Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0015
Cassandra Cross
Online fraud victimisation affects millions of individuals globally. Despite its prevalence, it remains a contested area, whereby there is a strong victim blaming attitude towards those who are victims. There is a strong negative stereotype that victims are greedy, gullible, uneducated and somewhat deserving of their victimisation. This works as a barrier to silence and stigmatise individuals who are fearful to disclose their victimisation to family, friends, law enforcement and other third parties. Using Christie’s (1986) notion of the ‘ideal victim’, this chapter examines how online fraud victims are denied victim status despite the offences perpetrated against them. Through an application of the five characteristics that Christie (1986) asserts constitute an ideal victim, this chapter explores the challenges that currently exist for online fraud victims to be recognised as legitimate victims, and the factors which operate to deny them of this victimisation status. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications for online fraud victims in the current environment. It advocates the need for change to better respond to online fraud victims, rather than exacerbating or adding to the trauma they have already experienced at the hands of offenders.
{"title":"Denying victim status to online fraud victims: the challenges of being a ‘non-ideal victim’","authors":"Cassandra Cross","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Online fraud victimisation affects millions of individuals globally. Despite its prevalence, it remains a contested area, whereby there is a strong victim blaming attitude towards those who are victims. There is a strong negative stereotype that victims are greedy, gullible, uneducated and somewhat deserving of their victimisation. This works as a barrier to silence and stigmatise individuals who are fearful to disclose their victimisation to family, friends, law enforcement and other third parties. Using Christie’s (1986) notion of the ‘ideal victim’, this chapter examines how online fraud victims are denied victim status despite the offences perpetrated against them. Through an application of the five characteristics that Christie (1986) asserts constitute an ideal victim, this chapter explores the challenges that currently exist for online fraud victims to be recognised as legitimate victims, and the factors which operate to deny them of this victimisation status. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications for online fraud victims in the current environment. It advocates the need for change to better respond to online fraud victims, rather than exacerbating or adding to the trauma they have already experienced at the hands of offenders.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121562629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0014
Hannah Bows
There is now an extensive body of literature examining sexual violence against women and girls. However, there remains an important gap in relation to ‘older’ women, who have been almost entirely absent from research, policy and practice developments. Traditionally, older age has been reviewed as a protective factor for violent crime, including sexual violence, and both criminologists and feminists have largely neglected those aged over 60 in their scholarship. This chapter examines this absence and argues that ‘real rape’ myths and stereotypes have contributed to the invisibility of older victims. Findings from the first national study to examine sexual violence against people aged 60 and over are presented and discussed in light of the existing literature.
{"title":"The ‘ideal’ rape victim and the elderly woman: a contradiction in terms?","authors":"Hannah Bows","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"There is now an extensive body of literature examining sexual violence against women and girls. However, there remains an important gap in relation to ‘older’ women, who have been almost entirely absent from research, policy and practice developments. Traditionally, older age has been reviewed as a protective factor for violent crime, including sexual violence, and both criminologists and feminists have largely neglected those aged over 60 in their scholarship. This chapter examines this absence and argues that ‘real rape’ myths and stereotypes have contributed to the invisibility of older victims. Findings from the first national study to examine sexual violence against people aged 60 and over are presented and discussed in light of the existing literature.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121159099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0008
Carolina Yoko Furusho
In light of the polarized debate surrounding the limits of ethical State responses to migration, two radical discourses can be identified. On the one hand, it is deeply worrisome how the notion of the deviant and dangerous migrant ‘other’ in societal imagination bears an intimate link to the ‘moral panics’ underlying national security discourses and increasingly stricter ‘crimmigration’ laws. The ascension of this derogatory stereotype resonates with Nils Christie's assessment that the more foreign and less human a person may be, the closer they come to the notion of ‘ideal offender’. On the other hand, expansion of globalized networks of solidarity has propelled a powerful albeit double-edged discourse on migrant vulnerability in human rights advocacy, framing migrants as ‘ideal vulnerable victims’ of human rights violations as a means to tackle the anti-migrant discourse which purports to construct the image of migrants as a priori offenders until proven otherwise. In this chapter, Christie's ‘ideal victim’ theory will underpin a critical analysis of the recognition of human rights victims in the context of migration, focusing on how regional human rights courts adopt the notion of ‘vulnerability’ as legal heuristic to ascertain the victim status of migrant applicants.
{"title":"The ‘ideal migrant victim’ in human rights courts: between vulnerability and otherness","authors":"Carolina Yoko Furusho","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the polarized debate surrounding the limits of ethical State responses to migration, two radical discourses can be identified. On the one hand, it is deeply worrisome how the notion of the deviant and dangerous migrant ‘other’ in societal imagination bears an intimate link to the ‘moral panics’ underlying national security discourses and increasingly stricter ‘crimmigration’ laws. The ascension of this derogatory stereotype resonates with Nils Christie's assessment that the more foreign and less human a person may be, the closer they come to the notion of ‘ideal offender’. On the other hand, expansion of globalized networks of solidarity has propelled a powerful albeit double-edged discourse on migrant vulnerability in human rights advocacy, framing migrants as ‘ideal vulnerable victims’ of human rights violations as a means to tackle the anti-migrant discourse which purports to construct the image of migrants as a priori offenders until proven otherwise. In this chapter, Christie's ‘ideal victim’ theory will underpin a critical analysis of the recognition of human rights victims in the context of migration, focusing on how regional human rights courts adopt the notion of ‘vulnerability’ as legal heuristic to ascertain the victim status of migrant applicants.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115347440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0013
Vicky Heap
This chapter uses Christie’s (1986) ideal victim’s framework to critically deconstruct notions of anti-social behaviour (ASB) victimisation, by conceptualising individual and community experiences of ASB. An examination of 'personal' ASB (ONS, 2012) assesses how far Christie's thesis can be applied to individual victims of targeted non-criminal behaviour, with a focus on social housing, stigmatisation and vulnerability. As 'environmental' and 'nuisance' ASB (ONS, 2012) can be experienced by more than one victim, perceptions of communities suffering from ASB victimisation is also considered, with examples from both residential neighbourhoods and public spaces explored to provide a contemporary understanding of these phenomena. Overall, the chapter illustrates how political priorities, societal and media discourses, and hierarchies of victimisation make conceptualising victims of ASB far from ideal.
{"title":"Conceptualising victims of antisocial behaviour is far from ‘ideal’","authors":"Vicky Heap","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uses Christie’s (1986) ideal victim’s framework to critically deconstruct notions of anti-social behaviour (ASB) victimisation, by conceptualising individual and community experiences of ASB. An examination of 'personal' ASB (ONS, 2012) assesses how far Christie's thesis can be applied to individual victims of targeted non-criminal behaviour, with a focus on social housing, stigmatisation and vulnerability. As 'environmental' and 'nuisance' ASB (ONS, 2012) can be experienced by more than one victim, perceptions of communities suffering from ASB victimisation is also considered, with examples from both residential neighbourhoods and public spaces explored to provide a contemporary understanding of these phenomena. Overall, the chapter illustrates how political priorities, societal and media discourses, and hierarchies of victimisation make conceptualising victims of ASB far from ideal.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125478461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0016
Jennifer Anne, S. Rainbow
Men in prison are often seen as the creators of victims and are positioned completely in opposition to the 'ideal victim'. Yet many prisoners are actually victims themselves, in their past, present and future lives, physically, mentally and emotionally. Whilst this does not sit well with feminist positions of offender blaming and punishment, it is necessary that we confront male victimisation and vulnerabilities in prisons in order to reduce future offending and harm that results from the vulnerable positionality. Drawn from interviews conducted as part of an ethnographic study, this chapter examines the vulnerabilities of men in prison and the unseen victimisation processes that they undergo. Male prisoners may, in many cases, be victims of the socio-structural inequalities and class based ‘structural violence’ which Christie (1986: 24) highlighted; however, in addressing the subjective identities occupied by these ‘non-ideal’ victims, a greater understanding of the truths and experiences of the ‘non-ideal’ offender is provided.
{"title":"Male prisoners’ vulnerabilities and the ideal victim concept","authors":"Jennifer Anne, S. Rainbow","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Men in prison are often seen as the creators of victims and are positioned completely in opposition to the 'ideal victim'. Yet many prisoners are actually victims themselves, in their past, present and future lives, physically, mentally and emotionally. Whilst this does not sit well with feminist positions of offender blaming and punishment, it is necessary that we confront male victimisation and vulnerabilities in prisons in order to reduce future offending and harm that results from the vulnerable positionality. Drawn from interviews conducted as part of an ethnographic study, this chapter examines the vulnerabilities of men in prison and the unseen victimisation processes that they undergo. Male prisoners may, in many cases, be victims of the socio-structural inequalities and class based ‘structural violence’ which Christie (1986: 24) highlighted; however, in addressing the subjective identities occupied by these ‘non-ideal’ victims, a greater understanding of the truths and experiences of the ‘non-ideal’ offender is provided.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128451889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0019
M. Duggan
This chapter reiterates the importance of Christie’s work, and this volume’s reinterrogation of the ‘Ideal Victim’, both historically and in our modern age. The chapter then explores the relationship between Christie’s work and the development of restorative and transitional justice movements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of the volume and suggests further work to be undertaken both in keeping with Christie’s work and in the field of victimology more generally.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"M. Duggan","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reiterates the importance of Christie’s work, and this volume’s reinterrogation of the ‘Ideal Victim’, both historically and in our modern age. The chapter then explores the relationship between Christie’s work and the development of restorative and transitional justice movements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of the volume and suggests further work to be undertaken both in keeping with Christie’s work and in the field of victimology more generally.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133594140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0007
K. Corteen
Female sex worker victim characteristics and their social, situational and interactive contexts have not substantially changed. Yet, the manner in which female sex worker victimisation is currently understood has changed in some quarters. This chapter documents the unusual inclusion of female sex workers into Merseyside police hate crime policy and practice. Given that female sex workers embody a ‘non-ideal’ victim identity the focus here is to consider what this development may mean for Christie’s (1986) ‘ideal victim’ thesis. In so doing the role (or lack of) emotion and compassion will be discussed. The chapter concludes that victims and victimisation have been reimagined and new victimisations have arisen. However, with regard to hate crime, and the social construction of, and criminal justice responses to the victimisation of female sex workers Christie’s ‘ideal victim’ thesis remains contemporarily relevant and predominantly intact.
{"title":"New victimisations: female sex worker hate crime and the ‘ideal victim’","authors":"K. Corteen","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447338765.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Female sex worker victim characteristics and their social, situational and interactive contexts have not substantially changed. Yet, the manner in which female sex worker victimisation is currently understood has changed in some quarters. This chapter documents the unusual inclusion of female sex workers into Merseyside police hate crime policy and practice. Given that female sex workers embody a ‘non-ideal’ victim identity the focus here is to consider what this development may mean for Christie’s (1986) ‘ideal victim’ thesis. In so doing the role (or lack of) emotion and compassion will be discussed. The chapter concludes that victims and victimisation have been reimagined and new victimisations have arisen. However, with regard to hate crime, and the social construction of, and criminal justice responses to the victimisation of female sex workers Christie’s ‘ideal victim’ thesis remains contemporarily relevant and predominantly intact.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124911212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0017
C. Cohen
Lynndie England’s conviction, and highly publicised dishonourable discharge from the United States military, for crimes that included photographically documented acts of sexual violence against male detainees in her care, finally succeeded in bringing female sexual offending against male victims to the fore, and served as a watershed moment that forever changed the discourse. Except it didn’t. This event did not disrupt orthodox discourse. It did not breach the gendered binary that casts men as offenders and women as victims. A decade later, it can instead be argued to have bolstered it – being pivotal in maintaining ‘discursive equilibrium’ in preservation of those gendered, normative, binaristic, subject positions that serve to cast men outside of legitimate victimhood; particularly men assaulted by women. This Foucauldian analysis of knowledge production in the academy will examine this stasis, and articulate the discursive mechanisms underlying it - arguing that the ideal victim binary, in the area of sexual violence, constitutes a gender-normative taxonomy that functions as a governmentalised ‘regime of truth’. Ironically, this influence is most stymieing amongst those best placed to resist it.This chapter complexifies Christie’s (1986) concept of the ideal victim through the lens of Foucauldian theory, presenting a clarion call to victimology.
{"title":"A decade after Lynndie: non-ideal victims of non-ideal offenders – doubly anomalised, doubly invisibilised","authors":"C. Cohen","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Lynndie England’s conviction, and highly publicised dishonourable discharge from the United States military, for crimes that included photographically documented acts of sexual violence against male detainees in her care, finally succeeded in bringing female sexual offending against male victims to the fore, and served as a watershed moment that forever changed the discourse. Except it didn’t. This event did not disrupt orthodox discourse. It did not breach the gendered binary that casts men as offenders and women as victims. A decade later, it can instead be argued to have bolstered it – being pivotal in maintaining ‘discursive equilibrium’ in preservation of those gendered, normative, binaristic, subject positions that serve to cast men outside of legitimate victimhood; particularly men assaulted by women. This Foucauldian analysis of knowledge production in the academy will examine this stasis, and articulate the discursive mechanisms underlying it - arguing that the ideal victim binary, in the area of sexual violence, constitutes a gender-normative taxonomy that functions as a governmentalised ‘regime of truth’. Ironically, this influence is most stymieing amongst those best placed to resist it.This chapter complexifies Christie’s (1986) concept of the ideal victim through the lens of Foucauldian theory, presenting a clarion call to victimology.","PeriodicalId":257613,"journal":{"name":"Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126050554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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