Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.11
S. Nixon
This chapter introduces the neglected Islamic archaeology of the Sahara. First, it draws together for the first time some of the important but little-known archaeological sites of the early Islamic Sahara. This is then followed by an exploration of key research themes: trade; urban planning and architecture; technology; religion and the early Islamization of the Sahara. The chapter is framed in reference to the particular conditions of Islam in the Sahara, as both a region removed from the landscape of the core centers of power within the Islamic world and one strongly influenced by its role in long-distance “trans-Saharan” trade and exchange networks.
{"title":"The Sahara","authors":"S. Nixon","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the neglected Islamic archaeology of the Sahara. First, it draws together for the first time some of the important but little-known archaeological sites of the early Islamic Sahara. This is then followed by an exploration of key research themes: trade; urban planning and architecture; technology; religion and the early Islamization of the Sahara. The chapter is framed in reference to the particular conditions of Islam in the Sahara, as both a region removed from the landscape of the core centers of power within the Islamic world and one strongly influenced by its role in long-distance “trans-Saharan” trade and exchange networks.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128901636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.2
M.-O. Rousset
Until the tragic events that have affected Syria since 2011, this country has been the subject of numerous archaeological research programs, a number of which have allowed for a better understanding of the Islamic period. Located on the crossroads of trade and military routes and geographically diverse, the history and culture of northern Syria has been impacted by the movements of peoples through the region and exhibits a distinct regionalism. This chapter gives an overview of the recent advances in the main areas on which Syrian fieldwork has focused: the early Islamic city, the development of the territory by the Umayyad elite, rural settlement, religion, and border defense. In each case, the author mentions only the most recent publications, within which the reader will find a further bibliography.
{"title":"Northern Syria","authors":"M.-O. Rousset","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"Until the tragic events that have affected Syria since 2011, this country has been the subject of numerous archaeological research programs, a number of which have allowed for a better understanding of the Islamic period. Located on the crossroads of trade and military routes and geographically diverse, the history and culture of northern Syria has been impacted by the movements of peoples through the region and exhibits a distinct regionalism. This chapter gives an overview of the recent advances in the main areas on which Syrian fieldwork has focused: the early Islamic city, the development of the territory by the Umayyad elite, rural settlement, religion, and border defense. In each case, the author mentions only the most recent publications, within which the reader will find a further bibliography.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121184035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.33
B. Walker
Traditionally associated with the “Holy Land” and the target of early scientific investigations, southern Syria is one of the most intensively studied regions by archaeologists. Islamic archaeology has very old roots here, and many of the debates that have driven development of the field arose first in this region. This chapter, focusing primarily on Palestine and the Transjordan, evaluates the contributions to the field by archaeologists working there and critiques recent fieldwork as it informs such highly debated topics as Islamization, the collapse of the Late Antique polis, the militarization of frontiers, and rural resilience in times of political chaos. A special emphasis is placed on environmental and landscape research that has been opening new windows on rural society and the later historical periods.
{"title":"Southern Syria","authors":"B. Walker","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally associated with the “Holy Land” and the target of early scientific investigations, southern Syria is one of the most intensively studied regions by archaeologists. Islamic archaeology has very old roots here, and many of the debates that have driven development of the field arose first in this region. This chapter, focusing primarily on Palestine and the Transjordan, evaluates the contributions to the field by archaeologists working there and critiques recent fieldwork as it informs such highly debated topics as Islamization, the collapse of the Late Antique polis, the militarization of frontiers, and rural resilience in times of political chaos. A special emphasis is placed on environmental and landscape research that has been opening new windows on rural society and the later historical periods.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133656401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.5
R. Rante
Long the stepchild of the study of Ancient, Classical, and Late Antique civilizations, the archaeology of Islamic-era Persia is a relatively new discipline, and one that has been dominated by the exploration of urban forms and the documentation of monuments. This chapter, then, uses the evolution of cities as a window on medieval Islamic societies in the region. The reorganization of old fortified settlements, the constitution of new well-organized quarters as rabads, and the creation of cities ex novo show the major contribution of Islamic culture to Iranian urbanization. What we know archaeologically about the rural hinterland, its relationship to the “urban,” and industry is summarized here, placing scholarship on the Islamic Persian city into a larger perspective.
{"title":"Persia","authors":"R. Rante","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"Long the stepchild of the study of Ancient, Classical, and Late Antique civilizations, the archaeology of Islamic-era Persia is a relatively new discipline, and one that has been dominated by the exploration of urban forms and the documentation of monuments. This chapter, then, uses the evolution of cities as a window on medieval Islamic societies in the region. The reorganization of old fortified settlements, the constitution of new well-organized quarters as rabads, and the creation of cities ex novo show the major contribution of Islamic culture to Iranian urbanization. What we know archaeologically about the rural hinterland, its relationship to the “urban,” and industry is summarized here, placing scholarship on the Islamic Persian city into a larger perspective.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127697556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.32
I. Gerelyes, Athanasios K. Vionis, Vesna Bikić, N. Dinu, S. Biliaieva
The expansive territories in South-Eastern and Central Europe that came under Ottoman rule in the 15th and 16th centuries were culturally and religiously diverse. Some of these territories became Ottoman vassal states, and others fell under direct Ottoman rule. Considering the diversity of the Empire’s inhabitants, research on the lands under Ottoman rule belongs only partly to the field of Islamic archaeology. However, in the context of the Ottoman Empire as a whole, it is clear that analysis of the archaeological heritage of the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire has its place in Ottoman archaeological research and, therefore, constitutes a part of Islamic archaeology. The written sources lend background and credibility to archaeological research and investigations of historical monuments. In this sense, archaeological research into the Ottoman period in Europe represents a branch of historical archaeology which is heavily impacted by textual source analysis.
{"title":"Ottoman Europe","authors":"I. Gerelyes, Athanasios K. Vionis, Vesna Bikić, N. Dinu, S. Biliaieva","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"The expansive territories in South-Eastern and Central Europe that came under Ottoman rule in the 15th and 16th centuries were culturally and religiously diverse. Some of these territories became Ottoman vassal states, and others fell under direct Ottoman rule. Considering the diversity of the Empire’s inhabitants, research on the lands under Ottoman rule belongs only partly to the field of Islamic archaeology. However, in the context of the Ottoman Empire as a whole, it is clear that analysis of the archaeological heritage of the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire has its place in Ottoman archaeological research and, therefore, constitutes a part of Islamic archaeology. The written sources lend background and credibility to archaeological research and investigations of historical monuments. In this sense, archaeological research into the Ottoman period in Europe represents a branch of historical archaeology which is heavily impacted by textual source analysis.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115585144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.18
T. Insoll
West Africa is a vast and environmentally diverse region. Its diversity is reflected in its archaeological record, including the Islamic and trans-Saharan trade-associated components. This chapter reviews relevant archaeological research across West Africa through adopting a primarily chronological approach. The indigenous origins of the great medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai are highlighted and their participation in long-distance trans-Saharan networks explored. The major Sahelian trade centers such as Koumbi-Saleh, Essouk-Tadmekka, and Gao are considered, as are entrepot further south that were linked with Muslim merchant groups such as the Mande, agents who connected Sahel to savannah to forest. The commodities of long-distance trade are evaluated in detail, and the extent to which archaeology indicates the networks stretched far into West Africa without necessarily being accompanied by Islamization is appraised. Finally, the limited archaeological research undertaken on the jihads of the 19th century is presented and the “state” of research examined by way of conclusion.
{"title":"West Africa","authors":"T. Insoll","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"West Africa is a vast and environmentally diverse region. Its diversity is reflected in its archaeological record, including the Islamic and trans-Saharan trade-associated components. This chapter reviews relevant archaeological research across West Africa through adopting a primarily chronological approach. The indigenous origins of the great medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai are highlighted and their participation in long-distance trans-Saharan networks explored. The major Sahelian trade centers such as Koumbi-Saleh, Essouk-Tadmekka, and Gao are considered, as are entrepot further south that were linked with Muslim merchant groups such as the Mande, agents who connected Sahel to savannah to forest. The commodities of long-distance trade are evaluated in detail, and the extent to which archaeology indicates the networks stretched far into West Africa without necessarily being accompanied by Islamization is appraised. Finally, the limited archaeological research undertaken on the jihads of the 19th century is presented and the “state” of research examined by way of conclusion.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116196603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.17
T. Insoll
The Islamic archaeology of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa remains largely unexplored. This chapter reviews research that has been completed in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Somaliland, providing a survey of the main sites that have been investigated. Relevant research themes that have emerged such as rural and urban landscapes, Islamization, trade, diet, and epigraphy are also considered within these geographical sections. The main routes for Muslim contacts from the coast to the interior are evaluated. Primary focus is given to research in eastern Ethiopia, exploring Islamization via archaeological evidence. This is indicating significantly entangled inter-African and international connections as well as allowing reconstruction of regional settlement and trade patterns involving the transfer of material, objects, technologies, and ideas. The importance of results of recent archaeological analysis in Somaliland is also highlighted in facilitating understanding of various categories of sites and particularly in relation to past nomad lifeways. Finally, future directions for research are considered.
{"title":"Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa","authors":"T. Insoll","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"The Islamic archaeology of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa remains largely unexplored. This chapter reviews research that has been completed in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Somaliland, providing a survey of the main sites that have been investigated. Relevant research themes that have emerged such as rural and urban landscapes, Islamization, trade, diet, and epigraphy are also considered within these geographical sections. The main routes for Muslim contacts from the coast to the interior are evaluated. Primary focus is given to research in eastern Ethiopia, exploring Islamization via archaeological evidence. This is indicating significantly entangled inter-African and international connections as well as allowing reconstruction of regional settlement and trade patterns involving the transfer of material, objects, technologies, and ideas. The importance of results of recent archaeological analysis in Somaliland is also highlighted in facilitating understanding of various categories of sites and particularly in relation to past nomad lifeways. Finally, future directions for research are considered.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131293888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.22
Jacqueline M. Armijo
Although the study of the archaeology of China is a well-developed field, the study of the archaeology of Islam in China, as a field, is virtually unknown. There are no books covering the topic and no articles providing an overview of the state of the field across China. There are however, a handful of scholars who have focused on specific examples of Islamic archaeology in China. The majority of this work is on the archaeological finds found in the coastal city of Quanzhou. China’s Muslim population today is conservatively estimated to be more than 23 million, and is made up of ten different ethnic minority groups. This chapter focuses on the largest group, the Hui. The study of the archaeology of Islam in China is made especially challenging for several reasons. Between the 7th and 15th centuries there were two major waves of Muslim immigrants to different regions of China, and between the 18th and 19th centuries there were several periods of violent uprisings that resulted in major Muslim communities being decimated and their mosques and monuments destroyed. In the 20th century, during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) mosques, together with all places of religious worship in China, came under systematic attack throughout the country. Given the dearth of surviving examples of early Chinese Islamic material culture, this chapter also discusses some of small Chinese Islamic art collections found within museums around the world, as well as early 20th-century photographic collections that document mosques and tombs that have not survived.
{"title":"China","authors":"Jacqueline M. Armijo","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"Although the study of the archaeology of China is a well-developed field, the study of the archaeology of Islam in China, as a field, is virtually unknown. There are no books covering the topic and no articles providing an overview of the state of the field across China. There are however, a handful of scholars who have focused on specific examples of Islamic archaeology in China. The majority of this work is on the archaeological finds found in the coastal city of Quanzhou. China’s Muslim population today is conservatively estimated to be more than 23 million, and is made up of ten different ethnic minority groups. This chapter focuses on the largest group, the Hui. The study of the archaeology of Islam in China is made especially challenging for several reasons. Between the 7th and 15th centuries there were two major waves of Muslim immigrants to different regions of China, and between the 18th and 19th centuries there were several periods of violent uprisings that resulted in major Muslim communities being decimated and their mosques and monuments destroyed. In the 20th century, during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) mosques, together with all places of religious worship in China, came under systematic attack throughout the country. Given the dearth of surviving examples of early Chinese Islamic material culture, this chapter also discusses some of small Chinese Islamic art collections found within museums around the world, as well as early 20th-century photographic collections that document mosques and tombs that have not survived.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126332275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.8
A. Petersen
This chapter introduces the main ways in which archaeology has been used to investigate Arabia’s past during the Islamic era. While the potential for archaeology within the peninsula cannot be overstated, logistical obstacles and political difficulties have made field research difficult, with the result that it has lagged behind that of other areas in the Middle East. However, recent initiatives in most of the states within the Arabian Peninsula have meant that this is now one of the leading areas for archaeological research into Islamic society and culture. Although the chapter mentions some major recent archaeological projects, the aim is to highlight current trajectories of research rather than provide an exhaustive list of excavation and survey sites. Particular attention has been paid to settlement types, partly to counter ideas that the region was primarily inhabited by Bedouin nomads. The chapter emphasizes different regional traditions to reflect the geographical diversity of Arabia and its connections with other regions. The maritime cultures of the Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean are particularly important in this respect and have meant that Arabia is much less isolated than its often inhospitable interior would suggest.
{"title":"Arabia and the Gulf","authors":"A. Petersen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the main ways in which archaeology has been used to investigate Arabia’s past during the Islamic era. While the potential for archaeology within the peninsula cannot be overstated, logistical obstacles and political difficulties have made field research difficult, with the result that it has lagged behind that of other areas in the Middle East. However, recent initiatives in most of the states within the Arabian Peninsula have meant that this is now one of the leading areas for archaeological research into Islamic society and culture. Although the chapter mentions some major recent archaeological projects, the aim is to highlight current trajectories of research rather than provide an exhaustive list of excavation and survey sites. Particular attention has been paid to settlement types, partly to counter ideas that the region was primarily inhabited by Bedouin nomads. The chapter emphasizes different regional traditions to reflect the geographical diversity of Arabia and its connections with other regions. The maritime cultures of the Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean are particularly important in this respect and have meant that Arabia is much less isolated than its often inhospitable interior would suggest.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133181099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.4
Alison Gascoigne
This chapter situates Egypt within wider debates arising from the field of Islamic archaeology and provides an overview of the current state of our knowledge based on diverse categories of archaeological evidence. Its overall aim is to argue for more diverse intellectual approaches—socially and scientifically aware and theoretically embedded—to be incorporated into archaeological activity in the country in place of those more closely related to the discipline of art history. The chapter starts with a consideration of evidence from a chronological perspective, noting the current relative lack of focus on the Ayyubid, Mamluk, and Ottoman periods. An inevitably brief digression follows on rural archaeology, for which minimal evidence has been uncovered. Evidence for domestic activity, trade and production, and funerary practices is outlined with a particular focus on artifactual material. The chapter also considers the growth and development of urban centers, both capital and provincial, under Islamic rule. Overall, the chapter highlights a need for a more sustained focus on Egypt’s Islamic-era/medieval archaeology for its own sake, rather than as either the inheritance of the classical world or the foundations of the early modern state.
{"title":"Egypt","authors":"Alison Gascoigne","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter situates Egypt within wider debates arising from the field of Islamic archaeology and provides an overview of the current state of our knowledge based on diverse categories of archaeological evidence. Its overall aim is to argue for more diverse intellectual approaches—socially and scientifically aware and theoretically embedded—to be incorporated into archaeological activity in the country in place of those more closely related to the discipline of art history. The chapter starts with a consideration of evidence from a chronological perspective, noting the current relative lack of focus on the Ayyubid, Mamluk, and Ottoman periods. An inevitably brief digression follows on rural archaeology, for which minimal evidence has been uncovered. Evidence for domestic activity, trade and production, and funerary practices is outlined with a particular focus on artifactual material. The chapter also considers the growth and development of urban centers, both capital and provincial, under Islamic rule. Overall, the chapter highlights a need for a more sustained focus on Egypt’s Islamic-era/medieval archaeology for its own sake, rather than as either the inheritance of the classical world or the foundations of the early modern state.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"54 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116412985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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