Urban bioethics pays attention to the design of healthy relationships through the involvement of citizens. The main characteristics of urban bioethics: inclusion, integrity, transdisciplinarity. Involvement is a relentless engaging scriptwriter that is deployed by urban bioethics to explore the everyday application of its principles. Integrity discloses integrative mechanisms for bringing communities together in order to create a development strategy for the city and society in general. Transdisciplinarity explains the mechanism of transcendental space, bringing together a variety of languages, professions, cultures, and etcetera. In this article, we go into examples of bioethical practices that promote the development and implementation of intercultural strategies on an Integrated Bioethics Platform, which can be found in the city both online and offline. We also make suggestions on the leading types of behavior that are indoctrinated by this platform: networking; involvement through art; awareness of public space and one’s place/one’s self; educational practices.
{"title":"Urban bioethics – The architect of a healthy city","authors":"Hanna Hubenko","doi":"10.21860/j.11.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.11.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Urban bioethics pays attention to the design of healthy relationships through the involvement of citizens. The main characteristics of urban bioethics: inclusion, integrity, transdisciplinarity. Involvement is a relentless engaging scriptwriter that is deployed by urban bioethics to explore the everyday application of its principles. Integrity discloses integrative mechanisms for bringing communities together in order to create a development strategy for the city and society in general. Transdisciplinarity explains the mechanism of transcendental space, bringing together a variety of languages, professions, cultures, and etcetera. In this article, we go into examples of bioethical practices that promote the development and implementation of intercultural strategies on an Integrated Bioethics Platform, which can be found in the city both online and offline. We also make suggestions on the leading types of behavior that are indoctrinated by this platform: networking; involvement through art; awareness of public space and one’s place/one’s self; educational practices.","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127846416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By 2100, the world may be entirely urbanized with every person living in cities. This imminent reality of planetary urbanization is likely to entail drastic environmental, economic, and social changes, all of which in turn are likely to impact the nature of human relations and their interactions in cities. Urban ethics is, therefore, concerned with the question of what ought to be the proper relations between people flourishing in the city? This question is presently compounded by the rise of the ‘smarter smart cities’, where urban technologies are enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) that can sense, track, learn, predict, and attempt to control human behaviors. The rapid confluence of these three developments, namely, planetary urbanization, urban ethics, and the AI-powered smart city, reveals an under-explored scenario pregnant with new social promises yet laced with many moral hazards. In this article, the following scenario, which is bounded by the following three vectors, will be examined: (i) How does the urban shape the ethical, and in what ways? (ii) What is the AI-powered smart city, and how does it impact the present notion of planetary urbanization? (iii) How does the AI-powered smart city change ethical agencies and in which specific ways? Together, the answers to these questions begin to further prime discussions in urban bioethics in the milieu of AI-powered cities.
{"title":"The urban ethics of an AI-powered planetary urbanization","authors":"J. Chan","doi":"10.21860/j.11.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.11.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"By 2100, the world may be entirely urbanized with every person living in cities. This imminent reality of planetary urbanization is likely to entail drastic environmental, economic, and social changes, all of which in turn are likely to impact the nature of human relations and their interactions in cities. Urban ethics is, therefore, concerned with the question of what ought to be the proper relations between people flourishing in the city? This question is presently compounded by the rise of the ‘smarter smart cities’, where urban technologies are enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) that can sense, track, learn, predict, and attempt to control human behaviors. The rapid confluence of these three developments, namely, planetary urbanization, urban ethics, and the AI-powered smart city, reveals an under-explored scenario pregnant with new social promises yet laced with many moral hazards. In this article, the following scenario, which is bounded by the following three vectors, will be examined: (i) How does the urban shape the ethical, and in what ways? (ii) What is the AI-powered smart city, and how does it impact the present notion of planetary urbanization? (iii) How does the AI-powered smart city change ethical agencies and in which specific ways? Together, the answers to these questions begin to further prime discussions in urban bioethics in the milieu of AI-powered cities.","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126942024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines Fritz Jahr as a possible role-model in bioethical education. It consists of two parts. The first part builds upon the acknowledged data and theories about how Fritz Jahr proposed the bioethical imperative and changed his way of thinking. It provides arguments for and against known claims and expands the knowledge background with the focus on reconstructing the thought process and some presumptions that led to the formulation of bioethical imperative. The second part uses these results to infer five features to show how we can extract and define methodological features from Jahr’s personality and activity, which confirm and enhance integrative projects. An attempt has been made to understand that something, such as “Jahrian methodology”, might be sensible enough to provide scientific knowledge and cultural orientation without simplifying the bios, but that it is pointless without integration with educational models, and to emphasise this I conclusively consider the role of bioethicists in the 21st century.
{"title":"Fritz Jahr as Methodological Paradigm in Bioethical Education","authors":"Luka Perušić","doi":"10.21860/j.10.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.10.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines Fritz Jahr as a possible role-model in bioethical education. It consists of two parts. The first part builds upon the acknowledged data and theories about how Fritz Jahr proposed the bioethical imperative and changed his way of thinking. It provides arguments for and against known claims and expands the knowledge background with the focus on reconstructing the thought process and some presumptions that led to the formulation of bioethical imperative. The second part uses these results to infer five features to show how we can extract and define methodological features from Jahr’s personality and activity, which confirm and enhance integrative projects. An attempt has been made to understand that something, such as “Jahrian methodology”, might be sensible enough to provide scientific knowledge and cultural orientation without simplifying the bios, but that it is pointless without integration with educational models, and to emphasise this I conclusively consider the role of bioethicists in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122256794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to identify common ground on end-of-life issues between the Islamic and Christian cultures. Since these two cultures are more and more coming to live in the same countries, it is important to acknowledge common ground since the laws of countries apply to all. The paper will deal with several issues, including the stopping of futile treatment, the administration of ordinary and extraordinary care, defining the difference between death and allowing one to die, and accepting death as sometimes being an inevitable and acceptable outcome. The paper will also discuss palliative care including pain relief and sedation. From here one delves into the case of Persistent Vegetative States and the morality of overenthusiastic treatment which pushes people into this state. It will also focus on the differences, such as passive euthanasia and analyze whether this is merely a difference in the interpretation of terms. There is also a phenomenon in some countries on querying the removal futile treatment and on lacking a legal framework in general on end-of-life. At least one study shows concern on religious moral grounds. The conclusion attempts to identify the common grounds on the end-of-life and whether morality and laws in this regard are guided by religious positions. It is important that laws respect the moral normative values of populations, especially with pressure coming from more liberal positions. Even if practices such as euthanasia (the discussion of which is not the scope of this paper) are introduced in countries, it is important that health care (and legislation) recognizes the common moral ground, the lack of which may lead to more suffering.
{"title":"A practical comparison between Islamic and Christian End-of-life moral guidelines towards harmonization of End of Life Care","authors":"P. Mallia","doi":"10.21860/J.9.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/J.9.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to identify common ground on end-of-life issues between the Islamic and Christian cultures. Since these two cultures are more and more coming to live in the same countries, it is important to acknowledge common ground since the laws of countries apply to all. The paper will deal with several issues, including the stopping of futile treatment, the administration of ordinary and extraordinary care, defining the difference between death and allowing one to die, and accepting death as sometimes being an inevitable and acceptable outcome. The paper will also discuss palliative care including pain relief and sedation. From here one delves into the case of Persistent Vegetative States and the morality of overenthusiastic treatment which pushes people into this state. It will also focus on the differences, such as passive euthanasia and analyze whether this is merely a difference in the interpretation of terms. There is also a phenomenon in some countries on querying the removal futile treatment and on lacking a legal framework in general on end-of-life. At least one study shows concern on religious moral grounds. The conclusion attempts to identify the common grounds on the end-of-life and whether morality and laws in this regard are guided by religious positions. It is important that laws respect the moral normative values of populations, especially with pressure coming from more liberal positions. Even if practices such as euthanasia (the discussion of which is not the scope of this paper) are introduced in countries, it is important that health care (and legislation) recognizes the common moral ground, the lack of which may lead to more suffering.","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133333766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bioetika sporta: prisutnost bioetičkih tema na području filozofije i etike sporta u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji","authors":"Matija Mato Škerbić, Sandra Radenović","doi":"10.21860/J.9.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/J.9.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126198842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding bioethical inquiry as ecosystem aligns that thinking about health conceptually close to public health ethics. Despite having roots in decades-long, culturally-diverse, and disciplinarily-broad concerns about the relationships of human beings to environment as manifest in the work of Fritz Jahr and Van Rensselaer Potter, medical “mainstream” bioethics has maintained a relatively narrow focus on individual health. The practical instantiations of bioethics are inconsistent both with the term’s own historical international contexts and the ecosystemic nature of health, a concept of systems that includes both cultural and biological interactions. Following a growing number of international calls for such change in bioethics, this paper argues that a reinvigoration of bioethics demands transdisciplinary intersections of ecology, value, and health – as a bridge connecting across to the identified projects of public health ethics.
{"title":"The ecosystem of bioethics: Building bridges to public health","authors":"J. Beever, P. Whitehouse","doi":"10.21860/J.8.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/J.8.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding bioethical inquiry as ecosystem aligns that thinking about health conceptually close to public health ethics. Despite having roots in decades-long, culturally-diverse, and disciplinarily-broad concerns about the relationships of human beings to environment as manifest in the work of Fritz Jahr and Van Rensselaer Potter, medical “mainstream” bioethics has maintained a relatively narrow focus on individual health. The practical instantiations of bioethics are inconsistent both with the term’s own historical international contexts and the ecosystemic nature of health, a concept of systems that includes both cultural and biological interactions. Following a growing number of international calls for such change in bioethics, this paper argues that a reinvigoration of bioethics demands transdisciplinary intersections of ecology, value, and health – as a bridge connecting across to the identified projects of public health ethics.","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133679295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Svijest i slobodna volja kao uvjet moralnih odluka","authors":"Franjo Mijatović","doi":"10.21860/J.8.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/J.8.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122354433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today’s modern world marked by globalisation there are great demands for global interaction which stresses the need for English language. The aim of this paper is to recognise the importance of students’ motivation towards learning English for Specific Purposes, i.e. Medical English. In order to determine students’ preferred motivational orientation, a total number of 242 students of medical and healthcare professions were involved in the present study. The results of the principal component analysis of the questionnaire survey showed a three-factor solution with Instrumental, Integrative and Personal Motivation as subscales. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the subscales indicated high internal consistency. The results indicated that participants in our sample, students of medical and healthcare studies, were more integratively motivated. The participants, who self-assessed their English language knowledge as better, had also greater motivation towards learning the language.
{"title":"Motivation towards studying english for specific purposes among students of medical and healthcare studies","authors":"Tajana Tomak, M. S. Pavelić","doi":"10.21860/J.8.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/J.8.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s modern world marked by globalisation there are great demands for global interaction which stresses the need for English language. The aim of this paper is to recognise the importance of students’ motivation towards learning English for Specific Purposes, i.e. Medical English. In order to determine students’ preferred motivational orientation, a total number of 242 students of medical and healthcare professions were involved in the present study. The results of the principal component analysis of the questionnaire survey showed a three-factor solution with Instrumental, Integrative and Personal Motivation as subscales. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the subscales indicated high internal consistency. The results indicated that participants in our sample, students of medical and healthcare studies, were more integratively motivated. The participants, who self-assessed their English language knowledge as better, had also greater motivation towards learning the language.","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"5 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114130343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Villamañán, M. Ruiz, E. F. Uzquiano, P. Lavilla, R. Madero, J. Frías, E. Armada, A. Herrero, R. Alvarez-Sala
Background: The Institutional-Review-Boards (IRB) frequently give unfavorable opinions to evaluated studies due to deficiencies in informed consent forms (ICFs), which delays the ethical approval of the study and increases waste in research. Objective: To analyze the extent to which IRB in our center gives unfavorable opinions due to documents deficiencies and to evaluate types of objection. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study of decisions during the first review by the IRB in our center (2012-2015). We carried out a systematic review of minutes when decisions on approval of studies are collected. If not approval, we analyzed appealed objections. Results: 1858 clinical studies were evaluated by the IRB. 1558 required informed consent for participating (83.9%, CI95%:82.1-85.5), 987 were not approved during the first review due to deficiencies in ICFs (63.3%, CI95%:60.9-65.7). The main causes of objections for non-approval were unreadability (11.7%, CI95%:10.6-12.9), inadequate information given about access to personal data rights (9.2%, CI95%:8.1-10.2), biological samples management (7.8%, IC95%:6.9-8.8), and expected benefits (7.6%, IC95%:6.7-8.6). Conclusions: Deficiencies in ICFs are an important reason for non-approval of protocols evaluated by an IRB. There are three fundamental weaknesses on which the IRB plays a key role: 1) improving readability; 2) adapting them to regulations concerning data protection and biological materials management; 3) avoiding misleading information towards enrollment.
{"title":"Bridging the gap between researchers and patients: The role of the Institutional Review Boards in the informed consent process","authors":"E. Villamañán, M. Ruiz, E. F. Uzquiano, P. Lavilla, R. Madero, J. Frías, E. Armada, A. Herrero, R. Alvarez-Sala","doi":"10.21860/J.8.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/J.8.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Institutional-Review-Boards (IRB) frequently give unfavorable opinions to evaluated studies due to deficiencies in informed consent forms (ICFs), which delays the ethical approval of the study and increases waste in research. Objective: To analyze the extent to which IRB in our center gives unfavorable opinions due to documents deficiencies and to evaluate types of objection. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study of decisions during the first review by the IRB in our center (2012-2015). We carried out a systematic review of minutes when decisions on approval of studies are collected. If not approval, we analyzed appealed objections. Results: 1858 clinical studies were evaluated by the IRB. 1558 required informed consent for participating (83.9%, CI95%:82.1-85.5), 987 were not approved during the first review due to deficiencies in ICFs (63.3%, CI95%:60.9-65.7). The main causes of objections for non-approval were unreadability (11.7%, CI95%:10.6-12.9), inadequate information given about access to personal data rights (9.2%, CI95%:8.1-10.2), biological samples management (7.8%, IC95%:6.9-8.8), and expected benefits (7.6%, IC95%:6.7-8.6). Conclusions: Deficiencies in ICFs are an important reason for non-approval of protocols evaluated by an IRB. There are three fundamental weaknesses on which the IRB plays a key role: 1) improving readability; 2) adapting them to regulations concerning data protection and biological materials management; 3) avoiding misleading information towards enrollment.","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125870260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Percepcija smrti i žalovanja iz dječje perspektive u pedijatrijskoj palijativnoj skrbi","authors":"Suzana Vuletić, Silvana Karacic, K. Jurić","doi":"10.21860/j.8.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.8.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":250910,"journal":{"name":"Jahr - European journal of bioethics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130206037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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