In this paper, we address the problem of choosing a disk admission algorithm for continuous media streams where each stream may have a different bit rate, and more importantly, where the bit rate within a single stream may vary considerably. We evaluate several different Variable Bit Rate (VBR) disk admission control algorithms for continuous media. An algorithm which accepts too few streams under-utilizes the server resources, while an algorithm which accepts too many streams over-utilizes the resources resulting in inadequate service (i.e. missing or delayed data) to the clients. The evaluation process is based on a representative set of video streams encoded in MJPEG. We conclude that one particular algorithm, the VBR simulation algorithm, performs the best among realizable algorithms in terms of system utilization and delivery guarantees and performs close to an optimal algorithm,
{"title":"An evaluation of VBR disk admission algorithms for continuous media file servers","authors":"D. Makaroff, G. Neufeld, N. Hutchinson","doi":"10.1145/266180.266354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266354","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we address the problem of choosing a disk admission algorithm for continuous media streams where each stream may have a different bit rate, and more importantly, where the bit rate within a single stream may vary considerably. We evaluate several different Variable Bit Rate (VBR) disk admission control algorithms for continuous media. An algorithm which accepts too few streams under-utilizes the server resources, while an algorithm which accepts too many streams over-utilizes the resources resulting in inadequate service (i.e. missing or delayed data) to the clients. The evaluation process is based on a representative set of video streams encoded in MJPEG. We conclude that one particular algorithm, the VBR simulation algorithm, performs the best among realizable algorithms in terms of system utilization and delivery guarantees and performs close to an optimal algorithm,","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123256564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature documentaries play an important role in high school biology classrooms, yet they deliver a passive and biased account of the behavior of organisms. To engage students in more active problem solving around behavioral topics, we created an interactive video system called Animal Landlord. Part of a week-long curriculum designed to introduce concepts in behavioral ecology, Animal Landlord presents film clips of the Serengeti lion hunting its prey. Students select and annotate video frames with explanations of their significance to the hunt, compare annotations across films, and ultimately generalize a qualitative model of predation behaviors. This paper discusses the motivations for changing the nature of documentary use in the classroom, the ways in which we change the form of traditional narration for pedagogical purposes, and the interactivity that emerges in the social context of the classroom.
{"title":"What should a wildebeest say? Interactive nature films for high school classrooms","authors":"B. Smith, B. Reiser","doi":"10.1145/266180.266365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266365","url":null,"abstract":"Nature documentaries play an important role in high school biology classrooms, yet they deliver a passive and biased account of the behavior of organisms. To engage students in more active problem solving around behavioral topics, we created an interactive video system called Animal Landlord. Part of a week-long curriculum designed to introduce concepts in behavioral ecology, Animal Landlord presents film clips of the Serengeti lion hunting its prey. Students select and annotate video frames with explanations of their significance to the hunt, compare annotations across films, and ultimately generalize a qualitative model of predation behaviors. This paper discusses the motivations for changing the nature of documentary use in the classroom, the ways in which we change the form of traditional narration for pedagogical purposes, and the interactivity that emerges in the social context of the classroom.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115195211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multimedia data has become readily available from a variety of resources, such as the Web, to users (ranging from naive to sophisticated) who need to select and to present the data in a way that is meaningful to their particular applications. Delaunay”” is our framework for querying and presenting multimedia data stored in distributed data repositories, including the Web. It is unique in combining user-defined layouts with ad hoc querying capabilities, thereby enabling users to tailor, in a simple way, the layout of virtual documents composed of retrieved mdimedia objects. In this paper, we focus on the object-oriented data models, on the declarative query languages, and on how the results of the queries to disparate resources are integrated to form coherent user-defined documents.
{"title":"A visual approach to multimedia querying and presentation","authors":"I. Cruz, W. Lucas","doi":"10.1145/266180.266346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266346","url":null,"abstract":"Multimedia data has become readily available from a variety of resources, such as the Web, to users (ranging from naive to sophisticated) who need to select and to present the data in a way that is meaningful to their particular applications. Delaunay”” is our framework for querying and presenting multimedia data stored in distributed data repositories, including the Web. It is unique in combining user-defined layouts with ad hoc querying capabilities, thereby enabling users to tailor, in a simple way, the layout of virtual documents composed of retrieved mdimedia objects. In this paper, we focus on the object-oriented data models, on the declarative query languages, and on how the results of the queries to disparate resources are integrated to form coherent user-defined documents.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126363202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Ortega-Binderberger, Y. Rui, K. Chakrabarti, S. Mehrotra, Thomas S. Huang
To address the emerging needs of applications that require access to and retrieval of multimedia objects, we are developing the Multimedia Analysis and Retrieval System (MARS) in our group at the University of Illinois [13]. In this paper, we concentrate on the retrieval subsystem of MARS and its support for content-based queries over image databases. Content-based retrieval techniques have been extensively studied for textual documents in the area of automatic information retrieval [24, 21. This paper describes how these techniques can be adapted for ranked retried over image databases. Specifically, we discuss the ranking and retrieval algorithms developed in MARS based on the Boolean retrievaI model and describe the results of our experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model for image retrieval.
{"title":"Supporting similarity queries in MARS","authors":"Michael Ortega-Binderberger, Y. Rui, K. Chakrabarti, S. Mehrotra, Thomas S. Huang","doi":"10.1145/266180.266394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266394","url":null,"abstract":"To address the emerging needs of applications that require access to and retrieval of multimedia objects, we are developing the Multimedia Analysis and Retrieval System (MARS) in our group at the University of Illinois [13]. In this paper, we concentrate on the retrieval subsystem of MARS and its support for content-based queries over image databases. Content-based retrieval techniques have been extensively studied for textual documents in the area of automatic information retrieval [24, 21. This paper describes how these techniques can be adapted for ranked retried over image databases. Specifically, we discuss the ranking and retrieval algorithms developed in MARS based on the Boolean retrievaI model and describe the results of our experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model for image retrieval.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124139281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A number of recent technological trends have made data intensive applications such as continuous media (audio and video) servers a reality. These servers store and retrieve a large volume of data using magnetic disks. Servers consisting of heterogeneous disk drives have become a fact of life for several reasons. First, disks are mechanical devices that might fail. The failed disks are almost always replaced with new models. Second, the current technological trend for these devices is one of annual increase in both performance and storage capacity. Older disk models are discontinued because they cannot compete with the newer ones in the commercial arena. With a heterogeneous disk subsystem, the system should support continuous display while managing resources intelligently in order to maximize their utilization. This study describes a taxonomy of techniques that ensure a continuous display of objects using a heterogeneous disk subsystem. This taxonomy consists of: (a) strategies that partition resources into homogeneous groups of disks and manage each independently, and (b) techniques that treat all disks uniformly, termed non-partitioning techniques. We introduce three non-partitioning techniques: disk merging, disk grouping, and staggered grouping. We investigate these techniques using analytical models. Our results demonstrate that disk merging is the most fle xible scheme while providing among the lowest cost per simultaneous display. Finally, using an open simulation model, we compare disk merging with a partitioning technique. The obtained results demonstrate the superiority of disk merging.
{"title":"Continuous display using heterogeneous disk-subsystems","authors":"Roger Zimmermann, Shahram Ghandeharizadeh","doi":"10.1145/266180.266374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266374","url":null,"abstract":"A number of recent technological trends have made data intensive applications such as continuous media (audio and video) servers a reality. These servers store and retrieve a large volume of data using magnetic disks. Servers consisting of heterogeneous disk drives have become a fact of life for several reasons. First, disks are mechanical devices that might fail. The failed disks are almost always replaced with new models. Second, the current technological trend for these devices is one of annual increase in both performance and storage capacity. Older disk models are discontinued because they cannot compete with the newer ones in the commercial arena. With a heterogeneous disk subsystem, the system should support continuous display while managing resources intelligently in order to maximize their utilization. This study describes a taxonomy of techniques that ensure a continuous display of objects using a heterogeneous disk subsystem. This taxonomy consists of: (a) strategies that partition resources into homogeneous groups of disks and manage each independently, and (b) techniques that treat all disks uniformly, termed non-partitioning techniques. We introduce three non-partitioning techniques: disk merging, disk grouping, and staggered grouping. We investigate these techniques using analytical models. Our results demonstrate that disk merging is the most fle xible scheme while providing among the lowest cost per simultaneous display. Finally, using an open simulation model, we compare disk merging with a partitioning technique. The obtained results demonstrate the superiority of disk merging.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130594037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we will present a highly scalable wavelet image codec that also achieves good coding efficiency, both subjectively and in terms of PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio). A proposal based on this codec was recently adopted as the texture coding mode in the MPEG4 Working Draft (WD). This codec supports embedded scalability at many SNR levels and spatial resolutions without sacrificing image quality, and the scalability is supported all the way to lossless compression (compressed once, and decoded at multiple resolutions and qualities according to end users’ needs without transcoding). We will introduce in detail the techniques used in the codec. The syntax of the MPEG4 texture coding mode that incorporates this technology will also be introduced. This highly scalable image codec is an enabling technology for many multimedia applications. In this paper, we will describe some of the applications made possible with this technology, such es efficient progressive transmission for web browsing, dynamic rate shaping by network routers, flexible image storage and management in digital cameras, and efficient texture mapping using compressed images in computer graphics.
{"title":"Highly scalable image coding for multimedia applications","authors":"Jie Liang","doi":"10.1145/266180.266322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266322","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we will present a highly scalable wavelet image codec that also achieves good coding efficiency, both subjectively and in terms of PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio). A proposal based on this codec was recently adopted as the texture coding mode in the MPEG4 Working Draft (WD). This codec supports embedded scalability at many SNR levels and spatial resolutions without sacrificing image quality, and the scalability is supported all the way to lossless compression (compressed once, and decoded at multiple resolutions and qualities according to end users’ needs without transcoding). We will introduce in detail the techniques used in the codec. The syntax of the MPEG4 texture coding mode that incorporates this technology will also be introduced. This highly scalable image codec is an enabling technology for many multimedia applications. In this paper, we will describe some of the applications made possible with this technology, such es efficient progressive transmission for web browsing, dynamic rate shaping by network routers, flexible image storage and management in digital cameras, and efficient texture mapping using compressed images in computer graphics.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123877214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we examine tire developed techniques and lessons learned in an operational multimedia exploitation system, Broadcast News Editor (BNE) and Broadcast News Navigator (BNN). BNE captures, analyzes, annotates, segments, summarizes, and stores broadcast news audio, video and textual data within tlte context of multimedia database system BNN provides web based retrieval tools from the multimedia database system. TJle key innovation of this system is the detection and segmentation of story segments from the multimedia broadcast stream. TJtis paper discusses: . TJte utility of using story segments to discover broadcast news stories of interest . Tlte textual, video, and audio cues used for story segment detection . Teclmiques developed for identifying story segments . Details of tlte operational BNE and BNN system BNE and BNN are currently used every evening at MJTRE’s Multimedia Researclz Lab and to this point have automatically processed over 6011 news stories from over 349 broadcasts of CNN Prime News ‘t?
{"title":"Broadcast news navigation using story segmentation","authors":"Andrew Merlino, Daryl Morey, M. Maybury","doi":"10.1145/266180.266390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266390","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we examine tire developed techniques and lessons learned in an operational multimedia exploitation system, Broadcast News Editor (BNE) and Broadcast News Navigator (BNN). BNE captures, analyzes, annotates, segments, summarizes, and stores broadcast news audio, video and textual data within tlte context of multimedia database system BNN provides web based retrieval tools from the multimedia database system. TJle key innovation of this system is the detection and segmentation of story segments from the multimedia broadcast stream. TJtis paper discusses: . TJte utility of using story segments to discover broadcast news stories of interest . Tlte textual, video, and audio cues used for story segment detection . Teclmiques developed for identifying story segments . Details of tlte operational BNE and BNN system BNE and BNN are currently used every evening at MJTRE’s Multimedia Researclz Lab and to this point have automatically processed over 6011 news stories from over 349 broadcasts of CNN Prime News ‘t?","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132644458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shih-Fu Chang, William Chen, H. Meng, H. Sundaram, D. Zhong
The rapidity with which digitat information, particularly video, is being generated, has necessitated the development of tools for efficient search of these media. Content based visual queries have been primarily focussed on still image retrieval. In this papel; we propose a novel, real-time, interactive system on the Web, based on the visual paradigm, with spatio-temporal attributesplaying a key role in video retrieval. We have developed algorithms for automated video object segmentation and tracking and use real-time video editing techniques while responding to user queries. The resulting system pe$orms well, with the user being able to retrieve complex video clips such as those of skiers, baseball players, with ease.
{"title":"VideoQ: an automated content based video search system using visual cues","authors":"Shih-Fu Chang, William Chen, H. Meng, H. Sundaram, D. Zhong","doi":"10.1145/266180.266382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266382","url":null,"abstract":"The rapidity with which digitat information, particularly video, is being generated, has necessitated the development of tools for efficient search of these media. Content based visual queries have been primarily focussed on still image retrieval. In this papel; we propose a novel, real-time, interactive system on the Web, based on the visual paradigm, with spatio-temporal attributesplaying a key role in video retrieval. We have developed algorithms for automated video object segmentation and tracking and use real-time video editing techniques while responding to user queries. The resulting system pe$orms well, with the user being able to retrieve complex video clips such as those of skiers, baseball players, with ease.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133921342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interactive multimedia applications require fast response time. Traditional disk scheduling schemes can incur high latencies, and caching data in memory to reduce latency is usually not feasible, especially if fast-scans need to be supported. In this study we propose a disk-based solution called BubbleUp. It significantly reduces the initial latency for new requests, as well as for fast-scan requests. The throughput of the scheme is comparable to that of traditional schemes, and it may even provide better throughput than mechanisms based on elevator disk scheduling. BubbleUp incurs a slight disk storage overhead, but we argue that through effective allocation, this cost can be minimized.
{"title":"BubbleUp: low latency fast-scan for media servers","authors":"E. Chang, H. Garcia-Molina","doi":"10.1145/266180.266339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266339","url":null,"abstract":"Interactive multimedia applications require fast response time. Traditional disk scheduling schemes can incur high latencies, and caching data in memory to reduce latency is usually not feasible, especially if fast-scans need to be supported. In this study we propose a disk-based solution called BubbleUp. It significantly reduces the initial latency for new requests, as well as for fast-scan requests. The throughput of the scheme is comparable to that of traditional schemes, and it may even provide better throughput than mechanisms based on elevator disk scheduling. BubbleUp incurs a slight disk storage overhead, but we argue that through effective allocation, this cost can be minimized.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134422089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyze the delivery of an object-oriented multimedia content model, namely MHFG-5 (Multimedia Hypermedia Expert Group), for interactive multimedia applications in a DAVIC-compliant ADSL access network using low-cost memory-constrained set top units. We present detailed latency budgets for MPEG-2 DSM-CC-based transactions including STU configuration, engine download, and application and scene activation. We use simulation and analysis to assess the tradeoffs in memory management and application response time. We discuss our implementation of a subset of DSM-CC and MHEGJ, and latency measurements for presenting MHEG objects. The results are formulated as graphs which can be used by an application designer when encoding an MHEG application.
{"title":"Delivery of MHEG-5 in a DAVIC ADSL network","authors":"J. Buford, Chetan B. Gopal","doi":"10.1145/266180.266338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266338","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the delivery of an object-oriented multimedia content model, namely MHFG-5 (Multimedia Hypermedia Expert Group), for interactive multimedia applications in a DAVIC-compliant ADSL access network using low-cost memory-constrained set top units. We present detailed latency budgets for MPEG-2 DSM-CC-based transactions including STU configuration, engine download, and application and scene activation. We use simulation and analysis to assess the tradeoffs in memory management and application response time. We discuss our implementation of a subset of DSM-CC and MHEGJ, and latency measurements for presenting MHEG objects. The results are formulated as graphs which can be used by an application designer when encoding an MHEG application.","PeriodicalId":250198,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '97","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115849607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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