Los estudiantes de EE. UU. en diferentes grupos etnicos tienen puntajes promedio muy diferentes en las pruebas de matematicas y lectura PISA 2012, y los negros e hispanos muestran brechas negativas en relacion con los estudiantes blancos y asiaticos que muestran una brecha positiva. Investigo si las caracteristicas de la familia de un alumno o la escuela a la que asistio pueden explicar estas diferencias. Encuentro que la baja educacion promedio de los padres hispanos explica la mayor porcion de la brecha de logros hispanos. En contraste, la mayor parte de la brecha negativa mas grande para los negros y la brecha positiva para los asiaticos no puede explicarse por las caracteristicas familiares o la escuela a la que asisten. La asistencia a escuelas "malas" explica relativamente poco de las brechas negativas, pero las puntuaciones de matematicas de los estudiantes negros son sustancialmente mas bajas cuando componen mas del 50% de la clase, lo cual no es el caso con los estudiantes hispanos. Esta evidencia sugiere que la cultura de grupos etnicos es una causa importante de las brechas de logros de estudiantes negros y asiaticos.
{"title":"Family, Schools, or Culture: What Explains Differences in U.S. Student Achievement Across Ethnic Groups on PISA 2012?","authors":"T. Breton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3122737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3122737","url":null,"abstract":"Los estudiantes de EE. UU. en diferentes grupos etnicos tienen puntajes promedio muy diferentes en las pruebas de matematicas y lectura PISA 2012, y los negros e hispanos muestran brechas negativas en relacion con los estudiantes blancos y asiaticos que muestran una brecha positiva. Investigo si las caracteristicas de la familia de un alumno o la escuela a la que asistio pueden explicar estas diferencias. Encuentro que la baja educacion promedio de los padres hispanos explica la mayor porcion de la brecha de logros hispanos. En contraste, la mayor parte de la brecha negativa mas grande para los negros y la brecha positiva para los asiaticos no puede explicarse por las caracteristicas familiares o la escuela a la que asisten. La asistencia a escuelas \"malas\" explica relativamente poco de las brechas negativas, pero las puntuaciones de matematicas de los estudiantes negros son sustancialmente mas bajas cuando componen mas del 50% de la clase, lo cual no es el caso con los estudiantes hispanos. Esta evidencia sugiere que la cultura de grupos etnicos es una causa importante de las brechas de logros de estudiantes negros y asiaticos.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120946626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The questions of racism and ethnicity have featured prominently in public debates over the years. It is a day to day social problem that continues to fester with no actual solution in sight in many countries. While there are concerns about systemic racism, ethnicity and stigmatisations of minorities within some systems, government assertion that ‘the greatness of a nation’ lies in the unity and collective contribution of diverse communities to a country is becoming a mirage. Although, this article is a very ambitious and very sensitive one, the social problem in focus must be addressed and properly investigated. Consequently, the article explores the issue of racism and ethnicity in many countries; using empirical evidences and literature reviews. The authors examine the complexity and varied places of ‘racialisation’ and ‘ethnicity’ within the social structures of such countries while investigating the impacts on governance, institutions and the entire systems. We focus on various examples and many spheres of life where racial discriminations and ethnicity are being experienced in our samples. This paper will contribute to the ever-growing literature and knowledge on racism, ethnicity and governance.
{"title":"Racialisation, Ethnicity and Governance: Conceptual Clarifications and Critical Analysis","authors":"Gabriel Adegbite, Agyenim Boateng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3068767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3068767","url":null,"abstract":"The questions of racism and ethnicity have featured prominently in public debates over the years. It is a day to day social problem that continues to fester with no actual solution in sight in many countries. While there are concerns about systemic racism, ethnicity and stigmatisations of minorities within some systems, government assertion that ‘the greatness of a nation’ lies in the unity and collective contribution of diverse communities to a country is becoming a mirage. \u0000Although, this article is a very ambitious and very sensitive one, the social problem in focus must be addressed and properly investigated. Consequently, the article explores the issue of racism and ethnicity in many countries; using empirical evidences and literature reviews. The authors examine the complexity and varied places of ‘racialisation’ and ‘ethnicity’ within the social structures of such countries while investigating the impacts on governance, institutions and the entire systems. We focus on various examples and many spheres of life where racial discriminations and ethnicity are being experienced in our samples. This paper will contribute to the ever-growing literature and knowledge on racism, ethnicity and governance.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132657287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper intends to be an incursion in the Romanian press by analyzing the articles about the Roma population from Romania or migrated abroad published in the review Revista 22, during the years 2009-2017. It is not about a very high number of articles, but the existent articles present daily persistent problems of Roma community. The poverty, lack of appropriate political representation, the missing education of Roma kids, their violent world and sometimes their illegal activities present this minority as a vulnerable category of Romanian society. The purpose of this paper is to present Roma existent problems in Romania with reverberations in Europe, from national to European perspective, and to identify possible solutions for improving Roma’s conditions of life in Romania.
{"title":"The Image of Roma Population Reflected in the Pages of Romanian Review 'Revista 22' (2009-2017). From National to European Perspective","authors":"Anca Oltean","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3269784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3269784","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper intends to be an incursion in the Romanian press by analyzing the articles about the Roma population from Romania or migrated abroad published in the review Revista 22, during the years 2009-2017. It is not about a very high number of articles, but the existent articles present daily persistent problems of Roma community. The poverty, lack of appropriate political representation, the missing education of Roma kids, their violent world and sometimes their illegal activities present this minority as a vulnerable category of Romanian society. The purpose of this paper is to present Roma existent problems in Romania with reverberations in Europe, from national to European perspective, and to identify possible solutions for improving Roma’s conditions of life in Romania.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122820081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper presents a contextual framework of the Jewish organizations from Romania in the first years after the war and, also, an image of the activity of the last Jewish organization which survived in the communist landscape in Romania, namely the Jewish Democratic Committee. The activity of this organization during the years 1945- 1946 is presented in this study, being based on the archival research in the local archives of Bihor County.
{"title":"Jewish Organizations From Romania – Role and Activity","authors":"Anca Oltean","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3330489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3330489","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper presents a contextual framework of the Jewish organizations from Romania in the first years after the war and, also, an image of the activity of the last Jewish organization which survived in the communist landscape in Romania, namely the Jewish Democratic Committee. The activity of this organization during the years 1945- 1946 is presented in this study, being based on the archival research in the local archives of Bihor County.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127766263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco D’Acunto, Marcel Prokopczuk, Michael Weber
For centuries, Jews have been associated with financial services. We find that present-day households in German counties where Jewish persecution was higher in the Middle Ages and the Nazi period invest less in stocks, have lower savings in bank deposits, and are less likely to get a mortgage, but not to own a house. The forced migrations of the Ashkenazi communities across the German lands after the 11th century help assess the extent to which the e ffect of Jewish persecution on present-day financial decisions is causal. We document direct evidence from the field consistent with a persistent norm of distrust in finance, transmitted across generations, driving the eff ects. Instead, indirect evidence is inconsistent with current antisemitism, generalized trust, or supply-side forces explaining our results.
{"title":"The Long Shadow of Jewish Persecution on Financial Decisions","authors":"Francesco D’Acunto, Marcel Prokopczuk, Michael Weber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2368073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2368073","url":null,"abstract":"For centuries, Jews have been associated with financial services. We find that present-day households in German counties where Jewish persecution was higher in the Middle Ages and the Nazi period invest less in stocks, have lower savings in bank deposits, and are less likely to get a mortgage, but not to own a house. The forced migrations of the Ashkenazi communities across the German lands after the 11th century help assess the extent to which the e ffect of Jewish persecution on present-day financial decisions is causal. We document direct evidence from the field consistent with a persistent norm of distrust in finance, transmitted across generations, driving the eff ects. Instead, indirect evidence is inconsistent with current antisemitism, generalized trust, or supply-side forces explaining our results.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124493201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.17323/2411-7390-2015-1-3-6-11
H. Kyuchukov
This paper presents a study conducted with 40 Roma children from Slovakia, aged between 4-8 years, who are speakers of an ethnolect learned from their parents, but which in Slovak society is not considered to be a “good Slovak language”. Diagnostic tests in the official Slovak language were administered to the children in order to determine how well they know the complex grammatical categories of official Slovak: wh-questions, wh-complements and passive verbs. One hypothesis raised by the study is that the Roma children follow the normal linguistic development path of other children and, by the age of 5, already know the deep structure of complex sentences in Slovak. The results show that although the Roma children grow up with a particular variety of the Slovak language that is an ethnolect, they are able to comprehend and produce deep linguistic structures of Slovak, which serves for them as a mother tongue. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
{"title":"Slovak Language of Roma Children: Mother Tongue Or Second Language","authors":"H. Kyuchukov","doi":"10.17323/2411-7390-2015-1-3-6-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2015-1-3-6-11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study conducted with 40 Roma children from Slovakia, aged between 4-8 years, who are speakers of an ethnolect learned from their parents, but which in Slovak society is not considered to be a “good Slovak language”. Diagnostic tests in the official Slovak language were administered to the children in order to determine how well they know the complex grammatical categories of official Slovak: wh-questions, wh-complements and passive verbs. One hypothesis raised by the study is that the Roma children follow the normal linguistic development path of other children and, by the age of 5, already know the deep structure of complex sentences in Slovak. The results show that although the Roma children grow up with a particular variety of the Slovak language that is an ethnolect, they are able to comprehend and produce deep linguistic structures of Slovak, which serves for them as a mother tongue. \u0000 \u0000This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133662916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
US Afrodescendants should welcome the Caribbean Community of Nations’ (CARICOM) decision to play the role of David versus Goliath in demanding reparations from former European colonialist powers. However, inherent characteristics that define CARICOM Afrodescendants are quite different from those that define US Afrodescendants. Consequently, US Afrodescendants should eschew CARICOM’s 10-point reparations program in favor of developing a reparations program of our own. In this article, we highlight key differences between CARICOM and US Afrodescendants, and we argue for a reparations program for US Afrodescendants that has nation formation as its central tenet. We suggest that a US Afrodescendant reparations program should reflect three broad points: Land, resources, and international support. While CARICOM’s and US Afrodescendants’ reparations programs should be dissimilar, when realized, both programs can produce similar freedom fruits.
{"title":"A Broad Three-Point Reparations Program for US Afrodescendants versus CARICOM's 10-Point Program","authors":"Brooks Robinson","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2585727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2585727","url":null,"abstract":"US Afrodescendants should welcome the Caribbean Community of Nations’ (CARICOM) decision to play the role of David versus Goliath in demanding reparations from former European colonialist powers. However, inherent characteristics that define CARICOM Afrodescendants are quite different from those that define US Afrodescendants. Consequently, US Afrodescendants should eschew CARICOM’s 10-point reparations program in favor of developing a reparations program of our own. In this article, we highlight key differences between CARICOM and US Afrodescendants, and we argue for a reparations program for US Afrodescendants that has nation formation as its central tenet. We suggest that a US Afrodescendant reparations program should reflect three broad points: Land, resources, and international support. While CARICOM’s and US Afrodescendants’ reparations programs should be dissimilar, when realized, both programs can produce similar freedom fruits.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128730464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zev J. Eigen, Camille Rich, Charlotte S. Alexander
In recent years, antidiscrimination scholars have focused on the productive possibilities of the “universal turn,” a strategy that calls on attorneys to convert particularist claims, like race discrimination claims, into broader universalist claims that secure basic dignity, liberty, and fairness rights for all. Scholars have urged litigators to employ universalist strategies in constitutional and voting rights cases, as well as in employment litigation. Thus far, however, arguments made in favor of universalism have been largely abstract and theoretical and therefore have failed to fully consider the second order effects of universalist strategies on the ground. In this article we challenge the prevailing arguments in favor of universalism by exploring the market consequences as lawyers shift from particularist Title VII race discrimination claims to universalist Fair Labor Standards Act claims. Derived from a preliminary review of case filing statistics and qualitative data from a purposeful sample of attorney interviews, our research has uncovered forces we describe as “post-racial hydraulics,” a set of non-ideological, economic, and pragmatism-based drivers produced by the trend toward universalism. We explain why “post-racial hydraulics” must be understood as key but previously unexplored factors in racial formation. Evidence suggests that, left unchecked, these non-ideological drivers will have substantive ideological effects, as they threaten to fundamentally reshape the employment litigation market and alter our understanding of race discrimination.
{"title":"Post-Racial Hydraulics: The Hidden Dangers of the Universal Turn","authors":"Zev J. Eigen, Camille Rich, Charlotte S. Alexander","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2568135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2568135","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, antidiscrimination scholars have focused on the productive possibilities of the “universal turn,” a strategy that calls on attorneys to convert particularist claims, like race discrimination claims, into broader universalist claims that secure basic dignity, liberty, and fairness rights for all. Scholars have urged litigators to employ universalist strategies in constitutional and voting rights cases, as well as in employment litigation. Thus far, however, arguments made in favor of universalism have been largely abstract and theoretical and therefore have failed to fully consider the second order effects of universalist strategies on the ground. In this article we challenge the prevailing arguments in favor of universalism by exploring the market consequences as lawyers shift from particularist Title VII race discrimination claims to universalist Fair Labor Standards Act claims. Derived from a preliminary review of case filing statistics and qualitative data from a purposeful sample of attorney interviews, our research has uncovered forces we describe as “post-racial hydraulics,” a set of non-ideological, economic, and pragmatism-based drivers produced by the trend toward universalism. We explain why “post-racial hydraulics” must be understood as key but previously unexplored factors in racial formation. Evidence suggests that, left unchecked, these non-ideological drivers will have substantive ideological effects, as they threaten to fundamentally reshape the employment litigation market and alter our understanding of race discrimination.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127029001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on Afro-American images’ transformation. The author starts from an explanation of the definition of image of womanhood and Images of Afro- American Women, further interprets the feature of Afro-American images respectively from three stages of historical development: African Diaspora stage, African immigrant stage and Afro-American and integrated stage. In this process, a transitional characteristic has been highlighted: Slave images being owned by men master at the stage of diaspora; in the immigrant stage, freed women images being possessed by men owner; and developed to Afro-American stage, something has changed, the subjugation of women is not inherent, but relatively to be balanced, male-female interacted can be observed in gender-based social formation. To be concluded, the underlining causes of the transition lie in social interactions that have reinforced or contracted assumptions in the case of female Afro-American themselves, those interactions are important in understanding why Afro-American women self-image in certain ways. The paper offers a view of images of Afro-American women that seeks to liberate not only Afro-American, but also other women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.
{"title":"An Interpretation of Afro-American Images' Transformation from a Perspective of the Stages of Historical Development","authors":"Shuyan Zhao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2403580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2403580","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on Afro-American images’ transformation. The author starts from an explanation of the definition of image of womanhood and Images of Afro- American Women, further interprets the feature of Afro-American images respectively from three stages of historical development: African Diaspora stage, African immigrant stage and Afro-American and integrated stage. In this process, a transitional characteristic has been highlighted: Slave images being owned by men master at the stage of diaspora; in the immigrant stage, freed women images being possessed by men owner; and developed to Afro-American stage, something has changed, the subjugation of women is not inherent, but relatively to be balanced, male-female interacted can be observed in gender-based social formation. To be concluded, the underlining causes of the transition lie in social interactions that have reinforced or contracted assumptions in the case of female Afro-American themselves, those interactions are important in understanding why Afro-American women self-image in certain ways. The paper offers a view of images of Afro-American women that seeks to liberate not only Afro-American, but also other women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130678533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We document, for the first time, the institution-building activities of the development economist W.Arthur Lewis (1915-1991) as founder of Community House and the South Hulme Evening Centre, two further education centres which sought to fight discrimination against the Afro-Caribbean communities of Manchester in the 1950s. We depict the struggle by Afro-Caribbeans to achieve a decent standard of living (and to escape from the ‘subsistence economy’ which provides the basis for Lewis’ most famous model) as a game of snakes and ladders in which the two main potential ladders out of poverty are first, the ability to generate nonwage income through self-employment and second, ‘vertical social capital’, i.e. membership of social networks of a kind which gave the employee the ability to fight back against discrimination. The most imaginative aspect of Lewis’s design for his further education centres is his incorporation of activities which build vertical social capital alongside conventional vocational training. Using a bargaining model to understand the ability of Afro-Caribbeans to resist discrimination, we find that Lewis’ social centres had a significant positive impact on Afro-Caribbean income and poverty levels. Through a merger between Community House and the West Indian Sports and Social Club, Lewis helped to create an innovative institution which has endured through to the present.
{"title":"Fighting Discrimination: W. Arthur Lewis and the Dual Economy of Manchester in the 1950s","authors":"P. Mosley, B. Ingham","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2209711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2209711","url":null,"abstract":"We document, for the first time, the institution-building activities of the development economist W.Arthur Lewis (1915-1991) as founder of Community House and the South Hulme Evening Centre, two further education centres which sought to fight discrimination against the Afro-Caribbean communities of Manchester in the 1950s. We depict the struggle by Afro-Caribbeans to achieve a decent standard of living (and to escape from the ‘subsistence economy’ which provides the basis for Lewis’ most famous model) as a game of snakes and ladders in which the two main potential ladders out of poverty are first, the ability to generate nonwage income through self-employment and second, ‘vertical social capital’, i.e. membership of social networks of a kind which gave the employee the ability to fight back against discrimination. The most imaginative aspect of Lewis’s design for his further education centres is his incorporation of activities which build vertical social capital alongside conventional vocational training. Using a bargaining model to understand the ability of Afro-Caribbeans to resist discrimination, we find that Lewis’ social centres had a significant positive impact on Afro-Caribbean income and poverty levels. Through a merger between Community House and the West Indian Sports and Social Club, Lewis helped to create an innovative institution which has endured through to the present.","PeriodicalId":259047,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race & Ethnicity (Sub-Topic)","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127309565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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