Pub Date : 2018-09-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2017-1-2-95-101
R. Sunagatullin, G. Nesyn, F. S. Zverev, A. Lyapin, Transneft-Sever Jsc
ransneft-Sever JSC, Ukhta, Russian Federation Conventional Drag-Reducing Agents (DRAs) based on higher alpha-olefin polymers do not always prove efficient for heavy oils, largely due to polymer solubility. Heavy oils have a high content of polar hetero-atomic (oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus) compounds which determine their solvent power to specific macromolecules. Higher alpha-olefin polymers are non-polar compounds of the paraffin series, and therefore, they experience collapse around the oil wax-appearance temperature (WAT), i.e. they fail to dissolve in liquid hydrocarbons due to thermodynamic and/or kinetic reasons. Another unfavourable factor is the high asphaltene content in heavy oil, which inhibits the dissolution of non-polar macromolecules by adsorbing them on the surface of polymer chips. Because good polymer solubility in liquid hydrocarbon is required for the Toms effect, these two factors appear most likely to be the cause of the reduced effectiveness in heavy oils of conventional DRAs. In order to improve affinity for these oils, polar groups such as carboxyl or aromatic substituents containing benzene nuclei with a dynamic π -electron system should be added to the polymer. A small number of ionic bonds may also be added to the polymer chain. Generally, the molecular architecture of DRA should be selected having specific pumping facilities in mind. This article discusses laboratory technology for DRA based on polar acrylic polymers, and describes its commercial form. It presents the laboratory equipment used to make qualitative predictions for the efficiency of various DRA in heavy oils.
{"title":"The use of polymer agents in the reduction of hydrodynamic drag for heavy oil","authors":"R. Sunagatullin, G. Nesyn, F. S. Zverev, A. Lyapin, Transneft-Sever Jsc","doi":"10.28999/2514-541X-2017-1-2-95-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541X-2017-1-2-95-101","url":null,"abstract":"ransneft-Sever JSC, Ukhta, Russian Federation \u0000Conventional Drag-Reducing Agents (DRAs) based on higher alpha-olefin polymers do not always prove efficient for heavy oils, largely due to polymer solubility. Heavy oils have a high content of polar hetero-atomic (oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus) compounds which determine their solvent power to specific macromolecules. Higher alpha-olefin polymers are non-polar compounds of the paraffin series, and therefore, they experience collapse around the oil wax-appearance temperature (WAT), i.e. they fail to dissolve in liquid hydrocarbons due to thermodynamic and/or kinetic reasons. Another unfavourable factor is the high asphaltene content in heavy oil, which inhibits the dissolution of non-polar macromolecules by adsorbing them on the surface of polymer chips. Because good polymer solubility in liquid hydrocarbon is required for the Toms effect, these two factors appear most likely to be the cause of the reduced effectiveness in heavy oils of conventional DRAs. \u0000In order to improve affinity for these oils, polar groups such as carboxyl or aromatic substituents containing benzene nuclei with a dynamic π -electron system should be added to the polymer. A small number of ionic bonds may also be added to the polymer chain. Generally, the molecular architecture of DRA should be selected having specific pumping facilities in mind. This article discusses laboratory technology for DRA based on polar acrylic polymers, and describes its commercial form. It presents the laboratory equipment used to make qualitative predictions for the efficiency of various DRA in heavy oils.","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130921412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-3-233-235
A. A. Katanov, M. V. Likhovtsev, D. Bushnev, Jsc Transneft Diascan
This article examines topical issues regarding the monitoring technical condition for vertical cylindrical tanks of oil terminals. It presents an analysis of standards in the Russian Federation and abroad for tank technical diagnostics in the area of strength calculations when determining the remaining lifetime of tank structures. The possibility of using laser scanning technology to evaluate tank technical condition is also demonstrated. Standards in the Russian Federation, unlike abroad, recommend carrying out strength calculations of tank structures using finite element methods and 3D models. These 3D models correspond to the real geometric shapes of structures, which are mapped using discrete geodesic surveying. Surface laser scanning technologies (SLS) have been in use in both domestic and foreign practice for over 12 years. They enable the geometric parameters of structures to be checked with high accuracy during operation. The issue. SLS technologies have not previously been used in the Russian Federation to develop computer models of tank structures for strength calculations and measurements using finite element methods
{"title":"An evaluation of additional criteria for assessing the condition of oil terminal tanks with the aim of extending safe service life - Part 1","authors":"A. A. Katanov, M. V. Likhovtsev, D. Bushnev, Jsc Transneft Diascan","doi":"10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-3-233-235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-3-233-235","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines topical issues regarding the monitoring technical condition for vertical cylindrical tanks of oil terminals. It presents an analysis of standards in the Russian Federation and abroad for tank technical diagnostics in the area of strength calculations when determining the remaining lifetime of tank structures. The possibility of using laser scanning technology to evaluate tank technical condition is also demonstrated. \u0000Standards in the Russian Federation, unlike abroad, recommend carrying out strength calculations of tank structures using finite element methods and 3D models. These 3D models correspond to the real geometric shapes of structures, which are mapped using discrete geodesic surveying. Surface laser scanning technologies (SLS) have been in use in both domestic and foreign practice for over 12 years. They enable the geometric parameters of structures to be checked with high accuracy during operation. \u0000The issue. SLS technologies have not previously been used in the Russian Federation to develop computer models of tank structures for strength calculations and measurements using finite element methods","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126589203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-31DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-3-163-177
G. Pluvinage, O. Bouledroua, M. H. Meliani
WE ARE REPORTING in this study the detection of 1888 corrosion defects using a magnetic pig over 70 km of a pipeline located in Algeria. This large amount of defects has been statistically analysed. The relative defect depth a/t exhibited a large scatter and no correlation was found between corrosion defect depth and length. For the necessity of repairing defect, two tools are available: the first is based on limit analysis and called the estimated repair factor (ERF) while the second is based on the failure assessment diagram. The adopted tool in the current study was the domain failure assessment diagram (DFAD). Analysis made with FAD concerns 66.8% of corrosion defects, with a limit analysis (LA) of 32.5%.After categorizing the corrosion defect according to the used analysis tool, the safety factor or probability of failure of each assessment point was determined and compared to the repairing criteria. It appears that the ERF criterion is more conservative in our case than the probabilistic criterion as a probability of failure of 10-4 or a non-dimensional crack driving force equal to mean minus three standard deviations.
{"title":"Corrosion defect harmfulness by domain failure assessment diagram","authors":"G. Pluvinage, O. Bouledroua, M. H. Meliani","doi":"10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-3-163-177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-3-163-177","url":null,"abstract":"WE ARE REPORTING in this study the detection of 1888 corrosion defects using a magnetic pig over 70 km of a pipeline located in Algeria. This large amount of defects has been statistically analysed. The relative defect depth a/t exhibited a large scatter and no correlation was found between corrosion defect depth and length. For the necessity of repairing defect, two tools are available: the first is based on limit analysis and called the estimated repair factor (ERF) while the second is based on the failure assessment diagram. The adopted tool in the current study was the domain failure assessment diagram (DFAD). Analysis made with FAD concerns 66.8% of corrosion defects, with a limit analysis (LA) of 32.5%.After categorizing the corrosion defect according to the used analysis tool, the safety factor or probability of failure of each assessment point was determined and compared to the repairing criteria. It appears that the ERF criterion is more conservative in our case than the probabilistic criterion as a probability of failure of 10-4 or a non-dimensional crack driving force equal to mean minus three standard deviations.","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115111327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-135-145
M. Hassani, O. Bouledroua, M. H. Meliani, L. Sadou, G. Pluvinage
THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK is to assess the risk of failure of cracked pipe due to fluid transient. A mathematical model has been established based on the mass and momentum conservation laws, the system of hyperbolic partial differential equations has been solved by the method of characteristics and a finite difference method to calculate the maximum pressure in the pipe. Afterwards, a finite element method have been used to perform a reliable assessment analysis of a cracked pipe used in water distribution by using Monte Carlo method and failure assessment diagram (FAD) tools to evaluate the safety factor from deterministic and probabilistic view points.
{"title":"Assessment of a cracked pipe subject to transient flow by the Monte Carlo method","authors":"M. Hassani, O. Bouledroua, M. H. Meliani, L. Sadou, G. Pluvinage","doi":"10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-135-145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-135-145","url":null,"abstract":"THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK is to assess the risk of failure of cracked pipe due to fluid transient. A mathematical model has been established based on the mass and momentum conservation laws, the system of hyperbolic partial differential equations has been solved by the method of characteristics and a finite difference method to calculate the maximum pressure in the pipe. Afterwards, a finite element method have been used to perform a reliable assessment analysis of a cracked pipe used in water distribution by using Monte Carlo method and failure assessment diagram (FAD) tools to evaluate the safety factor from deterministic and probabilistic view points.","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134142611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-147-158
D. Pavlou
IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT sufficient methods and design codes exist for the design of connections and supports, as well as expansion loops, for pipelines made by carbon steel. However, since the fibre-reinforced composite materials are not widely used for pipelines fabrication, there is still a lack of design rules. The aim of the present work is to provide theoretical tools for dimensioning of joints, supports and expansion loops for pipelines made by composite materials. The derived formulae are based on the classical lamination theory. In order to avoid complex equations that are non-convenient for practical use, reasonable assumptions are adopted. Numerical results and practical design suggestions are provided.
{"title":"Design aspects for connections, supports, and expansion loops in pipelines made from composite materials","authors":"D. Pavlou","doi":"10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-147-158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-147-158","url":null,"abstract":"IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT sufficient methods and design codes exist for the design of connections and supports, as well as expansion loops, for pipelines made by carbon steel. However, since the fibre-reinforced composite materials are not widely used for pipelines fabrication, there is still a lack of design rules. The aim of the present work is to provide theoretical tools for dimensioning of joints, supports and expansion loops for pipelines made by composite materials. The derived formulae are based on the classical lamination theory. In order to avoid complex equations that are non-convenient for practical use, reasonable assumptions are adopted. Numerical results and practical design suggestions are provided.","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125658197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-83-95
S. Tataurov, V. Surikov
This article is a study of the temperature conditions of frozen soils at the foundation bed of the VSTO-1underground pipeline. It establishes the primary and secondary factors which affect these soils’ thermal state. In particular, this work demonstrates that there is no link between average annual air temperatures and a change to the temperature of frozen soils depth of yearly zero amplitudes close to underground sections of the oil pipeline route. As a first approximation, relationships were found for stabilizing the soil temperatures at the foundations of pipe hanging supports in underground sections over time with a combination of heat-insulating coatings and soil-temperature stabilizers. Primary and secondary factors were established which affect the thermal state of soils at the foundations of pipe hangers in the underground sections.
{"title":"An evaluation of the factors affecting the thermal state of frozen soils at the foundations of a buried oil pipeline","authors":"S. Tataurov, V. Surikov","doi":"10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-83-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-83-95","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a study of the temperature conditions of frozen soils at the foundation bed of the VSTO-1underground pipeline. It establishes the primary and secondary factors which affect these soils’ thermal state. In particular, this work demonstrates that there is no link between average annual air temperatures and a change to the temperature of frozen soils depth of yearly zero amplitudes close to underground sections of the oil pipeline route. As a first approximation, relationships were found for stabilizing the soil temperatures at the foundations of pipe hanging supports in underground sections over time with a combination of heat-insulating coatings and soil-temperature stabilizers. Primary and secondary factors were established which affect the thermal state of soils at the foundations of pipe hangers in the underground sections.","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129928651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-97-105
V. M. Varshitskiy, E. N. Figarov, O. Kozyrev
THE SEISMIC STRENGTH of underground pipelines is assessed based on the axial stresses on the pipeline from the so-called particular combination of loads and impacts. When calculating the stresses from seismic impact, several standard coefficients are introduced, which assume some damage to the pipeline while ensuring the safety of people and the integrity of equipment. These coefficients also take into account anchoring, which depends on the backfill soil and the degree of pipeline criticality. Permissible stresses are accepted in accordance with regulatory documents for design (SNiP 2.05.06-85). The seismic strength of the pipeline in operation is assessed taking into account the seismic impact intensity which is actually reached during an earthquake, and the loads and impacts which affect a pipeline in an earthquake, as well as any defects present in the pipeline wall. When a seismic wave passes through an underground pipeline, the girth welds are exposed to an alternating cyclic impact. Here, it is relevant to estimate the fatigue damages accumulated over the course of the earthquake. The magnitude of this damage depends on the intensity of the earthquake, the seismograph of the earthquake, the speed with which the longitudinal seismic wave travels along the longitudinal axis of the pipeline, the degree to which the pipeline is anchored by the soil, and the stress concentration coefficient in any defects. This article studies the accumulation of cycle-induced damage caused by a longitudinal seismic wave. The results may be applied for evaluations of the cyclic longevity of girth welds with defects in pipelines operating in seismic zones.
{"title":"A study of the cyclic damage to buried pipelines during the passage of seismic waves","authors":"V. M. Varshitskiy, E. N. Figarov, O. Kozyrev","doi":"10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-97-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-2-97-105","url":null,"abstract":"THE SEISMIC STRENGTH of underground pipelines is assessed based on the axial stresses on the pipeline from the so-called particular combination of loads and impacts. When calculating the stresses from seismic impact, several standard coefficients are introduced, which assume some damage to the pipeline while ensuring the safety of people and the integrity of equipment. These coefficients also take into account anchoring, which depends on the backfill soil and the degree of pipeline criticality. Permissible stresses are accepted in accordance with regulatory documents for design (SNiP 2.05.06-85). The seismic strength of the pipeline in operation is assessed taking into account the seismic impact intensity which is actually reached during an earthquake, and the loads and impacts which affect a pipeline in an earthquake, as well as any defects present in the pipeline wall. \u0000 \u0000When a seismic wave passes through an underground pipeline, the girth welds are exposed to an alternating cyclic impact. Here, it is relevant to estimate the fatigue damages accumulated over the course of the earthquake. The magnitude of this damage depends on the intensity of the earthquake, the seismograph of the earthquake, the speed with which the longitudinal seismic wave travels along the longitudinal axis of the pipeline, the degree to which the pipeline is anchored by the soil, and the stress concentration coefficient in any defects. \u0000 \u0000This article studies the accumulation of cycle-induced damage caused by a longitudinal seismic wave. The results may be applied for evaluations of the cyclic longevity of girth welds with defects in pipelines operating in seismic zones.","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121843046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541x-2018-2-2-107-122
D. Neganov, S. V. Skorodumov, N. Nikitin
CONDUCTING ANY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH includes the process of acquiring, processing, and analysing data which are obtained as a result of one or a series of experiments. Over the prolonged period for which science has existed, a multitude of methods have been created for obtaining experimental data. As part of studying the properties of materials, standard methods are applied for tensile, impact toughness, and hardness tests, as well as fatigue tests. This list of tests can be taken as a base which is used to establish the level and character of loads the given material is capable to sustain during operation. This paper examines approaches to processing experiment results which are obtained using standard (basic) methods when testing pipe steels for trunk oil and oil product pipelines. At the present time, the degree of automation in experimental equipment is fairly high. However, there is still some human participation when preparing samples and setting-up the experiments, which may lead to errors occurring when performing the tests (the human factor). This article presents some approaches which make it possible to perform initial processing and verification of experimental data for errors and reliability, and against hypotheses and distribution laws for the results obtained. Methods are also suggested for determining the minimum quantity of samples to be tested, based on evaluation of the mechanical property variations in pipe steels. Several approaches may be applied to solve the task of identifying links and relationships between the analysed parameters. The first approach is deterministic and requires long-term study. When one takes into account the considerable number of factors being studied, it is also fairly expensive and involves rather complicated experiments. The second approach is probabilistic and statistical, which allows implicit dependences to be established between series of measurements (correlation analysis) and linear (pair regression) and non-linear dependences (multiple regression) to be revealed between the parameters being examined. This study applies the statistical approach to analysing data from mechanical tests of pipe steels in trunk oil and oil product pipelines.
{"title":"Statistical analysis of mechanical test results for samples of pipes from trunk oil pipelines after long-term operation","authors":"D. Neganov, S. V. Skorodumov, N. Nikitin","doi":"10.28999/2514-541x-2018-2-2-107-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28999/2514-541x-2018-2-2-107-122","url":null,"abstract":"CONDUCTING ANY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH includes the process of acquiring, processing, and analysing data which are obtained as a result of one or a series of experiments. \u0000 \u0000Over the prolonged period for which science has existed, a multitude of methods have been created for obtaining experimental data. As part of studying the properties of materials, standard methods are applied for tensile, impact toughness, and hardness tests, as well as fatigue tests. This list of tests can be taken as a base which is used to establish the level and character of loads the given material is capable to sustain during operation. This paper examines approaches to processing experiment results which are obtained using standard (basic) methods when testing pipe steels for trunk oil and oil product pipelines. \u0000 \u0000At the present time, the degree of automation in experimental equipment is fairly high. However, there is still some human participation when preparing samples and setting-up the experiments, which may lead to errors occurring when performing the tests (the human factor). This article presents some approaches which make it possible to perform initial processing and verification of experimental data for errors and reliability, and against hypotheses and distribution laws for the results obtained. Methods are also suggested for determining the minimum quantity of samples to be tested, based on evaluation of the mechanical property variations in pipe steels. \u0000 \u0000Several approaches may be applied to solve the task of identifying links and relationships between the analysed parameters. The first approach is deterministic and requires long-term study. When one takes into account the considerable number of factors being studied, it is also fairly expensive and involves rather complicated experiments. The second approach is probabilistic and statistical, which allows implicit dependences to be established between series of measurements (correlation analysis) and linear (pair regression) and non-linear dependences (multiple regression) to be revealed between the parameters being examined. This study applies the statistical approach to analysing data from mechanical tests of pipe steels in trunk oil and oil product pipelines.","PeriodicalId":262860,"journal":{"name":"Pipeline Science and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115609207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-31DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2018-2-3-205-219
S. Radionova, S. Polovkov, A. Gonchar, V. N. Slepnev
U CROSSINGS FOR TRUNK PIPELINES and the water areas around oil-loading ports are potential sources of oil pollution for internal waters. For this reason, monitoring oil and oil products (OOP) spills in such areas is extremely important. Early detection of OOP spills makes a timely and practical response to the spill possible, and makes it possible to begin taking measures to contain and clean up the spill and, in so doing, reduce the damage to the body of water, as well as minimising or completely avoiding damage to third party interests (the fishing industry, the water supply for the population etc.). This article presents the results of studying methods of monitoring and early detection of oil and oil products spills on the water surface, and the devices based on these methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate how effective these methods and devices are, and to consider the possibility of using them at OOP transporting and transloading facilities. The paper examines the basic physical and chemical processes which occur when oil spills into water. It also presents the results of analysing scientific works, methodological literature, presentations and reports from international task forces and foreign organisations related to this subject, as well as information from the websites of manufacturers of early detection and monitoring equipment. Comparative analysis and an evaluation of effectiveness has been carried out on the basis of criteria for comparison which were drawn up during the research, as well as on the basis of full-scale tests of the early detection and monitoring devices. Testing was carried out in the open water of the Ayaks Bay (Bukhta Ayaks) offshore area in the Peter the Great Gulf (Zaliv Petra Velikogo) using simulated oil product. From the results of this research, conclusions have been drawn on the possibility and viability of using devices and methods for early detection and monitoring of OOP spills at pipeline transporting and transloading facilities, as well as on the prospects of developing science and technology in the field of monitoring and early detection of oil and oil products spills. Vol. 2, No 3, September, 2018
干线管道U型道口和载油港周边水域是内水油类污染的潜在来源。因此，监测这些地区的石油和石油产品(OOP)泄漏是极其重要的。及早发现OOP泄漏，可以及时和实际地对泄漏作出反应，并可以开始采取措施控制和清理泄漏，从而减少对水体的损害，并尽量减少或完全避免对第三方利益(渔业、人口供水等)的损害。本文介绍了水面油品泄漏监测与早期检测方法的研究成果，以及基于这些方法的装置。本研究的目的是评估这些方法和设备的有效性，并考虑在OOP运输和转运设施中使用它们的可能性。本文考察了石油泄漏到水中时发生的基本物理和化学过程。它还介绍了与该主题相关的国际工作组和外国组织的科学著作、方法学文献、介绍和报告的分析结果，以及来自早期检测和监测设备制造商网站的信息。根据研究期间制定的比较标准以及对早期检测和监测装置进行的全面测试，进行了比较分析和有效性评价。测试在Peter the Great Gulf (Zaliv Petra Velikogo) Ayaks Bay (Bukhta Ayaks)近海区域的开放水域进行，使用模拟石油产品。通过本研究的结果，得出了在管道运输和转运设施中使用OOP泄漏早期检测和监测设备和方法的可能性和可行性，以及在石油和油品泄漏监测和早期检测领域发展科学技术的前景。第二卷第三期，2018年9月
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Pub Date : 2017-09-30DOI: 10.28999/2514-541X-2017-1-2-143-151
D. Pavlou
A SYSTEM OF eight-coupled first-order partial differential equations describing the vibration response of pipelines under external flexural loads is derived. The decoupling of these equations yields a system of eight fourth-order partial differential equations. An analytical solution is achieved with the aid of integral transforms. Vibration analysis of pipelines subjected to impact and harmonic loads is provided.
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