ABSTRACT This conceptual article contributes to the scientific debate on police culture and police legitimacy by exploring and refining the concept of self-legitimacy. It argues that endogenously constructed self-legitimacy co-produces and reinforces certain core characteristics of police culture. ‘Self-legitimacy’ in this context is the degree to which those in power believe in the moral justice of their power. Endogenous self-legitimation processes occur when officers identify with the professional police identity and the police organisation, and self-legitimacy is brought about by those in power attributing unique characteristics to themselves and seeking validation from an inner circle of similar power-holders. Drawing on the analysis, suggestions are made on how police culture and police legitimacy can be influenced by facilitating a shift in officers’ perception of their ‘professional identity’.
{"title":"Police legitimacy and culture revisited through the lens of self-legitimacy","authors":"Steven Debbaut, Sofie De Kimpe","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2023.2183955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2183955","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This conceptual article contributes to the scientific debate on police culture and police legitimacy by exploring and refining the concept of self-legitimacy. It argues that endogenously constructed self-legitimacy co-produces and reinforces certain core characteristics of police culture. ‘Self-legitimacy’ in this context is the degree to which those in power believe in the moral justice of their power. Endogenous self-legitimation processes occur when officers identify with the professional police identity and the police organisation, and self-legitimacy is brought about by those in power attributing unique characteristics to themselves and seeking validation from an inner circle of similar power-holders. Drawing on the analysis, suggestions are made on how police culture and police legitimacy can be influenced by facilitating a shift in officers’ perception of their ‘professional identity’.","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114575485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Objective Explore whether exposure to positive BWC videos – particularly, acts of heroism – affects public perceptions of police while accounting for existing trust in police. Method An online vignette-style experiment was conducted in which participants’ (N = 407; age = 41.94 [s = 12.74]; 51% women, 80% White) existing trust in police was measured before random assignment to either view a short series of positive BWC videos or not. All participants then read a vignette describing a traffic stop. Participants reported their perceptions of procedural and distributive justice as well as perceptions of police more generally. Results Participants with higher existing trust in police reported more positive evaluations across all outcomes measured. Exposure to positive BWC videos only increased reported willingness to cooperate with police. However, trust in police and exposure to BWC videos produced an interaction effect: when participants’ existing trust in police was low, viewing positive BWC videos improved evaluations of officer respect and procedural justice as well as willingness to cooperate with police. Participants with low trust in police who viewed the positive videos became more similar to participants with high existing trust in police. Conclusion The findings indicate that exposure to positive BWC videos can moderate the negative effect of low trust in police. In an applied sense, the results suggest that police-community relations may be enhanced by circulating videos that depict acts of police heroism when such events have occurred and are captured on film.
{"title":"Body-worn camera videos and public perceptions of police: an experiment on positive video exposure and community-police relations","authors":"A. Saulnier, Victoria A. Sytsma","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2023.2174541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2174541","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Explore whether exposure to positive BWC videos – particularly, acts of heroism – affects public perceptions of police while accounting for existing trust in police. Method An online vignette-style experiment was conducted in which participants’ (N = 407; age = 41.94 [s = 12.74]; 51% women, 80% White) existing trust in police was measured before random assignment to either view a short series of positive BWC videos or not. All participants then read a vignette describing a traffic stop. Participants reported their perceptions of procedural and distributive justice as well as perceptions of police more generally. Results Participants with higher existing trust in police reported more positive evaluations across all outcomes measured. Exposure to positive BWC videos only increased reported willingness to cooperate with police. However, trust in police and exposure to BWC videos produced an interaction effect: when participants’ existing trust in police was low, viewing positive BWC videos improved evaluations of officer respect and procedural justice as well as willingness to cooperate with police. Participants with low trust in police who viewed the positive videos became more similar to participants with high existing trust in police. Conclusion The findings indicate that exposure to positive BWC videos can moderate the negative effect of low trust in police. In an applied sense, the results suggest that police-community relations may be enhanced by circulating videos that depict acts of police heroism when such events have occurred and are captured on film.","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121177945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT While many benefits of women in policing have been recognised, sworn female officers have remained mostly underrepresented within the workforce. Recently, policing organisations have sought to rectify this with the implementation of gender targets. However, this aim to increase female officers has been met with resistance and scepticism. This study examines the main support and concerns held by the public regarding women in policing. To do this, 3562 phrases within 3210 public comments were thematically analysed from an Australian Federal Police Facebook recruitment campaign that targeted women. Results showed that most of the comments were positive in nature with three main themes emerging: individual, institutional, and societal perspectives. Furthermore, the findings revealed that there appears to be a shift in public opinions from individual perspective concerns (such as emotional and physical capabilities) to a societal perspective including the balancing of power and the breaking of chains. These findings help to inform policing authorities in the design of gender target campaigns and strategies. Specifically, by knowing the public concerns about women in policing, authorities can address these concerns by rethinking policies and practices, and educating the public about any common misconceptions about female officers. Furthermore, the supportive reasons can be used to promote positive relationships between police and the community enhancing trust and confidence in the police.
{"title":"‘Setting benchmarks and breaking chains’: public opinions of female police officers","authors":"Katelyn Davenport-Klunder, K. Hine","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2023.2175823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2175823","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While many benefits of women in policing have been recognised, sworn female officers have remained mostly underrepresented within the workforce. Recently, policing organisations have sought to rectify this with the implementation of gender targets. However, this aim to increase female officers has been met with resistance and scepticism. This study examines the main support and concerns held by the public regarding women in policing. To do this, 3562 phrases within 3210 public comments were thematically analysed from an Australian Federal Police Facebook recruitment campaign that targeted women. Results showed that most of the comments were positive in nature with three main themes emerging: individual, institutional, and societal perspectives. Furthermore, the findings revealed that there appears to be a shift in public opinions from individual perspective concerns (such as emotional and physical capabilities) to a societal perspective including the balancing of power and the breaking of chains. These findings help to inform policing authorities in the design of gender target campaigns and strategies. Specifically, by knowing the public concerns about women in policing, authorities can address these concerns by rethinking policies and practices, and educating the public about any common misconceptions about female officers. Furthermore, the supportive reasons can be used to promote positive relationships between police and the community enhancing trust and confidence in the police.","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131792484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The “broken windows” hypothesis has led to millions of citizen/police encounters through aggressive enforcement of minor infractions. Despite extensive research on the relationship between broken windows and crime, there is less research on whether police officers focus on areas with broken windows, and the few studies that exist have mixed findings. Another set of studies finds high levels of policing in gentrifying neighbourhoods. On the one hand, then, studies show there is more policing in neighbourhoods with visible signs of disorder as police departments that adhere to the tenets of broken windows policing would be likely to send officers to patrol areas with broken windows, litter, and unkempt lawns in an effort to prevent crime in these areas. On the other hand, as high-income people move into these neighbourhoods, the signs of disorder should dissipate. This raises the question: Is there more policing in neighborhoods with signs of physical disorder or in neighbourhoods with signs of reinvestment? We measure this using three data sources: 1) an original housing survey using Google Street View that evaluates the level of physical disorder; 2) geocoded data from the Washington, DC Metropolitan Police Department on stop and frisks; and 3) Census and ACS data on population characteristics. These data allow us to answer our research questions: Are residents more likely to be stopped and frisked in neighbourhoods with high levels of physical disorder? Or, conversely, are residents more likely to be stopped and frisked in neighbourhoods experiencing an in-migration of middle-class residents?
{"title":"Broken windows and order-maintenance policing in gentrifying Washington, DC","authors":"Tanya Golash‐Boza, Hyunsu Oh, Carmen Salazar","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2022.2085268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2022.2085268","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The “broken windows” hypothesis has led to millions of citizen/police encounters through aggressive enforcement of minor infractions. Despite extensive research on the relationship between broken windows and crime, there is less research on whether police officers focus on areas with broken windows, and the few studies that exist have mixed findings. Another set of studies finds high levels of policing in gentrifying neighbourhoods. On the one hand, then, studies show there is more policing in neighbourhoods with visible signs of disorder as police departments that adhere to the tenets of broken windows policing would be likely to send officers to patrol areas with broken windows, litter, and unkempt lawns in an effort to prevent crime in these areas. On the other hand, as high-income people move into these neighbourhoods, the signs of disorder should dissipate. This raises the question: Is there more policing in neighborhoods with signs of physical disorder or in neighbourhoods with signs of reinvestment? We measure this using three data sources: 1) an original housing survey using Google Street View that evaluates the level of physical disorder; 2) geocoded data from the Washington, DC Metropolitan Police Department on stop and frisks; and 3) Census and ACS data on population characteristics. These data allow us to answer our research questions: Are residents more likely to be stopped and frisked in neighbourhoods with high levels of physical disorder? Or, conversely, are residents more likely to be stopped and frisked in neighbourhoods experiencing an in-migration of middle-class residents?","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127221659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Discretion is a key feature of policing, yet its surrounding research has historically been heavily reliant upon exploring interpersonal or dyadic encounters between individual officers and members of the public. More recently, studies have explored how discretionary decisions by police officers impact upon and interact with group-level and organisational processes but few studies have explored the relevance of discretion to debates in the literature on public order policing. Correspondingly, there is to date only a limited body of research exploring the nature and dynamics of dialogue-based football-related public order policing. This study addresses these combined gaps by drawing upon data from interviews with specialist football officers, referred to as ‘spotters’ or Dedicated Football Officers, from five English police forces. Our analysis critiques the idea that these specialist roles revolve merely around the surveillance, categorisation and enforcement of fans who are considered to pose a risk to public order. We highlight how these officers understand their roles in terms of the use of discretion. We argue that in a complex intergroup environment officers utilise discretion to manage perceptions of their legitimacy among supporters. This ‘social capital’ in turn enhances their capacity to de-escalate and avoid disorder through the promotion of self-regulatory behaviour. We discuss the relevance of our study for theoretical approaches to understanding discretion and consider the implications of our analysis for developing a more formal dialogue-focused and discretion-based approach to football crowd policing in and beyond England and Wales.
{"title":"Police discretion and the role of the ‘spotter’ within football crowd policing: risk assessment, engagement, legitimacy and de-escalation","authors":"Mike Hope, M. Radburn, C. Stott","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2023.2173193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2173193","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Discretion is a key feature of policing, yet its surrounding research has historically been heavily reliant upon exploring interpersonal or dyadic encounters between individual officers and members of the public. More recently, studies have explored how discretionary decisions by police officers impact upon and interact with group-level and organisational processes but few studies have explored the relevance of discretion to debates in the literature on public order policing. Correspondingly, there is to date only a limited body of research exploring the nature and dynamics of dialogue-based football-related public order policing. This study addresses these combined gaps by drawing upon data from interviews with specialist football officers, referred to as ‘spotters’ or Dedicated Football Officers, from five English police forces. Our analysis critiques the idea that these specialist roles revolve merely around the surveillance, categorisation and enforcement of fans who are considered to pose a risk to public order. We highlight how these officers understand their roles in terms of the use of discretion. We argue that in a complex intergroup environment officers utilise discretion to manage perceptions of their legitimacy among supporters. This ‘social capital’ in turn enhances their capacity to de-escalate and avoid disorder through the promotion of self-regulatory behaviour. We discuss the relevance of our study for theoretical approaches to understanding discretion and consider the implications of our analysis for developing a more formal dialogue-focused and discretion-based approach to football crowd policing in and beyond England and Wales.","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130207166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Studies of immigrant populations point to numerous immigrant-specific factors that may explain their level of trust in police. Yet research on immigrants’ trust in police remains sparse, and available studies present contradictory findings. Some studies find that immigrants are more trusting of police than non-immigrants, while other studies find immigrants are less trusting of police. We argue that these contradictions can be explained by three factors: (1) how trust is measured; (2) immigrants’ ethnic group (e.g. minority vs non-minority); and (3) immigrants’ generational status (i.e. 1st vs. 2nd generation immigrant). To address these contradictions, we draw on survey data from 903 immigrants living in Sydney, Australia. We examine the relationship between ethnicity, immigrant generational status and various measures of trust in police. We find when trust is measured as an overarching orientation, minority immigrants tend to distrust police more than non-minority immigrants, and that 2nd generation immigrants are more distrusting than 1st generation immigrants. However, these findings vary when measuring trust multi-dimensionally and when accounting for the interaction between ethnicity and generational status. Implications for immigrant research and police practice are discussed.
{"title":"Advancing our understanding of immigrants’ trust in police: the role of ethnicity, immigrant generational status and measurement","authors":"Mohammed M. Ali, Kristina Murphy, E. Sargeant","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2022.2085267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2022.2085267","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies of immigrant populations point to numerous immigrant-specific factors that may explain their level of trust in police. Yet research on immigrants’ trust in police remains sparse, and available studies present contradictory findings. Some studies find that immigrants are more trusting of police than non-immigrants, while other studies find immigrants are less trusting of police. We argue that these contradictions can be explained by three factors: (1) how trust is measured; (2) immigrants’ ethnic group (e.g. minority vs non-minority); and (3) immigrants’ generational status (i.e. 1st vs. 2nd generation immigrant). To address these contradictions, we draw on survey data from 903 immigrants living in Sydney, Australia. We examine the relationship between ethnicity, immigrant generational status and various measures of trust in police. We find when trust is measured as an overarching orientation, minority immigrants tend to distrust police more than non-minority immigrants, and that 2nd generation immigrants are more distrusting than 1st generation immigrants. However, these findings vary when measuring trust multi-dimensionally and when accounting for the interaction between ethnicity and generational status. Implications for immigrant research and police practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122300435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Technology-facilitated abuse (TFA) is a growing problem with serious harms and implications, yet laws and legal responses often fail to keep pace. The policing of TFA poses unique operational challenges, such as resourcing and cross-jurisdictional difficulties. But it is further challenged by a fixed belief that physical abuse is more harmful than digital forms of abuse, with reports that police do not treat TFA seriously. This article explores problems with the policing of TFA drawing on a three-stage study examining the extent, forms and impacts of TFA in Australia. The study findings are informed by a survey of workers from support and service sectors (n = 242), including domestic violence, sexual assault, health, behaviour change, legal and specialist diversity services; qualitative interviews with adult victim/survivors (n = 20) and perpetrators (n = 10) of TFA; and a subset of respondents (n = 2,325) from a nationally representative general population survey of victimisation and perpetration (n = 4,562). The study found a reluctance to report TFA to police, or in circumstances where a report was made, overwhelmingly negative experiences from doing so. It also found low levels of confidence in the policing of TFA. We argue that additional police training and resources are needed on how to recognise and understand the harms of TFA, which laws apply to TFA, and importantly, how to respond to disclosures and provide a supportive environment for the diversity of victim/survivors who experience TFA.
{"title":"Policing technology-facilitated abuse","authors":"A. Flynn, A. Powell, Sophie Hindes","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2022.2159400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2022.2159400","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Technology-facilitated abuse (TFA) is a growing problem with serious harms and implications, yet laws and legal responses often fail to keep pace. The policing of TFA poses unique operational challenges, such as resourcing and cross-jurisdictional difficulties. But it is further challenged by a fixed belief that physical abuse is more harmful than digital forms of abuse, with reports that police do not treat TFA seriously. This article explores problems with the policing of TFA drawing on a three-stage study examining the extent, forms and impacts of TFA in Australia. The study findings are informed by a survey of workers from support and service sectors (n = 242), including domestic violence, sexual assault, health, behaviour change, legal and specialist diversity services; qualitative interviews with adult victim/survivors (n = 20) and perpetrators (n = 10) of TFA; and a subset of respondents (n = 2,325) from a nationally representative general population survey of victimisation and perpetration (n = 4,562). The study found a reluctance to report TFA to police, or in circumstances where a report was made, overwhelmingly negative experiences from doing so. It also found low levels of confidence in the policing of TFA. We argue that additional police training and resources are needed on how to recognise and understand the harms of TFA, which laws apply to TFA, and importantly, how to respond to disclosures and provide a supportive environment for the diversity of victim/survivors who experience TFA.","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124551471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Law enforcement and public health: partners for community safety and wellbeing","authors":"Rebecca Phythian","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2023.2169442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2169442","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133529450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
heritage; namely Western liberal democracies that have a tradition of policing by consent. In Chapter 8, Colbran argues that the way forward should be a re-establishment of relations between police and journalists based on trust and reciprocity between the MPS and new and old media. She is well situated to respond with research into who makes the opening gambit on an increased reciprocity between police and media producers, and how it plays out.
{"title":"Comparative Policing","authors":"D. Schaap","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2023.2168658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2168658","url":null,"abstract":"heritage; namely Western liberal democracies that have a tradition of policing by consent. In Chapter 8, Colbran argues that the way forward should be a re-establishment of relations between police and journalists based on trust and reciprocity between the MPS and new and old media. She is well situated to respond with research into who makes the opening gambit on an increased reciprocity between police and media producers, and how it plays out.","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127727630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Brayne ’ s work on the data-driven policing practices of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), in the USA, is illustrious because of the author ’ s disciplined fi eldwork and astute conversation analysis. In her book titled ‘ Predict and Surveil ’
{"title":"Predict and surveil: data, discretion, and the future of policing","authors":"Roshni Das","doi":"10.1080/10439463.2023.2167996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2167996","url":null,"abstract":"Sarah Brayne ’ s work on the data-driven policing practices of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), in the USA, is illustrious because of the author ’ s disciplined fi eldwork and astute conversation analysis. In her book titled ‘ Predict and Surveil ’","PeriodicalId":243832,"journal":{"name":"Policing and Society","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115532240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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