Pub Date : 2015-06-26DOI: 10.2174/1874378101509010014
K. Wong
Owing to the increasing population, the disparity of natural resources distribution and the variation of climate around the world, there are energy-water-food nexus problems in some countries in the world. It is the objective of the current work to point to the wealth of the oceans as a resource to find all three components. Aquaculture for deep water should also be investigated, and coastal aquaculture expanded. Wind and water technologies for generating electricity or other forms of transportable/storable forms of energy should be researched and developed to a much greater extent. The cost of desalination for potable water should be driven down so that many more countries could afford it. Other pressing reasons for looking to use the oceans more are discussed in this review.
{"title":"Wealth of the Oceans","authors":"K. Wong","doi":"10.2174/1874378101509010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101509010014","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the increasing population, the disparity of natural resources distribution and the variation of climate around the world, there are energy-water-food nexus problems in some countries in the world. It is the objective of the current work to point to the wealth of the oceans as a resource to find all three components. Aquaculture for deep water should also be investigated, and coastal aquaculture expanded. Wind and water technologies for generating electricity or other forms of transportable/storable forms of energy should be researched and developed to a much greater extent. The cost of desalination for potable water should be driven down so that many more countries could afford it. Other pressing reasons for looking to use the oceans more are discussed in this review.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127575374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-26DOI: 10.2174/1874378101509010017
K. Wong, C. Lennon
Water is one of the most valuable and necessary resources on this planet, and the demand rate is increasing greater than the supply rate. In response to rapidly growing water needs, we must become more efficient with our water usage. As agriculture is one of the primary uses of potable water across the globe, increases in efficiency in this aspect can have substantial impact. Smarter management and planting strategies, only with more drought-resistant crops, can have a large impact upon plant yields. One of the major untapped water resources in developing countries is untreated wastewater. The amount of wastewater collected in some of these countries can equal almost a third of their total water needs, yet less than half is treated. Africa, a fairly dry continent, only treats 1% of its wastewater. Wastewater treatment technology continues to advance, as pollut- ants are removed more efficiently, with less power demand from the treatment plants. The most common plants today are activated sludge plants, but newer membrane bioreactors are demonstrating superior filtration and thus effectiveness at comparable costs. Nanotechnology is an exciting new approach to wastewater treatment, as it is by far the most effective at cleansing water, and identifying pollutants. Currently, it is too expensive for widespread implementation. It could become feasible in the near future if the economies of scale begin to drive down the price. Groundwater is also a key resource in many arid developing countries, but care must be taken not to overuse it. Sufficient time must be taken to allow for aquifer recharge. In addition, the levels of nitrogen and sodium must be monitored to pre- vent a harmful buildup. The most easily available implementation, which requires no capital cost, is simply policy change. Several countries in the region can be used as a model for smart wastewater management, as some have attained treatment rates of over 85%.
{"title":"Innovations Related to Hydrology in Response to Climate Change - A Review","authors":"K. Wong, C. Lennon","doi":"10.2174/1874378101509010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101509010017","url":null,"abstract":"Water is one of the most valuable and necessary resources on this planet, and the demand rate is increasing greater than the supply rate. In response to rapidly growing water needs, we must become more efficient with our water usage. As agriculture is one of the primary uses of potable water across the globe, increases in efficiency in this aspect can have substantial impact. Smarter management and planting strategies, only with more drought-resistant crops, can have a large impact upon plant yields. One of the major untapped water resources in developing countries is untreated wastewater. The amount of wastewater collected in some of these countries can equal almost a third of their total water needs, yet less than half is treated. Africa, a fairly dry continent, only treats 1% of its wastewater. Wastewater treatment technology continues to advance, as pollut- ants are removed more efficiently, with less power demand from the treatment plants. The most common plants today are activated sludge plants, but newer membrane bioreactors are demonstrating superior filtration and thus effectiveness at comparable costs. Nanotechnology is an exciting new approach to wastewater treatment, as it is by far the most effective at cleansing water, and identifying pollutants. Currently, it is too expensive for widespread implementation. It could become feasible in the near future if the economies of scale begin to drive down the price. Groundwater is also a key resource in many arid developing countries, but care must be taken not to overuse it. Sufficient time must be taken to allow for aquifer recharge. In addition, the levels of nitrogen and sodium must be monitored to pre- vent a harmful buildup. The most easily available implementation, which requires no capital cost, is simply policy change. Several countries in the region can be used as a model for smart wastewater management, as some have attained treatment rates of over 85%.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128176703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-26DOI: 10.2174/1874378101509010001
P. Chambel-Leitão, T. Ramos, T. Domingos, R. Neves
Hydrological modeling is becoming more important in water management. Soil hydrological models are in- creasingly being used to provide services to farmers and to water supply managers. This study tests the stability and ad- equability of MOHID LAND-PM in modelling soil water dynamics. Soil water flow and content was simulated in five soils with different soil textures (sand, sandy loam, clay, loam, and silt). The results were then compared with HYDRUS- 1D simulations using the same input data. Soil domain was divided into 100 layers up to a depth of 2 m. Five additional simulations were carried out in MOHID LAND-PM in order to quantify the error of reducing the number of layers to 10 (instead of 100) when discretizing the soil profile. This is relevant in a watershed model like MOHID LAND-PM since the computing time is greatly reduced. MOHID LAND-PM results were compared with those of HYDRUS using Nash- Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) and Percent bias (PBIAS). Soil volumetric water content, pressure heads, and soil water velocity were compared for 4 depths. For the water contents, NSE was above 0.87 for sand and above 0.97 for all other soils and layers except for the clay soil (NSE≥0.01). For pressure heads, NSE >0.46 for sand and >0.98 for all other soils and layers except clay (NSE≥-23.95). Statistical analysis shows a soil water velocity of NSE below 0.0 for most sand and clay depths, and above 0.58 NSE for all other soils. PBias shows that in general, MOHID LAND-PM tends to underesti- mate HYDRUS soil water content and velocities.
{"title":"Mohid Land - Porous Media, a Tool for Modeling Soil Hydrology at PlotScale and Watershed Scale","authors":"P. Chambel-Leitão, T. Ramos, T. Domingos, R. Neves","doi":"10.2174/1874378101509010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101509010001","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrological modeling is becoming more important in water management. Soil hydrological models are in- creasingly being used to provide services to farmers and to water supply managers. This study tests the stability and ad- equability of MOHID LAND-PM in modelling soil water dynamics. Soil water flow and content was simulated in five soils with different soil textures (sand, sandy loam, clay, loam, and silt). The results were then compared with HYDRUS- 1D simulations using the same input data. Soil domain was divided into 100 layers up to a depth of 2 m. Five additional simulations were carried out in MOHID LAND-PM in order to quantify the error of reducing the number of layers to 10 (instead of 100) when discretizing the soil profile. This is relevant in a watershed model like MOHID LAND-PM since the computing time is greatly reduced. MOHID LAND-PM results were compared with those of HYDRUS using Nash- Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) and Percent bias (PBIAS). Soil volumetric water content, pressure heads, and soil water velocity were compared for 4 depths. For the water contents, NSE was above 0.87 for sand and above 0.97 for all other soils and layers except for the clay soil (NSE≥0.01). For pressure heads, NSE >0.46 for sand and >0.98 for all other soils and layers except clay (NSE≥-23.95). Statistical analysis shows a soil water velocity of NSE below 0.0 for most sand and clay depths, and above 0.58 NSE for all other soils. PBias shows that in general, MOHID LAND-PM tends to underesti- mate HYDRUS soil water content and velocities.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125242184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-26DOI: 10.2174/1874378101509010028
D. Chin
Fundamental relationships are presented showing that the probability distribution of chlorophyll a (Chla) depends on both the distribution of Chla conditioned on TN and TP, and the distribution of TN conditioned on TP. It is further shown that simplified forms of these distributions can be identified using the non-parametric Spearman correlations between Chla, TN, and TP. Based on these fundamental relationships, a novel approach is presented for estimating Chla concen- trations that do not depend on a-priori assumptions of an analytic relationship between Chla, TN, and TP. The proposed approach is demonstrated by application to six subareas within an impaired segment of the Halifax River in Florida. Results from these analyses show that the relationship between Chla, TN, and TP exhibits significant spatial and temporal variability over length scales on the order of 1 mile, and that using the Redfield ratio as a basis for identifying the controlling nutrient is not reliable.
{"title":"Identification of Algae-Nutrient Relationships","authors":"D. Chin","doi":"10.2174/1874378101509010028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101509010028","url":null,"abstract":"Fundamental relationships are presented showing that the probability distribution of chlorophyll a (Chla) depends on both the distribution of Chla conditioned on TN and TP, and the distribution of TN conditioned on TP. It is further shown that simplified forms of these distributions can be identified using the non-parametric Spearman correlations between Chla, TN, and TP. Based on these fundamental relationships, a novel approach is presented for estimating Chla concen- trations that do not depend on a-priori assumptions of an analytic relationship between Chla, TN, and TP. The proposed approach is demonstrated by application to six subareas within an impaired segment of the Halifax River in Florida. Results from these analyses show that the relationship between Chla, TN, and TP exhibits significant spatial and temporal variability over length scales on the order of 1 mile, and that using the Redfield ratio as a basis for identifying the controlling nutrient is not reliable.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132301271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-26DOI: 10.2174/1874378101509010013
K. Wong, J. Modern, J. Renewable
{"title":"Editorial: Hydrology and the Environment","authors":"K. Wong, J. Modern, J. Renewable","doi":"10.2174/1874378101509010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101509010013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"605 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116383148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-26DOI: 10.2174/1874378101509010024
K. Wong
Owing to climate change, according to annual Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, sea level rise is inevitable. The sea level rise in different parts of the coastal areas in the world continents, may be calculated and thus predicted for ten years in the future, a hundred years out and beyond, with decreasing confidence. Amongst ex- perts, the amount of sea level rise at different locations is a topic of heated debate. The objective of the current work is to review possible projects and undertakings that could be planned and carried out to face the challenges brought forth by rising seas. Some of these projects and actions are more suitable for rise of 1 to 3 feet, others are good for higher rises and still others are suitable for whatever the scenario. The innovative suggestion in the current work is to use municipal waste, in addition to rocks, gravel and sand, together with an impervious bottom lining, to uplift the low-lying areas. This sani- tary landfill in the close-by coastal areas is recommended wherever the local community is agreeable to a master plan of action where landfilling is included as a desired tool. Municipal solid waste is more cost effective than trucking in or shipping in imported gravel and sand. In addition, it is a good way to use the community's solid waste. If the solid waste was previously making its way to the incinerators, it will also help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, which is one of the principal causes of climate change and the rising seas.
{"title":"Mitigation and Adaptation Responses to Sea Level Rise","authors":"K. Wong","doi":"10.2174/1874378101509010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101509010024","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to climate change, according to annual Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, sea level rise is inevitable. The sea level rise in different parts of the coastal areas in the world continents, may be calculated and thus predicted for ten years in the future, a hundred years out and beyond, with decreasing confidence. Amongst ex- perts, the amount of sea level rise at different locations is a topic of heated debate. The objective of the current work is to review possible projects and undertakings that could be planned and carried out to face the challenges brought forth by rising seas. Some of these projects and actions are more suitable for rise of 1 to 3 feet, others are good for higher rises and still others are suitable for whatever the scenario. The innovative suggestion in the current work is to use municipal waste, in addition to rocks, gravel and sand, together with an impervious bottom lining, to uplift the low-lying areas. This sani- tary landfill in the close-by coastal areas is recommended wherever the local community is agreeable to a master plan of action where landfilling is included as a desired tool. Municipal solid waste is more cost effective than trucking in or shipping in imported gravel and sand. In addition, it is a good way to use the community's solid waste. If the solid waste was previously making its way to the incinerators, it will also help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, which is one of the principal causes of climate change and the rising seas.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125223876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-19DOI: 10.2174/1874378101408010027
F. Tracy, M. Corcoran
The objective of the research was to provide a better understanding of the influence of hydraulic conductivity on the exit gradient for a rectangular block representing a root zone. A critical area of concern to design engineers is the exit gradient at the toe of the levee and other sensitive areas. If the exit gradient becomes too large, water flows too fast, thus creating the potential for piping and internal erosion. Seepage analyses using the finite element method were con- ducted where the hydraulic conductivity k within an estimated root zone was varied. These analyses were based on the as- sumption that a root system alters the k of a soil. Levee systems used in this study were located in Sacramento, CA; Bur- lington, WA; Albuquerque, NM; and Portland, OR. These sites were selected based on available data from previous inves- tigations. Both two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state and transient computations were made. Three-dimensional (3-D) solu- tions were generated by extruding the 2-D cross sections from each study site to form a 3-D mesh and then running a par- allel program. For each levee cross section, a root zone was placed at different locations on the levee profile. The root zone was estimated from geophysical surveys to be approximately 1.8 m � 1.5 m in size. The original (� ) assigned to the root zone was multiplied by a factor, � , 0.01 � � � 100. The 2-D computations were made with values of � = 0.01, 1, and 100 for the different root zone locations. Exit gradients calculated for root zones placed at the bottom of the dewatered drainage ditch in Albuquerque, NM, and on and just beyond the toe of the levee in the other levee systems showed chang- es in exit gradients when k was varied. At other locations of the root zone along the levee, exit gradient showed small or no change with different values of � . Field measurements were not a part of this study.
{"title":"Effect of Changes in Hydraulic Conductivity on Exit Gradient at Selected Levee Systems Using Numerical Models","authors":"F. Tracy, M. Corcoran","doi":"10.2174/1874378101408010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101408010027","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the research was to provide a better understanding of the influence of hydraulic conductivity on the exit gradient for a rectangular block representing a root zone. A critical area of concern to design engineers is the exit gradient at the toe of the levee and other sensitive areas. If the exit gradient becomes too large, water flows too fast, thus creating the potential for piping and internal erosion. Seepage analyses using the finite element method were con- ducted where the hydraulic conductivity k within an estimated root zone was varied. These analyses were based on the as- sumption that a root system alters the k of a soil. Levee systems used in this study were located in Sacramento, CA; Bur- lington, WA; Albuquerque, NM; and Portland, OR. These sites were selected based on available data from previous inves- tigations. Both two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state and transient computations were made. Three-dimensional (3-D) solu- tions were generated by extruding the 2-D cross sections from each study site to form a 3-D mesh and then running a par- allel program. For each levee cross section, a root zone was placed at different locations on the levee profile. The root zone was estimated from geophysical surveys to be approximately 1.8 m � 1.5 m in size. The original (� ) assigned to the root zone was multiplied by a factor, � , 0.01 � � � 100. The 2-D computations were made with values of � = 0.01, 1, and 100 for the different root zone locations. Exit gradients calculated for root zones placed at the bottom of the dewatered drainage ditch in Albuquerque, NM, and on and just beyond the toe of the levee in the other levee systems showed chang- es in exit gradients when k was varied. At other locations of the root zone along the levee, exit gradient showed small or no change with different values of � . Field measurements were not a part of this study.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"286 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116442337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-05DOI: 10.2174/1874378101408010017
D. Gautam, R. N. Prajapati
Groundwater resources in Kathmandu valley provide water for human consumption, industry, hotels and agri- culture as well. Rapid urbanization, mushroomed increment in the built up area, overexploitation of surface and ground- water resource, removal of vegetation cover, change in land use pattern, and formation of impervious surface have led the ultimate lowering of groundwater table and minimization of groundwater recharge as well. This study quantifies the drawdown rate along with the groundwater dynamics across the Kathmandu valley, as the valley constitutes mostly of the urban population of Nepal including the capital city. In Kathmandu valley, for domestic purpose as well as the industrial purpose, water has been pumped continuously surpassing the natural recharge. The groundwater table drawdown has been estimated based on the recorded data of average static groundwater table depth and was found to be 0.7249 m in average and linear regression model of drawdown has been depicted along with the associated range of standard deviation. This drawdown has close proximity with the Mexico City alluvial deposit where ground subsidence is nowadays noticeably oc- curring. Similar land subsidence, water pollution and scarcity of water would be the near future consequence in Kath- mandu valley as nearly 50 % of valley population relies on groundwater resources. Similarly, the groundwater dynamics study has shown the shifting of drainage towards southwestern part of Kathmandu valley. Thus Kathmandu valley is in dire need of proper groundwater management execution in order to avoid the hydrological, hydro-geological and environmental impacts of rapid drawdown.
{"title":"Drawdown and Dynamics of Groundwater Table in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","authors":"D. Gautam, R. N. Prajapati","doi":"10.2174/1874378101408010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101408010017","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater resources in Kathmandu valley provide water for human consumption, industry, hotels and agri- culture as well. Rapid urbanization, mushroomed increment in the built up area, overexploitation of surface and ground- water resource, removal of vegetation cover, change in land use pattern, and formation of impervious surface have led the ultimate lowering of groundwater table and minimization of groundwater recharge as well. This study quantifies the drawdown rate along with the groundwater dynamics across the Kathmandu valley, as the valley constitutes mostly of the urban population of Nepal including the capital city. In Kathmandu valley, for domestic purpose as well as the industrial purpose, water has been pumped continuously surpassing the natural recharge. The groundwater table drawdown has been estimated based on the recorded data of average static groundwater table depth and was found to be 0.7249 m in average and linear regression model of drawdown has been depicted along with the associated range of standard deviation. This drawdown has close proximity with the Mexico City alluvial deposit where ground subsidence is nowadays noticeably oc- curring. Similar land subsidence, water pollution and scarcity of water would be the near future consequence in Kath- mandu valley as nearly 50 % of valley population relies on groundwater resources. Similarly, the groundwater dynamics study has shown the shifting of drainage towards southwestern part of Kathmandu valley. Thus Kathmandu valley is in dire need of proper groundwater management execution in order to avoid the hydrological, hydro-geological and environmental impacts of rapid drawdown.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121943607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-30DOI: 10.2174/1874378101408010008
A. Shaban, T. Darwich, L. Drapeau, S. Gascoin
There are tremendous aspects of water resources in Lebanon where the surface water sources are the most ex- ploited. However, snow is still the major water aspect that plays a role in feeding groundwater, springs and rivers. This water resource has been ignored since long-time and it was considered only for tourism. Nevertheless, the recently existed challenges on water supply in the region, notably the challenging climatic variability, makes it necessary to monitor the behavior and dynamics of snowpack on the mountainous regions of Lebanon. Therefore, several studies have been carried out in this respect, focusing on the use of space observations along several time series. While, few concerns were given to the physical characteristic and behavior of snow melt that resulting water flow regime. This study includes two major components of investigation. These are: the analysis of remotely sensed data to monitor snow cover area and the direct in- vestigation of snow samples in the field to measure the melting rate and patterns. Therefore, daily MODIS satellite im- ages, with moderate spatial resolution, were analyzed to detect any changing in the snow cover area, as well as to deduce the accumulation and melting regime. Whereas, field investigations were applied to 275 sites with different altitudes, dates and terrain aspects. The measures were analyzed to identify the relationship between snow cover dynamic, snow materials characteristics and the physical setting. Thiswill be a helpful tool to identify the climate control on the snow- pack; in addition, it contributes for new inputs on water resource management approaches, notably in the view of chang- ing climatic regime.
{"title":"Climatic induced snowpack surfaces on Lebanon's mountains.","authors":"A. Shaban, T. Darwich, L. Drapeau, S. Gascoin","doi":"10.2174/1874378101408010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101408010008","url":null,"abstract":"There are tremendous aspects of water resources in Lebanon where the surface water sources are the most ex- ploited. However, snow is still the major water aspect that plays a role in feeding groundwater, springs and rivers. This water resource has been ignored since long-time and it was considered only for tourism. Nevertheless, the recently existed challenges on water supply in the region, notably the challenging climatic variability, makes it necessary to monitor the behavior and dynamics of snowpack on the mountainous regions of Lebanon. Therefore, several studies have been carried out in this respect, focusing on the use of space observations along several time series. While, few concerns were given to the physical characteristic and behavior of snow melt that resulting water flow regime. This study includes two major components of investigation. These are: the analysis of remotely sensed data to monitor snow cover area and the direct in- vestigation of snow samples in the field to measure the melting rate and patterns. Therefore, daily MODIS satellite im- ages, with moderate spatial resolution, were analyzed to detect any changing in the snow cover area, as well as to deduce the accumulation and melting regime. Whereas, field investigations were applied to 275 sites with different altitudes, dates and terrain aspects. The measures were analyzed to identify the relationship between snow cover dynamic, snow materials characteristics and the physical setting. Thiswill be a helpful tool to identify the climate control on the snow- pack; in addition, it contributes for new inputs on water resource management approaches, notably in the view of chang- ing climatic regime.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126469803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-29DOI: 10.2174/1874378101408010001
R. Yadav, S. Saxena
In this study a new conceptual model for partial duration series analysis was applied to determine the likely rainfall of the monsoon season and the pattern of rainfall events distribution. Example case study was carried out with rainfall data of semiarid area, Agra, India, experiencing extremes of yearly rainfall; ranging between high (1200 mm) to low (300 mm). The coefficient values for the exponential decay function (K) were computed for all decays of partial dura- tion rainfall serises. Using the range of values of K and the yearly rainfall amounts further optimization produced the best results on the basis of the minimum Chi square value. The optimum K value was 0.92. Using this K, yearly rainfall values were predicted and compared with rainfall received for the validation period (1988-2002), not included in determination of optimum value of K. All the predicted yearly rainfall values were bit higher than observed ones. Further, for matching the predicted values with observed rain fall values, correction equations were also developed. For distribution of rainfall events in the year, successive rainfall event that could have preceded at any time were con- trasted with those of the past years with corresponding total rainfall values. As the rainy season progresses, the matching rainfall distribution of the corresponding rainfall year becomes the rainfall distribution pattern for year under the forecast; enabling selection of crops and cropping patterns before the onset of rainy season and carrying out strategic planning for successful agriculture under the changing scenario of rainfall pattern.
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