Anthocleista djalonensis is widely used in African folk medicine to treat conditions. This review aims to provide for the first time ethnopharmacological information while critically evaluating the traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities so as to unveil opportunities for future research. Ethno-medical uses of the, leaf, root and stem bark extracts include treatment of wound, constipation, diarrhoea, dysentery, abdominal pain, hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, fungal skin infection, filarial worm infections, acute inflammation and boils on skin, anti-diabetes, antimalarial, anti-pyretic, anthelmintic, antimycobacterial, and anti-bacterial properties. Some of the compounds isolated are phthalide and xanthones sweroside, djalonenoside, lichex-anthone, stigmasterol, 3-oxo-Δ4′5-sitosterone, sitosterol, ursolicacid, djalonensin and D-(þ)-bornesitol. The pharmacological activities of the leaf, stem bark and root has been scientifically proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. The cytotoxic activity of the crude methanol extracts obtained from the stem, roots and leaves and three natural plant constituents (djalonenol, sweroside and djalonensone respectively) isolated from the extract had been evaluated in vitro. This review has been able to show the therapeutic potentials of Anthocleista djalonensis through its ethnobotanical and pharmacological uses.
{"title":"Anthocleista Djalonensis: A Review of Its Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potentials","authors":"Adebayo A. OGUNBOYE","doi":"10.58489/2836-2330/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58489/2836-2330/002","url":null,"abstract":"Anthocleista djalonensis is widely used in African folk medicine to treat conditions. This review aims to provide for the first time ethnopharmacological information while critically evaluating the traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities so as to unveil opportunities for future research. Ethno-medical uses of the, leaf, root and stem bark extracts include treatment of wound, constipation, diarrhoea, dysentery, abdominal pain, hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, fungal skin infection, filarial worm infections, acute inflammation and boils on skin, anti-diabetes, antimalarial, anti-pyretic, anthelmintic, antimycobacterial, and anti-bacterial properties. Some of the compounds isolated are phthalide and xanthones sweroside, djalonenoside, lichex-anthone, stigmasterol, 3-oxo-Δ4′5-sitosterone, sitosterol, ursolicacid, djalonensin and D-(þ)-bornesitol. The pharmacological activities of the leaf, stem bark and root has been scientifically proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. The cytotoxic activity of the crude methanol extracts obtained from the stem, roots and leaves and three natural plant constituents (djalonenol, sweroside and djalonensone respectively) isolated from the extract had been evaluated in vitro. This review has been able to show the therapeutic potentials of Anthocleista djalonensis through its ethnobotanical and pharmacological uses.","PeriodicalId":247185,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical and Medical Reviews","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114847233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: One of the most serious issues in medicine is the increasing resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to antimicrobial agent’s especially broad-spectrum antibiotics such as Cephalosporins and Penicillins. This fact is associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates, prolonged hospital stays, and increased treatment-related costs. Carbapenems are the last line for the treatment of infection caused by bacteria resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Objective: This study aimed to detect the Distribution of Carbepanems Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Pathogens Isolated from Clinical Samples in the Shendi locality Method: Cross-sectional study and a laboratory-based study was carried out on 63 isolates from different specimens, 63 types of pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified using Gram stain, biochemical reactions, and testing for their susceptibility to Carbapenems antibiotics was performed for all Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Result: The isolated Enterobacteriaceae comprising of 19.0(30.2%) E. coli, 17 (27.0%) K. pneumoniae, 13(20.6%) P. vulgaris, 5(7.9%) P. mirabilis, 1(1.6%) Enterobacter species, 3(4.8%) C.freundii and 5(7.9%) M. morganii.Carbapenem (Imipenem and meropenem) susceptibility testing showed that 36.0% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates were Carbapenem resistant.Conclusions: The study revealed the low resistance pattern of Enterobacteriaceae to Carbapenems. Despite that E. coli (19.0, 30.0%) was the most isolated organism, K. pneumonniae (7.0, 11.0%) was the most resistant isolate to Carbapenems. The urine sample had the highest degree of resistance. There was a correlation between patients with chronic diseases such as cancer and the resistance level to Carbapenems, while there was no statistical significance between the period of antibiotics usage and the degree of resistance.
{"title":"Identification of Carbapenem Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Pathogens Isolated from Clinical Samples in Shendi locality","authors":"Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad","doi":"10.58489/2836-2330/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58489/2836-2330/005","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: One of the most serious issues in medicine is the increasing resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to antimicrobial agent’s especially broad-spectrum antibiotics such as Cephalosporins and Penicillins. This fact is associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates, prolonged hospital stays, and increased treatment-related costs. Carbapenems are the last line for the treatment of infection caused by bacteria resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Objective: This study aimed to detect the Distribution of Carbepanems Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Pathogens Isolated from Clinical Samples in the Shendi locality Method: Cross-sectional study and a laboratory-based study was carried out on 63 isolates from different specimens, 63 types of pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified using Gram stain, biochemical reactions, and testing for their susceptibility to Carbapenems antibiotics was performed for all Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Result: The isolated Enterobacteriaceae comprising of 19.0(30.2%) E. coli, 17 (27.0%) K. pneumoniae, 13(20.6%) P. vulgaris, 5(7.9%) P. mirabilis, 1(1.6%) Enterobacter species, 3(4.8%) C.freundii and 5(7.9%) M. morganii.Carbapenem (Imipenem and meropenem) susceptibility testing showed that 36.0% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates were Carbapenem resistant.Conclusions: The study revealed the low resistance pattern of Enterobacteriaceae to Carbapenems. Despite that E. coli (19.0, 30.0%) was the most isolated organism, K. pneumonniae (7.0, 11.0%) was the most resistant isolate to Carbapenems. The urine sample had the highest degree of resistance. There was a correlation between patients with chronic diseases such as cancer and the resistance level to Carbapenems, while there was no statistical significance between the period of antibiotics usage and the degree of resistance.","PeriodicalId":247185,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical and Medical Reviews","volume":"409 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132759937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmacogenetics deals with genetically determined variations in response to drugs. Pharmacogenetics studies interindividual differences in DNA sequence that lead to a variable response to drug therapy. The ultimate goal of pharmacogenetics is to establish treatment on the principles of the personalized medicine in which each person, ie patient, is approached as an individual. The way to achieve this is to use molecular diagnostic methods to determine the pharmacogenetic status of the patient and to provide the possibility of adjusting the treatment to his needs.
{"title":"A Few Words about Pharmacogenetics","authors":"Siniša Franjić","doi":"10.58489/2836-2330/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58489/2836-2330/003","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacogenetics deals with genetically determined variations in response to drugs. Pharmacogenetics studies interindividual differences in DNA sequence that lead to a variable response to drug therapy. The ultimate goal of pharmacogenetics is to establish treatment on the principles of the personalized medicine in which each person, ie patient, is approached as an individual. The way to achieve this is to use molecular diagnostic methods to determine the pharmacogenetic status of the patient and to provide the possibility of adjusting the treatment to his needs.","PeriodicalId":247185,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical and Medical Reviews","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124793857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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