Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171221
T. H. Kimsey, T. O'sullivan, R. C. Estes, R. Willis
With the arrival of fiber in the local subscriber loop, local exchange companies (LECs) are facing the need for placing an optical network unit (ONU) at or near each. To show that ONU design objectives can be met at reasonable cost when higher grade cells are used in a properly designed and maintained battery system, Bellcore has initiated a field demonstration of batteries powering simulated ONUs in the outside plant. A brief review and assessment of batteries in an ONU environment is presented first; this assessment includes secondary valve regulated lead acid batteries and nickel cadmium batteries. Based on this assessment, high-temperature nickel-cadmium batteries where chosen to provide power back-up for the simulated ONUs. The design of the ONU demonstration, including the battery charge/control electronics and the monitoring and control system, is then discussed. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration involving 10 ONUs are presented and discussed.<>
{"title":"A simulated optical network unit for battery characterization in the outside plant","authors":"T. H. Kimsey, T. O'sullivan, R. C. Estes, R. Willis","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171221","url":null,"abstract":"With the arrival of fiber in the local subscriber loop, local exchange companies (LECs) are facing the need for placing an optical network unit (ONU) at or near each. To show that ONU design objectives can be met at reasonable cost when higher grade cells are used in a properly designed and maintained battery system, Bellcore has initiated a field demonstration of batteries powering simulated ONUs in the outside plant. A brief review and assessment of batteries in an ONU environment is presented first; this assessment includes secondary valve regulated lead acid batteries and nickel cadmium batteries. Based on this assessment, high-temperature nickel-cadmium batteries where chosen to provide power back-up for the simulated ONUs. The design of the ONU demonstration, including the battery charge/control electronics and the monitoring and control system, is then discussed. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration involving 10 ONUs are presented and discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116137246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171252
D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson
The effect of low float (2.10 Vpc; 40 mV positive polarization) on a battery cell performance, and the improvement in battery plant capacity resulting from the addition of a 25th cell into a 48 volt battery string are discussed. Results of laboratory tests extending beyond one year and a one year field trial in a working telephone office are reported. Field trial results show that the initial one-hour improvement in capacity, resulting from the addition of the 25th cell, is retained after 7 months at low float, despite significant self-discharge of the negative plate. Quantitative rates of negative self-discharge, measured both in the laboratory and in the field trial, appear to remain essentially constant at 0.04-0.06 amp, for periods greater than one year, without regard to the length of time on low float. After more than one year at low float, there are indications that the shape of the discharge curve has begun to be affected by the significant negative self-discharge, but the effect on cell capacity remains minimal.<>
{"title":"A 25th cell in a 48 volt telephone battery plant. Float, capacity and recharge behavior after a one year field trial in a working telephone central office environment","authors":"D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171252","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of low float (2.10 Vpc; 40 mV positive polarization) on a battery cell performance, and the improvement in battery plant capacity resulting from the addition of a 25th cell into a 48 volt battery string are discussed. Results of laboratory tests extending beyond one year and a one year field trial in a working telephone office are reported. Field trial results show that the initial one-hour improvement in capacity, resulting from the addition of the 25th cell, is retained after 7 months at low float, despite significant self-discharge of the negative plate. Quantitative rates of negative self-discharge, measured both in the laboratory and in the field trial, appear to remain essentially constant at 0.04-0.06 amp, for periods greater than one year, without regard to the length of time on low float. After more than one year at low float, there are indications that the shape of the discharge curve has begun to be affected by the significant negative self-discharge, but the effect on cell capacity remains minimal.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126680913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171249
H. Hayama, M. Nakao, M. Sanbe
A high efficiency air conditioning system has been developed for application to telecommunications equipment rooms. The design specifically addresses the cooling characteristics of natural cooling equipment and the uneven distribution of heat in equipment rooms. The system can also flexibly accommodate different equipment layouts in the room. Excellent efficiency of natural cooling equipment is achieved through the use of chambers under a raised floor for air supply and above a suspended ceiling for air return to the cooling unit. A method of calculating the air supply/return distribution is presented to optimize the airflow distribution. It is shown that rearranging the perforated raised floor panels is a practical and economical way of delivering the exact required air volume to the room. Installing the system in some actual equipment rooms, measurements were taken of the room temperature distribution and performance of the cooling system. Satisfactory results were obtained for the volume and temperature distributions. It is further found that the volume of air circulated by the cooling unit fans can be substantially reduced compared to a conventional cooling system.<>
{"title":"Airflow distribution in telecommunications equipment rooms","authors":"H. Hayama, M. Nakao, M. Sanbe","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171249","url":null,"abstract":"A high efficiency air conditioning system has been developed for application to telecommunications equipment rooms. The design specifically addresses the cooling characteristics of natural cooling equipment and the uneven distribution of heat in equipment rooms. The system can also flexibly accommodate different equipment layouts in the room. Excellent efficiency of natural cooling equipment is achieved through the use of chambers under a raised floor for air supply and above a suspended ceiling for air return to the cooling unit. A method of calculating the air supply/return distribution is presented to optimize the airflow distribution. It is shown that rearranging the perforated raised floor panels is a practical and economical way of delivering the exact required air volume to the room. Installing the system in some actual equipment rooms, measurements were taken of the room temperature distribution and performance of the cooling system. Satisfactory results were obtained for the volume and temperature distributions. It is further found that the volume of air circulated by the cooling unit fans can be substantially reduced compared to a conventional cooling system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114068462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171237
J. McAndrews
Described is a system that regulates voltage to the load. It is also efficient and incurs some economic benefits. It is explained how this power system provides more effective use of battery back-up power for more capacity, faster recharge after discharge, longer life, and less investment; has, during normal (not emergency) operation, rectifiers that are more efficient, have less connected load for emergency generator sizing, and are used more efficiently for battery recharging and float, and provides voltage regulation that does not cause inefficiencies during normal plant operation, causes only minimal inefficiencies during emergency operation (and then only for a short time), and is within 0.10 volts whether normal or emergency conditions exist.<>
{"title":"A constant voltage power plant that uses batteries as its emergency source of power","authors":"J. McAndrews","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171237","url":null,"abstract":"Described is a system that regulates voltage to the load. It is also efficient and incurs some economic benefits. It is explained how this power system provides more effective use of battery back-up power for more capacity, faster recharge after discharge, longer life, and less investment; has, during normal (not emergency) operation, rectifiers that are more efficient, have less connected load for emergency generator sizing, and are used more efficiently for battery recharging and float, and provides voltage regulation that does not cause inefficiencies during normal plant operation, causes only minimal inefficiencies during emergency operation (and then only for a short time), and is within 0.10 volts whether normal or emergency conditions exist.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134442321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171236
M. Wolpow
Three methods are described for providing increased float voltage levels to lead acid cells, while maintaining output line voltage at acceptable or well regulated levels. The first is a momentary boost of individual cells, one at a time, the second is a momentary boost of three cells, one group at a time, and the third method is a momentary 'blast' of individual cells, one at a time. It is estimated that these techniques can add as much as one hour reserve capacity to the average string, with little additional cost.<>
{"title":"Ring battery charger, by individual cell or group of three cells-for discharge capacity enhancement","authors":"M. Wolpow","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171236","url":null,"abstract":"Three methods are described for providing increased float voltage levels to lead acid cells, while maintaining output line voltage at acceptable or well regulated levels. The first is a momentary boost of individual cells, one at a time, the second is a momentary boost of three cells, one group at a time, and the third method is a momentary 'blast' of individual cells, one at a time. It is estimated that these techniques can add as much as one hour reserve capacity to the average string, with little additional cost.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129529667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171263
E. Silverman
The development of a DC power systems protection standard for the telecommunications environment of interexchange and exchange carriers is addressed. Specifically, the proposed standard addresses centralized power systems in controlled or limited access areas. The purpose for developing the standard, the rationale for selection of the requirements, the intended application, and the effect on future DC power system equipment design and installation in the telecommunications industry are explained.<>
{"title":"A proposed DC power systems protection standard for use by the telecommunications industry","authors":"E. Silverman","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171263","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a DC power systems protection standard for the telecommunications environment of interexchange and exchange carriers is addressed. Specifically, the proposed standard addresses centralized power systems in controlled or limited access areas. The purpose for developing the standard, the rationale for selection of the requirements, the intended application, and the effect on future DC power system equipment design and installation in the telecommunications industry are explained.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128443377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171307
R. C. Estes, R. Kimsey, T. H. Kimsey, T. Taylor
A local powering method for the optical network unit (ONU) is considered in which commercial AC is used to power the ONU normally and batteries located in the ONU provide back-up power during power outages. Because batteries are such an integral part of this scheme, its success depends critically on the cost, reliability, and life expectancies of the batteries. The authors describe a 'thermal baffling' technique, in which a barrier is used to buffer the batteries from the heat of the ONU electronics. This technique is currently being used in 10 simulated ONUs that are part of a Bellcore field demonstration. A technique for quantifying the benefits of temperature control on battery life is presented and used to develop a temperature design criterion for the simulated ONUs. A thermal model for a generic ONU enclosure with a thermal baffle is presented, and results from the model are compared with experimental data from a simulated ONU. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration are presented and discussed.<>
{"title":"Thermal baffling of batteries in a simulated optical network unit: thermal design and analysis","authors":"R. C. Estes, R. Kimsey, T. H. Kimsey, T. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171307","url":null,"abstract":"A local powering method for the optical network unit (ONU) is considered in which commercial AC is used to power the ONU normally and batteries located in the ONU provide back-up power during power outages. Because batteries are such an integral part of this scheme, its success depends critically on the cost, reliability, and life expectancies of the batteries. The authors describe a 'thermal baffling' technique, in which a barrier is used to buffer the batteries from the heat of the ONU electronics. This technique is currently being used in 10 simulated ONUs that are part of a Bellcore field demonstration. A technique for quantifying the benefits of temperature control on battery life is presented and used to develop a temperature design criterion for the simulated ONUs. A thermal model for a generic ONU enclosure with a thermal baffle is presented, and results from the model are compared with experimental data from a simulated ONU. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration are presented and discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"269 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113994673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171284
R.E. Jurewicz
The development, scope and objectives of the five-year power quality study being conducted by the National Power Laboratory is described. This five-year study of power line disturbances will monitor a 120 volt AC electrical service at the point of utilization. The study will use 50 special Dranetz remote disturbance monitors at 235 sites in ten geographic regions of the United States and Canada. The total database of the study will be approximately 1800 monitor months. Special aspects of this study include the ability to capture sub-cycle events and graphically reproduce all recorded power disturbances. Program elements discussed include the selection process for the monitor equipment, study participants, and test of sites. Also, an examination of the data collection system, threshold settings, and database capabilities is included.<>
{"title":"Power quality study-1990 to 1995","authors":"R.E. Jurewicz","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171284","url":null,"abstract":"The development, scope and objectives of the five-year power quality study being conducted by the National Power Laboratory is described. This five-year study of power line disturbances will monitor a 120 volt AC electrical service at the point of utilization. The study will use 50 special Dranetz remote disturbance monitors at 235 sites in ten geographic regions of the United States and Canada. The total database of the study will be approximately 1800 monitor months. Special aspects of this study include the ability to capture sub-cycle events and graphically reproduce all recorded power disturbances. Program elements discussed include the selection process for the monitor equipment, study participants, and test of sites. Also, an examination of the data collection system, threshold settings, and database capabilities is included.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121081941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171231
M. Boost, M. Daoust
Presented are the design strategies and trade-offs encountered developing a high-performance 1.5 kW switch mode power supply more compatible with the needs of small sized telecommunications centers. The proposed environmentally hardened design allows for a -40 degrees to 65 degrees standard power supply operating range, 12000 A lightning withstand capabilities, and a number of electrical performance upgrades. An effective interface is presented with pre-charge facilities allowing modular system construction designed to reduce maintenance and increase system availability.<>
{"title":"A high performance 25 amp modular SMR","authors":"M. Boost, M. Daoust","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171231","url":null,"abstract":"Presented are the design strategies and trade-offs encountered developing a high-performance 1.5 kW switch mode power supply more compatible with the needs of small sized telecommunications centers. The proposed environmentally hardened design allows for a -40 degrees to 65 degrees standard power supply operating range, 12000 A lightning withstand capabilities, and a number of electrical performance upgrades. An effective interface is presented with pre-charge facilities allowing modular system construction designed to reduce maintenance and increase system availability.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116813366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171239
R. Snelling
Summary form only given. Power supplies for fiber optic networks are discussed. Three ways to provide power in a fiber system are mentioned. Most of these architectures can be implemented in numerous ways. One way to provide power is to extend copper along with the optical fiber, either within the same or an external sheath. This system allows power to be provided by remote or central office terminals. In this scenario, batteries and charges are located in the remote terminal or controlled environment vault. Another method terminates the fiber at the curb, or just short of the living unit and back-feeds power from the subscriber cluster to the pedestal to power the optical network interface and maintain the backup power system. The third architecture extends fiber all the way to the living unit where local power is required for the subscriber's equipment.<>
{"title":"The challenge of powering emerging services (optical fiber networks)","authors":"R. Snelling","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171239","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Power supplies for fiber optic networks are discussed. Three ways to provide power in a fiber system are mentioned. Most of these architectures can be implemented in numerous ways. One way to provide power is to extend copper along with the optical fiber, either within the same or an external sheath. This system allows power to be provided by remote or central office terminals. In this scenario, batteries and charges are located in the remote terminal or controlled environment vault. Another method terminates the fiber at the curb, or just short of the living unit and back-feeds power from the subscriber cluster to the pedestal to power the optical network interface and maintain the backup power system. The third architecture extends fiber all the way to the living unit where local power is required for the subscriber's equipment.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"495 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127585850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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