Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.19
C. Magnavita, A. Sule
In view of the paucity of research, the Islamic archaeology of the Central Sudan and Sahel remains one of the less well known of the African continent. While this also applies to the material legacy of the past six centuries, it is particularly sites and remains from the early period of Islamic influence in the region that are virtually unexplored. The earliest and most expressive elements of the archaeology of Islam in the Central Sudan and Sahel are elite sites related to powerful indigenous states: Kanem-Borno around Lake Chad and the Hausa city-states to the west. In view of their pivotal role in the introduction and propagation of the new religion and culture, the archaeology of those states is particularly significant when addressing the theme. Taking into account the current absence of a comprehensive body of archaeological evidence, this chapter relies on historical knowledge and interpretation as background to discussing a range of archaeological sites, structures, and features that are relevant material expressions of the impact of early and late Arab-Islamic influence in the region. The authors conclude by emphasizing the still untapped, enormous potential of research on the archaeology of Islam in the Central Sudan and Sahel.
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Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.16
Intisar Soghayroun el Zein
Islam entered the Sudan as early as the 7th century in a peaceful process. It is clear from both literary and archaeological evidence that Islam has had a presence in Sudan since the first century of the Muslim era, the result of a nonorganized, peaceful process in the Nile Valley, and in the Sahel and deserts through the assimilation of Arab and Beja nomads. From the beginning it has been associated with Sufism, which is reflected in material culture. Thus, instead of the mosque as the main building of religious practice, the khalwa (Quran school) and the qubba (domed saints tomb) are of great significance. Continuity with older forms of belief and practice are also attested in the Islamic archaeology and the material culture of the Sudan, notably in above-ground funerary monuments.
{"title":"The Nilotic Sudan","authors":"Intisar Soghayroun el Zein","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"Islam entered the Sudan as early as the 7th century in a peaceful process. It is clear from both literary and archaeological evidence that Islam has had a presence in Sudan since the first century of the Muslim era, the result of a nonorganized, peaceful process in the Nile Valley, and in the Sahel and deserts through the assimilation of Arab and Beja nomads. From the beginning it has been associated with Sufism, which is reflected in material culture. Thus, instead of the mosque as the main building of religious practice, the khalwa (Quran school) and the qubba (domed saints tomb) are of great significance. Continuity with older forms of belief and practice are also attested in the Islamic archaeology and the material culture of the Sudan, notably in above-ground funerary monuments.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122185248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.6
S. Redford
In this chapter, Islamic archaeology of the medieval (11th–14th centuries) period in Turkey is related to international as well as national developments in the late Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey in areas like cultural policy, economic development, and tourism. These and other factors directly impacted the choice of sites to be excavated, thereby affecting the archaeological record. The author also examines Islamic archaeology in Turkey in relation to that of other historical periods there and raises cases in which the archaeology of this period can address the cultural and economic shift that accompanied the establishment of Turco-Islamic states in former Byzantine lands.
{"title":"Medieval Turkey","authors":"S. Redford","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, Islamic archaeology of the medieval (11th–14th centuries) period in Turkey is related to international as well as national developments in the late Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey in areas like cultural policy, economic development, and tourism. These and other factors directly impacted the choice of sites to be excavated, thereby affecting the archaeological record. The author also examines Islamic archaeology in Turkey in relation to that of other historical periods there and raises cases in which the archaeology of this period can address the cultural and economic shift that accompanied the establishment of Turco-Islamic states in former Byzantine lands.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122386268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.7
F. Yeni̇şehi̇rli̇oğlu
The complex and varied geographical and political history of the Ottoman Empire ,has challenged the development and the diffusion of knowledge of Ottoman Archeology for many reasons .The character of a historical memory that has not prioritized research on this period was an important restraint. When research was done, the diversity of local languages in which it was published in post-ottoman states was hard to follow. The archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia is a developing area of study and research in Turkey and abroad. This chapter discusses its place within the general framework of the Ottoman Empire, the place of different academic views monitoring the research area after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, historiography of the archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia, and themes and areas of research concerning the archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia in our days.
{"title":"Ottoman Anatolia","authors":"F. Yeni̇şehi̇rli̇oğlu","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987870.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"The complex and varied geographical and political history of the Ottoman Empire ,has challenged the development and the diffusion of knowledge of Ottoman Archeology for many reasons .The character of a historical memory that has not prioritized research on this period was an important restraint. When research was done, the diversity of local languages in which it was published in post-ottoman states was hard to follow. The archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia is a developing area of study and research in Turkey and abroad. This chapter discusses its place within the general framework of the Ottoman Empire, the place of different academic views monitoring the research area after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, historiography of the archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia, and themes and areas of research concerning the archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia in our days.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129574417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter explores the Islamic archaeology of Central Asia. Central Asian medieval ities were investigated by Russian researchers since the last quarter of the 19th century but the results of these excavations remain little known in the west. The predominance of historical survey studies, extensive excavations, and an impressive number of publications provides a basis for understanding the organization and distribution of the Islamic Central Asian cities. Their interactions within this vast territory and with the Middle East emerge in contemporary debates. Trade plays a major role in these contacts, and the sedentary-nomadic interface stimulated the economy. Nevertheless, few studies bring together the work carried out over the long term and enable an understanding of the variation and evolution of Islamic trade and urbanism in Central Asia. Outlines of the medieval societies are known, but the details remain unclear. This chapter follows the main river basins (Amu Darya and Syr Daria) and steppic and desert interfaces to understand the basis and extent of Russian archeology in Central Asia from the Tsarist period (c. 1850–1917) until today. The construction of a field of Central Asian Islamic archaeology and the main challenges confronting researchers in the five Central Asian republics are also considered.
{"title":"Central Asia","authors":"P. Siméon","doi":"10.18356/a46b1080-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/a46b1080-en","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the Islamic archaeology of Central Asia. Central Asian medieval ities were investigated by Russian researchers since the last quarter of the 19th century but the results of these excavations remain little known in the west. The predominance of historical survey studies, extensive excavations, and an impressive number of publications provides a basis for understanding the organization and distribution of the Islamic Central Asian cities. Their interactions within this vast territory and with the Middle East emerge in contemporary debates. Trade plays a major role in these contacts, and the sedentary-nomadic interface stimulated the economy. Nevertheless, few studies bring together the work carried out over the long term and enable an understanding of the variation and evolution of Islamic trade and urbanism in Central Asia. Outlines of the medieval societies are known, but the details remain unclear. This chapter follows the main river basins (Amu Darya and Syr Daria) and steppic and desert interfaces to understand the basis and extent of Russian archeology in Central Asia from the Tsarist period (c. 1850–1917) until today. The construction of a field of Central Asian Islamic archaeology and the main challenges confronting researchers in the five Central Asian republics are also considered.","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"267 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127373440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter surveys the most important trends in Islamic archaeology in Iraq, with a special focus on urban development and the industries associated with urbanization. The origins of new urbanism at the beginning of Islam lay in Arabia. The major difference in the new amsar was the need to settle large numbers of fighters (muqatila), registered in the diwan, around a core of mosque and palace. There was also a related model of a princely urban settlement. This was known commonly as a madina, though not always. The two lines came together in the foundation of Baghdad, with direct imitations at al-Rafiqa and the Octagon of Qadisiyya. The most extensive case is at Samarra (836–892), where, however, the model of the Baghdad suburb is used (rabad).
{"title":"Iraq","authors":"A. Northedge","doi":"10.18356/94900f90-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/94900f90-en","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys the most important trends in Islamic archaeology in Iraq, with a special focus on urban development and the industries associated with urbanization. The origins of new urbanism at the beginning of Islam lay in Arabia. The major difference in the new amsar was the need to settle large numbers of fighters (muqatila), registered in the diwan, around a core of mosque and palace. There was also a related model of a princely urban settlement. This was known commonly as a madina, though not always. The two lines came together in the foundation of Baghdad, with direct imitations at al-Rafiqa and the Octagon of Qadisiyya. The most extensive case is at Samarra (836–892), where, however, the model of the Baghdad suburb is used (rabad).","PeriodicalId":248559,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132151928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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