The goal of a conventional computer perspective algorithm is to assist in the establishment of a scaled perspective view of a real or conceptual geometric object. The purpose of this paper is to present the required conditions for the inverse transformation; that is, given the perspective of an object, establish the required parameters used in generating the perspective and to a more restrictive extent, establish the original geometric definition of the object. Because this inverse mapping is from a two to three dimensional space, the method is approximate and is accomplished by the method of least squares based on certain a priori information regarding the geometrical object. The method does require a considerable amount of numerical computation, but is particularly well suited to a digital computer solution.
{"title":"An inverse computer graphics problem","authors":"W. Bernhart","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480014","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of a conventional computer perspective algorithm is to assist in the establishment of a scaled perspective view of a real or conceptual geometric object. The purpose of this paper is to present the required conditions for the inverse transformation; that is, given the perspective of an object, establish the required parameters used in generating the perspective and to a more restrictive extent, establish the original geometric definition of the object. Because this inverse mapping is from a two to three dimensional space, the method is approximate and is accomplished by the method of least squares based on certain a priori information regarding the geometrical object. The method does require a considerable amount of numerical computation, but is particularly well suited to a digital computer solution.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131427792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The extensible programming language AEPL has been designed as a tool for the implementation of a large class of problem-oriented languages or languages for specific applications. The reason for such a goal is that we believe that there exist numerous areas of human interest generating problems which can be solved with the aid of a computer. We think also that to be able to approach these problems using languages which are close to the terminology and the methodology of the respective areas is a significant advantage: it enables a user to think in familiar terms and it liberates him from the burden of extraneous detail. This has been the reason for the uneconomic proliferation of a large number of programming languages, each more or less well adapted to the solution of a particular class of problems (see for instance Sammet's book for a survey of a number of problem-oriented languages). Extensible languages propose to cover wide areas of application at lesser cost and greater convenience. A detailed description of a large number of current extensible languages and systems can be found in a report by Solntseff, together with an extensive bibliography of the area. Many extensible language schemes have been described in detail.
{"title":"Data structures in the extensible programming language AEPL","authors":"E. Milgrom, Jacob Katzenelson","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480064","url":null,"abstract":"The extensible programming language AEPL has been designed as a tool for the implementation of a large class of problem-oriented languages or languages for specific applications. The reason for such a goal is that we believe that there exist numerous areas of human interest generating problems which can be solved with the aid of a computer. We think also that to be able to approach these problems using languages which are close to the terminology and the methodology of the respective areas is a significant advantage: it enables a user to think in familiar terms and it liberates him from the burden of extraneous detail. This has been the reason for the uneconomic proliferation of a large number of programming languages, each more or less well adapted to the solution of a particular class of problems (see for instance Sammet's book for a survey of a number of problem-oriented languages). Extensible languages propose to cover wide areas of application at lesser cost and greater convenience. A detailed description of a large number of current extensible languages and systems can be found in a report by Solntseff, together with an extensive bibliography of the area. Many extensible language schemes have been described in detail.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130566472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IAL (Investment Analysis Language) is a computer language which can be used to generate economic forecasts, develop data bases with complicated list structures, analyze results from psychological tests or compare alternative investments. Unfortunately, the label "Investment Analysis Language" has really limited the number of people who have considered using the language. IAL has been developed as a tool for a group of internal consultants in order that they can solve these problems quickly taking into consideration the types of problems they are asked to solve, the tools available and their own talents. Unfortunately, since IAL was developed for a bank, the label "investment analysis" was used in its name. A more appropriate title would be the UCL, Universal Consulting Language. Regardless of the industry, regressions, statistics and adaptive forecasting are performed in the same manner.
{"title":"The universal consulting language alias: the investment analysis language","authors":"C. Dmytryshak","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480065","url":null,"abstract":"IAL (Investment Analysis Language) is a computer language which can be used to generate economic forecasts, develop data bases with complicated list structures, analyze results from psychological tests or compare alternative investments. Unfortunately, the label \"Investment Analysis Language\" has really limited the number of people who have considered using the language. IAL has been developed as a tool for a group of internal consultants in order that they can solve these problems quickly taking into consideration the types of problems they are asked to solve, the tools available and their own talents. Unfortunately, since IAL was developed for a bank, the label \"investment analysis\" was used in its name. A more appropriate title would be the UCL, Universal Consulting Language. Regardless of the industry, regressions, statistics and adaptive forecasting are performed in the same manner.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"282 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134495639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many computer applications have stringent requirements for continued correct operation of the computer in the presence of internal faults. The subject of design of such highly reliable computers has been extensively studied, and numerous techniques have been developed to achieve this high reliability. Such computers are termed "fault tolerant"; examples of applications are found in the aerospace industry, communication systems, and computer networks. Several designs of such systems have been proposed and some have been implemented. In general, these designs contain extensive hard-wired logic for such functions as fault masking, comparison, switching, and encoding-decoding.
{"title":"SIFT: software implemented fault tolerance","authors":"J. Wensley","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480025","url":null,"abstract":"Many computer applications have stringent requirements for continued correct operation of the computer in the presence of internal faults. The subject of design of such highly reliable computers has been extensively studied, and numerous techniques have been developed to achieve this high reliability. Such computers are termed \"fault tolerant\"; examples of applications are found in the aerospace industry, communication systems, and computer networks. Several designs of such systems have been proposed and some have been implemented. In general, these designs contain extensive hard-wired logic for such functions as fault masking, comparison, switching, and encoding-decoding.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129552383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Sevcik, J. Atwood, Marc S. Grushcow, Richard C. Holt, J. Horning, D. Tsichritzis
"It is absurd to separate the study of designing from the practice of design." (Christopher Alexander)
“把设计的研究和设计的实践分开是荒谬的。”(Christopher Alexander)
{"title":"Project SUE as a learning experience","authors":"K. Sevcik, J. Atwood, Marc S. Grushcow, Richard C. Holt, J. Horning, D. Tsichritzis","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480036","url":null,"abstract":"\"It is absurd to separate the study of designing from the practice of design.\" (Christopher Alexander)","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134516953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The large number of different redundancy schemes available to the designer of fault-tolerant systems, the number of parameters pertaining to each scheme, and the large range of possible variations in each parameter seek automated procedures that would enable the designer to rapidly model, simulate and analyze preliminary designs and through man-machine symbiosis arrive at optimal and balanced fault-tolerant systems under the constraints of the prospective application.
{"title":"Automation of reliability evaluation procedures through CARE: the computer-aided reliability estimation program","authors":"Francis P. Mathu","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480001","url":null,"abstract":"The large number of different redundancy schemes available to the designer of fault-tolerant systems, the number of parameters pertaining to each scheme, and the large range of possible variations in each parameter seek automated procedures that would enable the designer to rapidly model, simulate and analyze preliminary designs and through man-machine symbiosis arrive at optimal and balanced fault-tolerant systems under the constraints of the prospective application.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132856056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early in 1966, a large computer development program was begun by Texas Instruments. The goal for this effort was to provide needed capacity for supporting seismic processing, plus offering a general super computer capability in the support of new markets.
{"title":"The TI ASC: a highly modular and flexible super computer architecture","authors":"W. J. Watson","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480022","url":null,"abstract":"Early in 1966, a large computer development program was begun by Texas Instruments. The goal for this effort was to provide needed capacity for supporting seismic processing, plus offering a general super computer capability in the support of new markets.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114592457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In two earlier reports we have suggested some techniques to be used producing software with many programmers. The techniques were especially suitable for software which would exist in many versions due to modifications in methods or applications. These techniques have been taught in an undergraduate course and used in an experimental project in that course. The purpose of this report is to describe the results that have been obtained and to discuss some conclusions which we have reached. The experiment was completely uncontrolled, the programmers generally inexperienced and poor, and the programming system used was not designed for the task. The numerical data presented below have no real value. We include them primarily as an illustration of the type of result that can be obtained by use of the techniques described in the earlier reports. We consider these results a drastic improvement over the state of the art. Major changes in a system can be confined to well-defined, small, subsystems. No intellectual effort is required in the final assembly or "integration" phase.
{"title":"Some conclusions from an experiment in software engineering techniques","authors":"D. Parnas","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480035","url":null,"abstract":"In two earlier reports we have suggested some techniques to be used producing software with many programmers. The techniques were especially suitable for software which would exist in many versions due to modifications in methods or applications. These techniques have been taught in an undergraduate course and used in an experimental project in that course. The purpose of this report is to describe the results that have been obtained and to discuss some conclusions which we have reached. The experiment was completely uncontrolled, the programmers generally inexperienced and poor, and the programming system used was not designed for the task. The numerical data presented below have no real value. We include them primarily as an illustration of the type of result that can be obtained by use of the techniques described in the earlier reports. We consider these results a drastic improvement over the state of the art. Major changes in a system can be confined to well-defined, small, subsystems. No intellectual effort is required in the final assembly or \"integration\" phase.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126762697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the point of view of the user, a reliable computer program is one which performs satisfactorily according to the computer program's specifications. The ability to determine if a computer program does indeed satisfy its specifications is most often based upon accumulated experience in using the software. This is due in part to general agreement that the quality of computer software increases as the software is extensively used and failures are discovered and corrected. In keeping with this philosphy, increasing emphasis has been placed on exhaustive testing of computer programs as the principal means of assuring sufficient quality.
{"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of software verification: pratical experience with an automated tool","authors":"John R. Brown, R. H. Hoffman","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480017","url":null,"abstract":"From the point of view of the user, a reliable computer program is one which performs satisfactorily according to the computer program's specifications. The ability to determine if a computer program does indeed satisfy its specifications is most often based upon accumulated experience in using the software. This is due in part to general agreement that the quality of computer software increases as the software is extensively used and failures are discovered and corrected. In keeping with this philosphy, increasing emphasis has been placed on exhaustive testing of computer programs as the principal means of assuring sufficient quality.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129485960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since LLL's computer complex, or network, is in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, maintenance procedures and controls have been or are in the process of being developed which minimize disruption of user service. The challenge of developing such tools and procedures is intensified by the diversity of hardware within LLL's system---CDC, IBM, DEC, Ampex, Lockheed, General Precision, and LLL---and by the number and type of users on-site-1,000-plus scientific and administrative users. Although designed for a time-sharing system (designated at LLL as the Octopus), many of the tools and procedures apply to a stand-alone system as well since the integrity of each user (host) computer to function as an independent entity has been preserved. Tools and procedures described include on-line and off-line diagnostic software. In addition, fail-soft procedures (recovery procedures effecting minimal system interruption) developed at LLL are described. In conclusion, the diagnostic tools and procedures are evaluated and findings from samplings of system availability are presented.
{"title":"Computer system maintainability at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory","authors":"J. Burk, J. Schoonover","doi":"10.1145/1479992.1480027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479992.1480027","url":null,"abstract":"Since LLL's computer complex, or network, is in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, maintenance procedures and controls have been or are in the process of being developed which minimize disruption of user service. The challenge of developing such tools and procedures is intensified by the diversity of hardware within LLL's system---CDC, IBM, DEC, Ampex, Lockheed, General Precision, and LLL---and by the number and type of users on-site-1,000-plus scientific and administrative users. Although designed for a time-sharing system (designated at LLL as the Octopus), many of the tools and procedures apply to a stand-alone system as well since the integrity of each user (host) computer to function as an independent entity has been preserved. Tools and procedures described include on-line and off-line diagnostic software. In addition, fail-soft procedures (recovery procedures effecting minimal system interruption) developed at LLL are described. In conclusion, the diagnostic tools and procedures are evaluated and findings from samplings of system availability are presented.","PeriodicalId":262093,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '72 (Fall, part I)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125880414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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