The main objective of this study gears towards evaluating monetary policy transmission paths and money supply in Sub- Saharan Africa: evidence from Nigeria and Ghana from1981- 2018. The Central Bank of Nigeria, Bank of Ghana and World Bank, World Development Indicator of 2018 furnished us with the data used for analysis. This study explored three different monetary policy transmission channels: interest rate, credit and asset pricing transmission channels and these variables were regressed on money supply in both countries using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model estimation technique. The study also employed other diagnostic tests such as: Normality, Auto correlation test, Heteroskedasticity test and Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test and they confirmed the validity and reliability of the model employed. The inferential results revealed that credit to private sector transmission channels in both Nigeria and Ghana had positive and significant impact on money supply but lending rate transmission paths in the two countries impacted insignificantly on money supply. This study concludes that monetary policy transmission channels in Nigeria were more robust in impacting on money supply than in Ghana. As such, the study recommends that monetary authorities of both countries need to formulate stringent monetary policies that will reduce the circulation of money outside the financial systems and there should be a synergy between monetary and fiscal policies in both economies so as to aid the instruments of macroeconomic policies achieve their objectives.
{"title":"Monetary Policy Transmission Paths and Money Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Nigeria and Ghana","authors":"Ugwuanyi Georgina Obinne, Efanga, Udeme Okon, Okanya Ogochukwu Chinelo","doi":"10.53935/26415313.v4i2.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/26415313.v4i2.187","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study gears towards evaluating monetary policy transmission paths and money supply in Sub- Saharan Africa: evidence from Nigeria and Ghana from1981- 2018. The Central Bank of Nigeria, Bank of Ghana and World Bank, World Development Indicator of 2018 furnished us with the data used for analysis. This study explored three different monetary policy transmission channels: interest rate, credit and asset pricing transmission channels and these variables were regressed on money supply in both countries using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model estimation technique. The study also employed other diagnostic tests such as: Normality, Auto correlation test, Heteroskedasticity test and Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test and they confirmed the validity and reliability of the model employed. The inferential results revealed that credit to private sector transmission channels in both Nigeria and Ghana had positive and significant impact on money supply but lending rate transmission paths in the two countries impacted insignificantly on money supply. This study concludes that monetary policy transmission channels in Nigeria were more robust in impacting on money supply than in Ghana. As such, the study recommends that monetary authorities of both countries need to formulate stringent monetary policies that will reduce the circulation of money outside the financial systems and there should be a synergy between monetary and fiscal policies in both economies so as to aid the instruments of macroeconomic policies achieve their objectives.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127819546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.53935/26415313.v4i2.189
Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев
Despite the great theoretical and practical significance, in Bulgaria there are no comprehensive analysis of the state and evolution of agrarian research and development (ARD) activities in public and private sectors. The goal of this paper is to analyze the state and evolution of ARD in Bulgaria during the period after country’s EU accession in 2007, identify major trends in that area, make a comparison with other EU states, specify main problems, and suggest conclusions for improvement of policies during next programing period. The analysis has found out that in years of EU membership the expenditures for ARD significantly decreased absolutely and relatively as a share in the total expenditures for R&D, which indicates diminishing importance, and deteriorating financial, personnel and material potential of agrarian knowledge and innovation sector. The most important sector for ARD in the country is the government in which more than 80% of overall expenditures for ARD are invested, as distribution of expenditures and organization of R&D in major sectors differ considerably from other EU member states. ARD in the country mainly are funded by the state budget, and the importance of budget financing relatedly increases during the period, unlike trends in other EU countries.
{"title":"A Study on Development of Agraria Research and Innovation System in Bulgaria","authors":"Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев","doi":"10.53935/26415313.v4i2.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/26415313.v4i2.189","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the great theoretical and practical significance, in Bulgaria there are no comprehensive analysis of the state and evolution of agrarian research and development (ARD) activities in public and private sectors. The goal of this paper is to analyze the state and evolution of ARD in Bulgaria during the period after country’s EU accession in 2007, identify major trends in that area, make a comparison with other EU states, specify main problems, and suggest conclusions for improvement of policies during next programing period. The analysis has found out that in years of EU membership the expenditures for ARD significantly decreased absolutely and relatively as a share in the total expenditures for R&D, which indicates diminishing importance, and deteriorating financial, personnel and material potential of agrarian knowledge and innovation sector. The most important sector for ARD in the country is the government in which more than 80% of overall expenditures for ARD are invested, as distribution of expenditures and organization of R&D in major sectors differ considerably from other EU member states. ARD in the country mainly are funded by the state budget, and the importance of budget financing relatedly increases during the period, unlike trends in other EU countries.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125561671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-10DOI: 10.53935/2641-5313.v4i1.64
Iza Bukia
The research aims to review the direction of Georgia's economic policy, in particular, the reforms implemented in the field of tax policy in value added tax (VAT). For this purpose, the method of comparing the legislative records, as well as the analysis of official statistical data and their generalization are used, as well as the research I conducted (the results of a survey of entrepreneurs) on several reforms in value added tax. The current result of the major reforms in this tax is an indicator of positive dynamics. This study will allow stakeholders (as well as entrepreneurs) to evaluate the effectiveness of tax policy, which is reflected in both statistical information and international rankings. The general business environment following the reforms and the regulatory norms of value added tax (VAT) in Georgia will be analyzed. This will be the basis for observing the dynamics of the positive indicators of the reforms carried out, and at the same time to take into account the influence of environmental factors during the assessment.
{"title":"Georgia Tax Policy Directions in Value Added Tax (VAT) and Expected Results of Reforms","authors":"Iza Bukia","doi":"10.53935/2641-5313.v4i1.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-5313.v4i1.64","url":null,"abstract":"The research aims to review the direction of Georgia's economic policy, in particular, the reforms implemented in the field of tax policy in value added tax (VAT). For this purpose, the method of comparing the legislative records, as well as the analysis of official statistical data and their generalization are used, as well as the research I conducted (the results of a survey of entrepreneurs) on several reforms in value added tax. The current result of the major reforms in this tax is an indicator of positive dynamics. This study will allow stakeholders (as well as entrepreneurs) to evaluate the effectiveness of tax policy, which is reflected in both statistical information and international rankings. The general business environment following the reforms and the regulatory norms of value added tax (VAT) in Georgia will be analyzed. This will be the basis for observing the dynamics of the positive indicators of the reforms carried out, and at the same time to take into account the influence of environmental factors during the assessment.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126511988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.53935/2641-5313.v4i1.57
D. Anastasiou, A. Petralias
Employing data in a monthly frequency, with a sample period spanning from 2002 to 2018, the purpose of this study is twofold. First, we construct a novel leading indicator based on news headlines drawn from Bloomberg, and second, examine whether this leading indicator able to capture agents’ sentiment affects Greek bank deposit flows’ trajectory. Employing alternative econometric methodologies, we find that this index proxies for depositors’ crisis sentiment and the higher this index becomes, the higher the depositors’ negative sentiment becomes, leading them to withdraw their bank deposits. Overall, in this work, we show that the last decade’s advances in internet technology, which permit us to have direct access to a vast amount of information such as news headlines, offers the possibility of forecasting critical measures in the economy’s banking system, such as the number of bank deposits, which are of crucial importance. Monetary poly authorities or macroprudential regulators could adapt our model to assess the resilience of a bank or the whole banking sector.
{"title":"On the Construction of a Leading Indicator Based on News Headlines for Predicting Greek Deposit Outflows","authors":"D. Anastasiou, A. Petralias","doi":"10.53935/2641-5313.v4i1.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-5313.v4i1.57","url":null,"abstract":"Employing data in a monthly frequency, with a sample period spanning from 2002 to 2018, the purpose of this study is twofold. First, we construct a novel leading indicator based on news headlines drawn from Bloomberg, and second, examine whether this leading indicator able to capture agents’ sentiment affects Greek bank deposit flows’ trajectory. Employing alternative econometric methodologies, we find that this index proxies for depositors’ crisis sentiment and the higher this index becomes, the higher the depositors’ negative sentiment becomes, leading them to withdraw their bank deposits. Overall, in this work, we show that the last decade’s advances in internet technology, which permit us to have direct access to a vast amount of information such as news headlines, offers the possibility of forecasting critical measures in the economy’s banking system, such as the number of bank deposits, which are of crucial importance. Monetary poly authorities or macroprudential regulators could adapt our model to assess the resilience of a bank or the whole banking sector.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128611194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.53935/2641-5313.V3I1.38
Nely Suriani
The main question of the research that is examined in the research is what the determinants of household consumption expenditure and poverty in Indonesia are. For this purpose, six key variables were selected which includes, household consumption expenditure, level of gross national income (GNI), level of population, lending interest rate, unemployment rate and also global financial crises. However, paper specifically attempted to conduct data analysis on the Indonesia; hence data of Indonesia was collected from World Bank Data centre. Data for the Indonesia was available for the period of 1990 to 2019. To determine stationarity of the data, Augmented Dickey-fuller (ADF) test was conducted. The ADF revealed that data was non-stationary and to resolve the issue of unit root, second difference of the variables resolved the issue and tests were conducted on second difference. Furthermore, instead of using the ordinary least square (OLS) regression, autoregressive distrusted lag model (ARDL) was preferred. The bound test reveals that there is long-run effect means cointegration present among the variable; hence the household consumption expenditure could be used to predict or estimate the household consumption and poverty in long-run. Meanwhile, ARDL results has suggested that there is no short-run effect of any of the regressors on the regressand household consumption expenditure and poverty.
{"title":"An Analysis of the Determinants of Household Consumption Expenditure and Poverty in Indonesia","authors":"Nely Suriani","doi":"10.53935/2641-5313.V3I1.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-5313.V3I1.38","url":null,"abstract":"The main question of the research that is examined in the research is what the determinants of household consumption expenditure and poverty in Indonesia are. For this purpose, six key variables were selected which includes, household consumption expenditure, level of gross national income (GNI), level of population, lending interest rate, unemployment rate and also global financial crises. However, paper specifically attempted to conduct data analysis on the Indonesia; hence data of Indonesia was collected from World Bank Data centre. Data for the Indonesia was available for the period of 1990 to 2019. To determine stationarity of the data, Augmented Dickey-fuller (ADF) test was conducted. The ADF revealed that data was non-stationary and to resolve the issue of unit root, second difference of the variables resolved the issue and tests were conducted on second difference. Furthermore, instead of using the ordinary least square (OLS) regression, autoregressive distrusted lag model (ARDL) was preferred. The bound test reveals that there is long-run effect means cointegration present among the variable; hence the household consumption expenditure could be used to predict or estimate the household consumption and poverty in long-run. Meanwhile, ARDL results has suggested that there is no short-run effect of any of the regressors on the regressand household consumption expenditure and poverty.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128783896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-21DOI: 10.53935/2641-5313.v2i1.30
H. Kabir, Ziaur Rahman, Shaheen Yusufzada
At present, the study of public administration embodies the integration of social science disciplines. The main purpose of this study is to explore interdisciplinary research in public management by analyzing the theory and practices of economics and sociology. A qualitative method has been employed to obtain the objectives. This study reveals that the diversification of public administration research is a manifestation of the diversity, complexity and comprehensive development in the field of public management. Economics and sociology provide new perspectives and research methods for public administration in different aspects. With the change of the value orientation of national development, the research of public management should also be re-examined.
{"title":"Interdisciplinary Research in Public Management: Perspective of Economics and Sociology","authors":"H. Kabir, Ziaur Rahman, Shaheen Yusufzada","doi":"10.53935/2641-5313.v2i1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-5313.v2i1.30","url":null,"abstract":"At present, the study of public administration embodies the integration of social science disciplines. The main purpose of this study is to explore interdisciplinary research in public management by analyzing the theory and practices of economics and sociology. A qualitative method has been employed to obtain the objectives. This study reveals that the diversification of public administration research is a manifestation of the diversity, complexity and comprehensive development in the field of public management. Economics and sociology provide new perspectives and research methods for public administration in different aspects. With the change of the value orientation of national development, the research of public management should also be re-examined.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127439299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-18DOI: 10.53935/2641-5313.v1i2.28
Obadeyi, J.A., O. M.O, Oladejo, K.S.
After several reforms in Nigerian banking sub-sector, the regulatory and supervisory framework policy of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has not adequately improved performance of Microfinance banks (MFBs). In view of this, this paper assessed the impact of government regulations on MFBs performance between 2007- 2016. The paper used secondary source of data by assessing the financial statements of MFBs. A pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique was used for the analysis of data. The result showed that coefficient values of capitalization (4.64) and reserve (7.21) were positive and consistently associated with higher MFBs performance, while investment in Treasury bill (-4.30) was negative but statistically significant in driving MFBs performance at (P<0.01). The study concluded that regulatory frameworks via strong capitalization and reserves influenced and improved MFBs financial performance.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Government Regulations on Microfinance Banks (MFBs) Performance","authors":"Obadeyi, J.A., O. M.O, Oladejo, K.S.","doi":"10.53935/2641-5313.v1i2.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-5313.v1i2.28","url":null,"abstract":"After several reforms in Nigerian banking sub-sector, the regulatory and supervisory framework policy of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has not adequately improved performance of Microfinance banks (MFBs). In view of this, this paper assessed the impact of government regulations on MFBs performance between 2007- 2016. The paper used secondary source of data by assessing the financial statements of MFBs. A pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique was used for the analysis of data. The result showed that coefficient values of capitalization (4.64) and reserve (7.21) were positive and consistently associated with higher MFBs performance, while investment in Treasury bill (-4.30) was negative but statistically significant in driving MFBs performance at (P<0.01). The study concluded that regulatory frameworks via strong capitalization and reserves influenced and improved MFBs financial performance.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116568696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-14DOI: 10.53935/2641-5313.v1i2.27
T. F. Buradum, Maru, Godwin Worlu
The transportation sector is one of the major sectors that drive any economy as it conveys man, materials, as well as goods and services from one point to another. This study was conducted to ascertain the influence of organizational learning on workers’ productivity of transport companies in Nigeria. 89 copies of the research instrument were administered, while only 86 were retrieved and analyzed, being 97% response rate. This exercise was carried out with the aid of SPSS using Spearman Rank Order Correlation. And a conclusion was drawn.
{"title":"Organizational Learning: A Panacea for Workers’ Productivity in the Nigeria Transportation Sector","authors":"T. F. Buradum, Maru, Godwin Worlu","doi":"10.53935/2641-5313.v1i2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-5313.v1i2.27","url":null,"abstract":"The transportation sector is one of the major sectors that drive any economy as it conveys man, materials, as well as goods and services from one point to another. This study was conducted to ascertain the influence of organizational learning on workers’ productivity of transport companies in Nigeria. 89 copies of the research instrument were administered, while only 86 were retrieved and analyzed, being 97% response rate. This exercise was carried out with the aid of SPSS using Spearman Rank Order Correlation. And a conclusion was drawn.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125797196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-11DOI: 10.53935/2641-5313.v1i1.26
E. Brown
This study provides econometrics evidence linking economic planning process to human capital development in Nigeria. The specific objectives focused on the effects of planned investments on education, healthcare delivery and community and social services on human capital development in Nigeria over the period 1990-2016. Data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin were analyzed using Fully Modified Least Squares and Granger Causality test in addition to augmented Dickey Fuller unit root and Johansen-Juselius test. The results of the unit root tests show that only life expectancy is stationary at levels while the other variables in the model become stationary at first difference. The cointegration tests results revealed that the variables in each of the models have long run relationship. The regression result in shows that planned expenditure on education has weak significant positive impact on life expectancy. This finding aligns with the theoretical expectation as economic planning that increases budgetary allocation to the education sector is expected to increase the level human capital of the population and in turn increase their opportunities of living a long and healthy life. The results further show that public investment in the education sector generates positive outcomes on gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary and secondary education in Nigeria. The Granger causality test shows that unidirectional causality runs from public expenditure on social and community services to life expectancy and from public expenditure on education to gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary and secondary education. Therefore, it is recommended that policy makers should ensure that economic planning in Nigeria continues to prioritize medium and long term investments on education in addition to community and social services in order to enhance pace of human development.
{"title":"Economic Planning and Human Capital Development in Nigeria","authors":"E. Brown","doi":"10.53935/2641-5313.v1i1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-5313.v1i1.26","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides econometrics evidence linking economic planning process to human capital development in Nigeria. The specific objectives focused on the effects of planned investments on education, healthcare delivery and community and social services on human capital development in Nigeria over the period 1990-2016. Data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin were analyzed using Fully Modified Least Squares and Granger Causality test in addition to augmented Dickey Fuller unit root and Johansen-Juselius test. The results of the unit root tests show that only life expectancy is stationary at levels while the other variables in the model become stationary at first difference. The cointegration tests results revealed that the variables in each of the models have long run relationship. The regression result in shows that planned expenditure on education has weak significant positive impact on life expectancy. This finding aligns with the theoretical expectation as economic planning that increases budgetary allocation to the education sector is expected to increase the level human capital of the population and in turn increase their opportunities of living a long and healthy life. The results further show that public investment in the education sector generates positive outcomes on gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary and secondary education in Nigeria. The Granger causality test shows that unidirectional causality runs from public expenditure on social and community services to life expectancy and from public expenditure on education to gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary and secondary education. Therefore, it is recommended that policy makers should ensure that economic planning in Nigeria continues to prioritize medium and long term investments on education in addition to community and social services in order to enhance pace of human development.","PeriodicalId":247473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Management and Finance Research","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115667858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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