Pub Date : 2012-09-20DOI: 10.2174/1874378101206010058
H. Hashemi, R. Berndtsson, M. Kompanizare
The first step of aquifer parameter and dependent variable estimation based on hydraulic modeling is generally to choose the best steady-state condition for the set time period. In order to define the best estimated hydraulic conductiv- ity and boundary condition for Gareh-Bygone Plain in arid southern Iran, ten different steady-state conditions were simulated and calibrated with limited field observations. The investigated area covers about 6000 ha with a floodwater spreading system that was established on about 2000 ha to artificially recharge the groundwater. The results showed a consistency over the 14-year simulation period with estimated hydraulic conductivity in a quite narrow range. This makes us believe that even if the modeling problem is to some extent over-parameterized the results appear quite robust. This is further strengthened by verification of the model results. Furthermore, the results showed that in the steady-state groundwater flow with no recharge from surface water, the system is mainly recharged by the fault which conducts water into the area from an upper sub-basin.
{"title":"Steady-State Unconfined Aquifer Simulation of the Gareh-Bygone Plain, Iran: Steady-State Unconfined Aquifer Simulation","authors":"H. Hashemi, R. Berndtsson, M. Kompanizare","doi":"10.2174/1874378101206010058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101206010058","url":null,"abstract":"The first step of aquifer parameter and dependent variable estimation based on hydraulic modeling is generally to choose the best steady-state condition for the set time period. In order to define the best estimated hydraulic conductiv- ity and boundary condition for Gareh-Bygone Plain in arid southern Iran, ten different steady-state conditions were simulated and calibrated with limited field observations. The investigated area covers about 6000 ha with a floodwater spreading system that was established on about 2000 ha to artificially recharge the groundwater. The results showed a consistency over the 14-year simulation period with estimated hydraulic conductivity in a quite narrow range. This makes us believe that even if the modeling problem is to some extent over-parameterized the results appear quite robust. This is further strengthened by verification of the model results. Furthermore, the results showed that in the steady-state groundwater flow with no recharge from surface water, the system is mainly recharged by the fault which conducts water into the area from an upper sub-basin.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126771068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-20DOI: 10.2174/1874378101206010052
Ramani Bai
Problem Statement: In general, the drinking water systems sourced from ground water (GW) contains chemi- cals at double the current maximum contaminant levels (MCL) of colloids. However, due to increasing demand of water, groundwater may be subjected to over-exploitation and the natural equilibrium is thus disturbed. A steady-state condition is established between seawater and freshwater in a coastal aquifer. This results in aggressive groundwater-surface water interaction, which may even reach the inland aquifer. Approach: The objectives of this research are to determine the level of contamination of groundwater by seawater intrusion and to identify its hazard. A flow model is created using the study area, Kanchong Darat in state of Selangor in West Malaysia in Visual MODFLOW environment. By a transient-state analysis the environmental impact due to groundwater pumping has been studied and the results of are obtained. Conclusion: The simulation results revealed that GW would get lower, and finally the interface between fresh and saltwa- ter could gradually move inland if the abstraction of GW is continued and become over-exploited. In the model the draw- down (DD) at the top most aquifer (depth of 55 m) has been found with a depression cone of radii around 3650 m after 1 day of pumping; the radii reached 7500 m with depth of DD 55.5 m after 10 days, while after 30 days of pumping; it reached about 10 km with DD 56.8m. These models are useful for better water resource management and to understand the coastal hazards into inland resources wherein 75% of the water resource is based on groundwater system.
问题说明:一般来说，从地下水(GW)中获取的饮用水系统所含的化学物质是目前胶体最大污染物水平(MCL)的两倍。然而，由于对水的需求不断增加，地下水可能会受到过度开采，从而破坏自然平衡。建立了沿海含水层中海水与淡水之间的稳态条件。这就导致了地下水与地表水的剧烈相互作用，甚至可能到达内陆含水层。方法:本研究的目的是确定海水入侵对地下水的污染程度，并确定其危害。在Visual MODFLOW环境中，使用西马来西亚雪兰莪州的Kanchong Darat研究区域创建了一个流程模型。通过瞬态分析，研究了地下水抽吸对环境的影响，并得出了一些结论。结论:模拟结果表明，如果继续对淡水进行抽取和过度开发，淡水和咸水的界面将逐渐向内陆移动。在该模型中，抽水1天后，在最上层含水层(深度55 m)发现了一个半径约为3650 m的凹陷锥;10 d后半径达到7500 m，水深55.5 m, 30 d后;它达到了大约10公里，水深568米。这些模型有助于更好地管理水资源，并了解沿海对内陆资源的危害，其中75%的水资源是基于地下水系统的。
{"title":"Coastal Erosion Due to Seawater Intrusion into Groundwater Aquifers","authors":"Ramani Bai","doi":"10.2174/1874378101206010052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101206010052","url":null,"abstract":"Problem Statement: In general, the drinking water systems sourced from ground water (GW) contains chemi- cals at double the current maximum contaminant levels (MCL) of colloids. However, due to increasing demand of water, groundwater may be subjected to over-exploitation and the natural equilibrium is thus disturbed. A steady-state condition is established between seawater and freshwater in a coastal aquifer. This results in aggressive groundwater-surface water interaction, which may even reach the inland aquifer. Approach: The objectives of this research are to determine the level of contamination of groundwater by seawater intrusion and to identify its hazard. A flow model is created using the study area, Kanchong Darat in state of Selangor in West Malaysia in Visual MODFLOW environment. By a transient-state analysis the environmental impact due to groundwater pumping has been studied and the results of are obtained. Conclusion: The simulation results revealed that GW would get lower, and finally the interface between fresh and saltwa- ter could gradually move inland if the abstraction of GW is continued and become over-exploited. In the model the draw- down (DD) at the top most aquifer (depth of 55 m) has been found with a depression cone of radii around 3650 m after 1 day of pumping; the radii reached 7500 m with depth of DD 55.5 m after 10 days, while after 30 days of pumping; it reached about 10 km with DD 56.8m. These models are useful for better water resource management and to understand the coastal hazards into inland resources wherein 75% of the water resource is based on groundwater system.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116199628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-21DOI: 10.2174/1874378101206010015
Dripps W.R.
Groundwater recharge is often assumed to be uniform within a watershed owing to difficulties in quantifying its temporal and spatial variability. In this paper, fluctuations in soil moisture content at multiple depths in the unsaturated zone together with fluctuations in the water table are used to provide a record of the recharge process and a means to quantify and compare temporal and spatial recharge variability. Hourly measurements of soil moisture content and the elevation of the water table were collected at two sites, a clear cut and a coniferous forest site, within the Trout Lake basin of northern Wisconsin. The soil moisture and water table data were used together to assess the temporal and spatial vari- ability in groundwater recharge from October 1999 to May 2001 and to identify the climatic (amount and timing of rain- fall) and physical (vegetation and soil type) controls on the recharge process within this basin. Together, the two datasets allow for a holistic assessment of the recharge process from the ground surface through the unsaturated zone down to the water table.
{"title":"An Integrated Field Assessment of Groundwater Recharge","authors":"Dripps W.R.","doi":"10.2174/1874378101206010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101206010015","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater recharge is often assumed to be uniform within a watershed owing to difficulties in quantifying its temporal and spatial variability. In this paper, fluctuations in soil moisture content at multiple depths in the unsaturated zone together with fluctuations in the water table are used to provide a record of the recharge process and a means to quantify and compare temporal and spatial recharge variability. Hourly measurements of soil moisture content and the elevation of the water table were collected at two sites, a clear cut and a coniferous forest site, within the Trout Lake basin of northern Wisconsin. The soil moisture and water table data were used together to assess the temporal and spatial vari- ability in groundwater recharge from October 1999 to May 2001 and to identify the climatic (amount and timing of rain- fall) and physical (vegetation and soil type) controls on the recharge process within this basin. Together, the two datasets allow for a holistic assessment of the recharge process from the ground surface through the unsaturated zone down to the water table.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132316991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-12DOI: 10.2174/1874378101206010001
J. Cruz, D. Pacheco, S. Costa, Carla Melo, Raquel Cymbron, R. Nogueira, A. Brito
The Azores Water Plan (AWP) came to force in year 2003 in order to provide a coherent set of measures to protect and enhance water resources in the archipelago. The AWP was developed according to EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and a close relationship can be found between goals on both documents. The evaluation of results associated to AWP implementation, made possible through a consultation procedure described in the present paper, provides an indirect assessment of the implementation of the WFD in an EU outermost region such as the Azores. The analysis suggests that major constrains to the full implementation of the AWP and WFD are associated with administrative arrangements, reflected in a lack of coordination, as well as adequate funding and cost recovery and strategies for public participation and information provision. Instead, water quality monitoring is already fully operational showing a strong relationship between science and water policy.
{"title":"Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in an Outermost EU Region: The Case of Azores Archipelago","authors":"J. Cruz, D. Pacheco, S. Costa, Carla Melo, Raquel Cymbron, R. Nogueira, A. Brito","doi":"10.2174/1874378101206010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101206010001","url":null,"abstract":"The Azores Water Plan (AWP) came to force in year 2003 in order to provide a coherent set of measures to protect and enhance water resources in the archipelago. The AWP was developed according to EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and a close relationship can be found between goals on both documents. The evaluation of results associated to AWP implementation, made possible through a consultation procedure described in the present paper, provides an indirect assessment of the implementation of the WFD in an EU outermost region such as the Azores. The analysis suggests that major constrains to the full implementation of the AWP and WFD are associated with administrative arrangements, reflected in a lack of coordination, as well as adequate funding and cost recovery and strategies for public participation and information provision. Instead, water quality monitoring is already fully operational showing a strong relationship between science and water policy.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127509415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-31DOI: 10.2174/1874378101105010069
D. H. M. Detzel, M. Mine
Precipitation analysis is embedded in a range of important hydrological studies for hydraulic works construction and maintenance. However, flaws and limitations in records are obstacles often encountered by researchers. One feasible solution for overcoming these obstacles is to generate synthetic series. The main objective of this work is to structure and validate a model for generating synthetic rainfall series at a daily scale. A parametric model has been constructed, where the occurrences are determined by a stochastic Markov process and the cumulative rainfall quantities are computed using a mixed exponential probability distribution. Since no previous studies using the proposed probability distribution in La Plata Basin were found in the literature, several significance tests and relevant criteria were applied, in order to verify the model accuracy. The approach was studied in 11 rainfall stations inside Parana and Uruguay rivers basins, located in Brazilian South and Southeast regions, obtaining good results. Additional analyses of the model performance related to extreme events and droughts are also present.
{"title":"Generation of Daily Synthetic Precipitation Series: Analyses and Application in La Plata River Basin","authors":"D. H. M. Detzel, M. Mine","doi":"10.2174/1874378101105010069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101105010069","url":null,"abstract":"Precipitation analysis is embedded in a range of important hydrological studies for hydraulic works construction and maintenance. However, flaws and limitations in records are obstacles often encountered by researchers. One feasible solution for overcoming these obstacles is to generate synthetic series. The main objective of this work is to structure and validate a model for generating synthetic rainfall series at a daily scale. A parametric model has been constructed, where the occurrences are determined by a stochastic Markov process and the cumulative rainfall quantities are computed using a mixed exponential probability distribution. Since no previous studies using the proposed probability distribution in La Plata Basin were found in the literature, several significance tests and relevant criteria were applied, in order to verify the model accuracy. The approach was studied in 11 rainfall stations inside Parana and Uruguay rivers basins, located in Brazilian South and Southeast regions, obtaining good results. Additional analyses of the model performance related to extreme events and droughts are also present.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114497225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-30DOI: 10.2174/1874378101105010058
A. Heuer, M. Casper
The present article shows the results of a study on the soil module of the STICS (Simulateur Multidisciplinaire des Cultures Standards, developed by INRA, France) crop model. Simulation models are often applied to regions where conditions are substantially different from the ones which the model was originally developed for and validated against. This was the reason to study the sensitivity of the STICS soil module and to analyze model behavior with regard to spatial transferability. The model was parameterized with data collected from an area close to the German city of Trier. Using this parameterization as a baseline, an initial study was carried out on the sensitivity of the soil parameters. This was followed by an analysis of model behavior concerning parameters which also in the real system are responsible for successful or poor plant growth. This provided some improvements over the initial simulation results. However, the model failed to match the real system's behavior concerning yield, biomass development, and root growth. From various approaches to parameterization it has become clear that a high level of abstraction is required to produce a satisfactory model of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and in particular the soil water dynamics. This applies especially to extreme locations as well as to relatively extreme climatic years.
本文介绍了法国INRA开发的作物模型tics (Simulateur Multidisciplinaire des Cultures Standards)土壤模块的研究结果。模拟模型通常应用于条件与模型最初开发和验证的条件有很大不同的地区。这就是为什么要研究STICS土壤模块的敏感性，并分析模型在空间可转移性方面的行为。该模型是用从德国特里尔市附近地区收集的数据参数化的。以该参数化为基准，对土壤参数的敏感性进行了初步研究。接下来是对模型行为的分析，这些参数在实际系统中也对植物生长的成功或不良负责。这比最初的模拟结果提供了一些改进。然而，该模型在产量、生物量发育和根系生长等方面不能与实际系统的行为相匹配。从各种参数化方法来看，很明显，要产生令人满意的土壤-植物-大气连续体模型，特别是土壤水动力学模型，需要高度抽象。这尤其适用于极端地区以及相对极端的气候年份。
{"title":"Studying Parameter Sensitivity and Behaviour of the Crop Model STICS","authors":"A. Heuer, M. Casper","doi":"10.2174/1874378101105010058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101105010058","url":null,"abstract":"The present article shows the results of a study on the soil module of the STICS (Simulateur Multidisciplinaire des Cultures Standards, developed by INRA, France) crop model. Simulation models are often applied to regions where conditions are substantially different from the ones which the model was originally developed for and validated against. This was the reason to study the sensitivity of the STICS soil module and to analyze model behavior with regard to spatial transferability. The model was parameterized with data collected from an area close to the German city of Trier. Using this parameterization as a baseline, an initial study was carried out on the sensitivity of the soil parameters. This was followed by an analysis of model behavior concerning parameters which also in the real system are responsible for successful or poor plant growth. This provided some improvements over the initial simulation results. However, the model failed to match the real system's behavior concerning yield, biomass development, and root growth. From various approaches to parameterization it has become clear that a high level of abstraction is required to produce a satisfactory model of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and in particular the soil water dynamics. This applies especially to extreme locations as well as to relatively extreme climatic years.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126550115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-06DOI: 10.2174/1874378101105010051
B. Pradhan, S. Pirasteh
Water being an excellent solvent tends to dissolve the minerals in the geological system. The chemical nature of the ground water is influenced by several factors such as chemical weathering of the country rocks and interaction with the country rocks. The importance of the hydrochemical analysis underlies the fact that the chemistry of the ground water can directly be rated with the source of water, climate, and geology of the region. In this paper chemical analysis of the ground water has been carried out for upper Bhatsai region in Maharastra. There are eight water quality variables (SO4 2- , Na ++ , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NO 3- , TH, and pH) and the specific Conductance and Total Dissolved Solids were selected for this analysis. In this paper a) The values of water quality parameters were analyzed using statistical methods, b) the existence of trends and the evaluation of the best-fitted models were performed in order to classify the quality of the ground water. The geochemical analysis of the water samples has shown that it is free from certain anomalies and the water is suitable for human and cattle consumption. However, the presence of certain degree of anions indicates that the ground water in the study area is facing stress which could change the quality of the water in the near future. The quality of water resources is a subject of ongoing concern. The assessment of long-term water quality changes is also a challenging problem. During the last decades, water quality of many rivers in India has been done using standard measurements techniques. In the present study, water sam- ples were collected from cased wells during post-monsoon (December) period in order to determine their physical and chemical properties. The location of the samples is given in Fig. (1). Chemical analysis were carried out based on the procedures stipulated by APHA (1995, 1989) (1, 2); and Hem (1959) (3) and the chemical analysis data is given in Table 1. Concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total carbon oxide (CO2) and chloride (Cl - ) were determined by using the standard methods (4-7). 2. STUDY AREA The study area is situated in upper Bhatsai basin of Ma- harastra and falling under the latitudes 19°30.9´ and 19°13.18´ and longitudes 73°14.55´ and 73°21.43´, covering an area of approximately 59.5208 km 2 . The study area falls in the survey of India topological map numbered 47E/7. This is located in the northern part of the Thane district of Ma- harashtra that includes area around Shahpur and adjacent areas. The location of the study area is shown in Fig. (2) and the location map of the water samples is given in Fig. (1).
{"title":"Hydro-Chemical analysis of the ground water of the Basaltic Catchments: Upper Bhatsai Region, Maharastra.","authors":"B. Pradhan, S. Pirasteh","doi":"10.2174/1874378101105010051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101105010051","url":null,"abstract":"Water being an excellent solvent tends to dissolve the minerals in the geological system. The chemical nature of the ground water is influenced by several factors such as chemical weathering of the country rocks and interaction with the country rocks. The importance of the hydrochemical analysis underlies the fact that the chemistry of the ground water can directly be rated with the source of water, climate, and geology of the region. In this paper chemical analysis of the ground water has been carried out for upper Bhatsai region in Maharastra. There are eight water quality variables (SO4 2- , Na ++ , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NO 3- , TH, and pH) and the specific Conductance and Total Dissolved Solids were selected for this analysis. In this paper a) The values of water quality parameters were analyzed using statistical methods, b) the existence of trends and the evaluation of the best-fitted models were performed in order to classify the quality of the ground water. The geochemical analysis of the water samples has shown that it is free from certain anomalies and the water is suitable for human and cattle consumption. However, the presence of certain degree of anions indicates that the ground water in the study area is facing stress which could change the quality of the water in the near future. The quality of water resources is a subject of ongoing concern. The assessment of long-term water quality changes is also a challenging problem. During the last decades, water quality of many rivers in India has been done using standard measurements techniques. In the present study, water sam- ples were collected from cased wells during post-monsoon (December) period in order to determine their physical and chemical properties. The location of the samples is given in Fig. (1). Chemical analysis were carried out based on the procedures stipulated by APHA (1995, 1989) (1, 2); and Hem (1959) (3) and the chemical analysis data is given in Table 1. Concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total carbon oxide (CO2) and chloride (Cl - ) were determined by using the standard methods (4-7). 2. STUDY AREA The study area is situated in upper Bhatsai basin of Ma- harastra and falling under the latitudes 19°30.9´ and 19°13.18´ and longitudes 73°14.55´ and 73°21.43´, covering an area of approximately 59.5208 km 2 . The study area falls in the survey of India topological map numbered 47E/7. This is located in the northern part of the Thane district of Ma- harashtra that includes area around Shahpur and adjacent areas. The location of the study area is shown in Fig. (2) and the location map of the water samples is given in Fig. (1).","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129335515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-20DOI: 10.2174/1874378101105010026
E. B. Daniel, J. Camp, E. LeBoeuf, Jessica R. Penrod, James P. Dobbins, M. Abkowitz
Advances in the understanding of physical, chemical, and biological processes influencing water quality, cou- pled with improvements in the collection and analysis of hydrologic data, provide opportunities for significant innovations in the manner and level with which watershed-scale processes may be explored and modeled. This paper provides a re- view of current trends in watershed modeling, including use of stochastic-based methods, distributed versus lumped pa- rameter techniques, influence of data resolution and scalar issues, and the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) as part of a data-driven approach to assist in watershed modeling efforts. Important findings and observed trends from this work include (i) use of AI techniques artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic (FL), and genetic algorithms (GA) to im- prove upon or replace traditional physically-based techniques which tend to be computationally expensive; (ii) limitations in scale-up of hydrological processes for watershed modeling; and (iii) the impacts of data resolution on watershed model- ing capabilities. In addition, detailed discussions of individual watershed models and modeling systems with their fea- tures, limitations, and example applications are presented to demonstrate the wide variety of systems currently available for watershed management at multiple scales. A summary of these discussions is presented in tabular format for use by water resource managers and decision makers as a screening tool for selecting a watershed model for a specific purpose.
{"title":"Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review","authors":"E. B. Daniel, J. Camp, E. LeBoeuf, Jessica R. Penrod, James P. Dobbins, M. Abkowitz","doi":"10.2174/1874378101105010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101105010026","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in the understanding of physical, chemical, and biological processes influencing water quality, cou- pled with improvements in the collection and analysis of hydrologic data, provide opportunities for significant innovations in the manner and level with which watershed-scale processes may be explored and modeled. This paper provides a re- view of current trends in watershed modeling, including use of stochastic-based methods, distributed versus lumped pa- rameter techniques, influence of data resolution and scalar issues, and the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) as part of a data-driven approach to assist in watershed modeling efforts. Important findings and observed trends from this work include (i) use of AI techniques artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic (FL), and genetic algorithms (GA) to im- prove upon or replace traditional physically-based techniques which tend to be computationally expensive; (ii) limitations in scale-up of hydrological processes for watershed modeling; and (iii) the impacts of data resolution on watershed model- ing capabilities. In addition, detailed discussions of individual watershed models and modeling systems with their fea- tures, limitations, and example applications are presented to demonstrate the wide variety of systems currently available for watershed management at multiple scales. A summary of these discussions is presented in tabular format for use by water resource managers and decision makers as a screening tool for selecting a watershed model for a specific purpose.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129096812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-13DOI: 10.2174/1874378101105010019
J. Ndambuki
As the world population continues to increase, demand for the provision of larger amounts of water to carter for the increased population increases too. Thus, experts in the water resources arena are struggling to meet this everincreasing demand. Moreover, more attention is focusing on groundwater as surface water quality deteriorates. This may lead to conflict unless measures that promote deliberate efficient and sustainable exploitation are embraced. In this paper, we discuss a novel approach to managing groundwater within a multi-objective framework when the input parameters are uncertain. The novelty of the tool is explicitly demonstrated by applying it to an hypothetical example. Results show that the tool is versatile and can prescribe solutions which guarantee desired levels of robustness. While Monte Carlo approach prescribes the use of only 7 wells, the current approach prescribes the use of more wells (up to 16 wells) for a more robust solution. This implies that Monte Carlo approach leads to optimistic solutions which are prone to changes in response to perturbations in input parameters.
{"title":"A Novel Approach to Solving Multi-Objective Groundwater Problems with Uncertain Parameters","authors":"J. Ndambuki","doi":"10.2174/1874378101105010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101105010019","url":null,"abstract":"As the world population continues to increase, demand for the provision of larger amounts of water to carter for the increased population increases too. Thus, experts in the water resources arena are struggling to meet this everincreasing demand. Moreover, more attention is focusing on groundwater as surface water quality deteriorates. This may lead to conflict unless measures that promote deliberate efficient and sustainable exploitation are embraced. In this paper, we discuss a novel approach to managing groundwater within a multi-objective framework when the input parameters are uncertain. The novelty of the tool is explicitly demonstrated by applying it to an hypothetical example. Results show that the tool is versatile and can prescribe solutions which guarantee desired levels of robustness. While Monte Carlo approach prescribes the use of only 7 wells, the current approach prescribes the use of more wells (up to 16 wells) for a more robust solution. This implies that Monte Carlo approach leads to optimistic solutions which are prone to changes in response to perturbations in input parameters.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130274981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-11DOI: 10.2174/1874378101105010009
L. Kuchment, A. Gelfan, V. Demidov
Physically based model of the hydrological cycle of a forest basin was developed. The model includes descrip- tion of processes of liquid water and snow interception by forest canopy, snow accumulation and melt, vertical soil mois- ture transfer and evapotranspiration, overland, subsurface and channel flow. The case-study has been carried out on the basis of experimental observations on the Valday water balance station, situated in the north-western part of Russia. The model has been calibrated and validated using 5-year hydrometeorological observations at the completely forested Tayoz- hny Creek experimental basin. Then the 17-years hydrometeorological observations were used to estimate the possible change of hydrological cycle of this basin after forest cutting. The numerical experiments have shown that the averaged snow water equivalent before snowmelt for the Tayozhny Creek basin can increase in case of forest cutting by 15%. The snow sublimation losses can decrease almost twice .The snowmelt rates after forest cutting turned out to be about 30% larger and the duration of snowmelt, on average, on 10 days longer. The simulated annual runoff from the Tayozhny Creek basin (mainly of snowmelt origin) averaged for 17 years appeared to be only about 10% higher than in case of for- est cutting. However, its seasonal distribution and water balance components changed essentially. The spring flood peak discharge from the forested basin appeared to be, on average, 50% lower, the spring floods started 5-7 days later and the flood recession turned out to be much longer. About 80% of the total runoff from the Tayozhny Creek basin is now sub- surface flow, while in case of deforestation overland flow may become dominant. The numerical experiments were carried out to estimate the sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to changes of leaf area index as a forest age characteristic. The es- timates obtained by simulation are quite consistent with the estimates obtained on the basis of experimental research.
{"title":"Modeling of the Hydrological Cycle of a Forest River Basin and Hydrological Consequences of Forest Cutting","authors":"L. Kuchment, A. Gelfan, V. Demidov","doi":"10.2174/1874378101105010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874378101105010009","url":null,"abstract":"Physically based model of the hydrological cycle of a forest basin was developed. The model includes descrip- tion of processes of liquid water and snow interception by forest canopy, snow accumulation and melt, vertical soil mois- ture transfer and evapotranspiration, overland, subsurface and channel flow. The case-study has been carried out on the basis of experimental observations on the Valday water balance station, situated in the north-western part of Russia. The model has been calibrated and validated using 5-year hydrometeorological observations at the completely forested Tayoz- hny Creek experimental basin. Then the 17-years hydrometeorological observations were used to estimate the possible change of hydrological cycle of this basin after forest cutting. The numerical experiments have shown that the averaged snow water equivalent before snowmelt for the Tayozhny Creek basin can increase in case of forest cutting by 15%. The snow sublimation losses can decrease almost twice .The snowmelt rates after forest cutting turned out to be about 30% larger and the duration of snowmelt, on average, on 10 days longer. The simulated annual runoff from the Tayozhny Creek basin (mainly of snowmelt origin) averaged for 17 years appeared to be only about 10% higher than in case of for- est cutting. However, its seasonal distribution and water balance components changed essentially. The spring flood peak discharge from the forested basin appeared to be, on average, 50% lower, the spring floods started 5-7 days later and the flood recession turned out to be much longer. About 80% of the total runoff from the Tayozhny Creek basin is now sub- surface flow, while in case of deforestation overland flow may become dominant. The numerical experiments were carried out to estimate the sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to changes of leaf area index as a forest age characteristic. The es- timates obtained by simulation are quite consistent with the estimates obtained on the basis of experimental research.","PeriodicalId":247243,"journal":{"name":"The Open Hydrology Journal","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115603175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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