethink the notion of biopolitics: instead of seeing biopolitics as the opposition between a sovereign power and an oppressed individual, we can interpret it as a network of sympoietic interactions between individuals, technologies, and nonhuman others.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128406684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.7
A. K. Kordela
Through dialogue with Roberto Esposito’s work, I reconceptualize modernity as a historically specific modulation of the transhistorical biopolitical prohibition of incest, that is, the prohibition of (the) self-referentiality (of blood). This specific modulation defining capitalist modernity involves a transition from aristocratic “sanguinity”– where power legitimizes itself on the basis of its past actualized creative power of blood (ancestry) – to bourgeois “sexuality”– whereby power asserts itself on the basis of its future potential of self-actualization (progeny) (Foucault / Spinoza). The modern double prohibition of self-referentiality and self-actualization extends from progeny to the products of any form of labor, as the power to actualize itself (Marx). Further, self-actualization means that each individual (human or not) is produced through affecting and being affected by all other individuals (Deleuze) – in short, each individual is transindividual (Balibar). I conclude by addressing the effects of today’s pandemic on transindividuality.
{"title":"Biopower of Blood: From Immunity to Self-Referentiality and Self-Actualization","authors":"A. K. Kordela","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.7","url":null,"abstract":"Through dialogue with Roberto Esposito’s work, I reconceptualize modernity as a historically specific modulation of the transhistorical biopolitical prohibition of incest, that is, the prohibition of (the) self-referentiality (of blood). This specific modulation defining capitalist modernity involves a transition from aristocratic “sanguinity”– where power legitimizes itself on the basis of its past actualized creative power of blood (ancestry) – to bourgeois “sexuality”– whereby power asserts itself on the basis of its future potential of self-actualization (progeny) (Foucault / Spinoza). The modern double prohibition of self-referentiality and self-actualization extends from progeny to the products of any form of labor, as the power to actualize itself (Marx). Further, self-actualization means that each individual (human or not) is produced through affecting and being affected by all other individuals (Deleuze) – in short, each individual is transindividual (Balibar). I conclude by addressing the effects of today’s pandemic on transindividuality.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131052099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.3
Gian Marco Galasso
The aim of this article is, based on Jacques Derrida’s and Roberto Esposito’s reflection, to articulate a philosophical paradigm that would be able to face with what I propose to call the autoimmunitarian logic of nihilism. Dealing with this logic means, first and foremost, to face “the negative” that runs through our experience without rejecting or absolutizing it. It means to think the relation between life and politics, society and institutions not in a merely oppositive way but rather in a constructive and affirmative manner. Even if in many of his works Esposito criticizes Derrida precisely for his conception of autoimmunity, in this article, I intend to show that both the philosophers orient their analyses towards what I consider the most appropriate ontological political paradigm for reading the actual political events – what they both call “co-immunity”. In the first section, I establish some methodological coordinates useful to define the approach I consider the most appropriate for the purposes of this research, namely political ontology. In section two, from a diagnostic point of view, I analyse the autoimmunitarian logic of nihilism. To investigate this logic, I firstly concentrate on Esposito’s definition of nihilism, and then I refer to his analyses of the relation between community and immunity. In the third section, with the intention of taking a closer look at the political aspects of the question, I focus on the Derridean analysis of the aporias that are inherent in the very concept of democracy. In the last section, I briefly try to test the heuristic capacity of the co-immunity paradigm with respect to the biopolitical problems arising from the management of the pandemic crisis caused by COVID-19 (and discussed in the field of the Italian biopolitical debate).
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Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.53631/athena.2022.17.13
S. Wilmer
According to Roberto Esposito, refugees have been represented as a pathological danger to Europe. Thus, we can consider the nation-state as a biopolitical power immunizing itself from certain refugees, especially those from the global south, denying their human rights, preventing them from becoming citizens or even from entering their country. This article explores not only the mechanisms by which the nation-state immunizes itself against the refugee, but it also considers countervailing strategies proposed by philosophers and creative artists for new forms of community.
{"title":"The Danger of the Foreign","authors":"S. Wilmer","doi":"10.53631/athena.2022.17.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.13","url":null,"abstract":"According to Roberto Esposito, refugees have been represented as a pathological danger to Europe. Thus, we can consider the nation-state as a biopolitical power immunizing itself from certain refugees, especially those from the global south, denying their human rights, preventing them from becoming citizens or even from entering their country. This article explores not only the mechanisms by which the nation-state immunizes itself against the refugee, but it also considers countervailing strategies proposed by philosophers and creative artists for new forms of community.","PeriodicalId":241380,"journal":{"name":"Athena: filosofijos studijos","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124847962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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