Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171221
T. H. Kimsey, T. O'sullivan, R. C. Estes, R. Willis
With the arrival of fiber in the local subscriber loop, local exchange companies (LECs) are facing the need for placing an optical network unit (ONU) at or near each. To show that ONU design objectives can be met at reasonable cost when higher grade cells are used in a properly designed and maintained battery system, Bellcore has initiated a field demonstration of batteries powering simulated ONUs in the outside plant. A brief review and assessment of batteries in an ONU environment is presented first; this assessment includes secondary valve regulated lead acid batteries and nickel cadmium batteries. Based on this assessment, high-temperature nickel-cadmium batteries where chosen to provide power back-up for the simulated ONUs. The design of the ONU demonstration, including the battery charge/control electronics and the monitoring and control system, is then discussed. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration involving 10 ONUs are presented and discussed.<>
{"title":"A simulated optical network unit for battery characterization in the outside plant","authors":"T. H. Kimsey, T. O'sullivan, R. C. Estes, R. Willis","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171221","url":null,"abstract":"With the arrival of fiber in the local subscriber loop, local exchange companies (LECs) are facing the need for placing an optical network unit (ONU) at or near each. To show that ONU design objectives can be met at reasonable cost when higher grade cells are used in a properly designed and maintained battery system, Bellcore has initiated a field demonstration of batteries powering simulated ONUs in the outside plant. A brief review and assessment of batteries in an ONU environment is presented first; this assessment includes secondary valve regulated lead acid batteries and nickel cadmium batteries. Based on this assessment, high-temperature nickel-cadmium batteries where chosen to provide power back-up for the simulated ONUs. The design of the ONU demonstration, including the battery charge/control electronics and the monitoring and control system, is then discussed. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration involving 10 ONUs are presented and discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116137246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171252
D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson
The effect of low float (2.10 Vpc; 40 mV positive polarization) on a battery cell performance, and the improvement in battery plant capacity resulting from the addition of a 25th cell into a 48 volt battery string are discussed. Results of laboratory tests extending beyond one year and a one year field trial in a working telephone office are reported. Field trial results show that the initial one-hour improvement in capacity, resulting from the addition of the 25th cell, is retained after 7 months at low float, despite significant self-discharge of the negative plate. Quantitative rates of negative self-discharge, measured both in the laboratory and in the field trial, appear to remain essentially constant at 0.04-0.06 amp, for periods greater than one year, without regard to the length of time on low float. After more than one year at low float, there are indications that the shape of the discharge curve has begun to be affected by the significant negative self-discharge, but the effect on cell capacity remains minimal.<>
{"title":"A 25th cell in a 48 volt telephone battery plant. Float, capacity and recharge behavior after a one year field trial in a working telephone central office environment","authors":"D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171252","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of low float (2.10 Vpc; 40 mV positive polarization) on a battery cell performance, and the improvement in battery plant capacity resulting from the addition of a 25th cell into a 48 volt battery string are discussed. Results of laboratory tests extending beyond one year and a one year field trial in a working telephone office are reported. Field trial results show that the initial one-hour improvement in capacity, resulting from the addition of the 25th cell, is retained after 7 months at low float, despite significant self-discharge of the negative plate. Quantitative rates of negative self-discharge, measured both in the laboratory and in the field trial, appear to remain essentially constant at 0.04-0.06 amp, for periods greater than one year, without regard to the length of time on low float. After more than one year at low float, there are indications that the shape of the discharge curve has begun to be affected by the significant negative self-discharge, but the effect on cell capacity remains minimal.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126680913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171261
N. Korbel, N. Tullius
The authors present the findings of a study conducted in 1989 to determine viable alternatives for removing power from telecommunication equipment under emergency conditions such as fire in the equipment area. After reviewing the characteristics of commercial fire alarm system, the essential requirements for a fire alarm and emergency powerdown system are discussed. These include fire detection, power shutdown, selectivity, reliability and security, and some cost considerations. A system comprising hydrogen chloride detectors and a novel multiplex sampling method is proposed to attain fast response with reasonable complexity. It is concluded that while the hardware and software building blocks for implementing selective powerdown are available, further work would be required to understand the complex trade-offs between service protection and equipment protection.<>
{"title":"Equipment powerdown in case of fire","authors":"N. Korbel, N. Tullius","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171261","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present the findings of a study conducted in 1989 to determine viable alternatives for removing power from telecommunication equipment under emergency conditions such as fire in the equipment area. After reviewing the characteristics of commercial fire alarm system, the essential requirements for a fire alarm and emergency powerdown system are discussed. These include fire detection, power shutdown, selectivity, reliability and security, and some cost considerations. A system comprising hydrogen chloride detectors and a novel multiplex sampling method is proposed to attain fast response with reasonable complexity. It is concluded that while the hardware and software building blocks for implementing selective powerdown are available, further work would be required to understand the complex trade-offs between service protection and equipment protection.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115803868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171237
J. McAndrews
Described is a system that regulates voltage to the load. It is also efficient and incurs some economic benefits. It is explained how this power system provides more effective use of battery back-up power for more capacity, faster recharge after discharge, longer life, and less investment; has, during normal (not emergency) operation, rectifiers that are more efficient, have less connected load for emergency generator sizing, and are used more efficiently for battery recharging and float, and provides voltage regulation that does not cause inefficiencies during normal plant operation, causes only minimal inefficiencies during emergency operation (and then only for a short time), and is within 0.10 volts whether normal or emergency conditions exist.<>
{"title":"A constant voltage power plant that uses batteries as its emergency source of power","authors":"J. McAndrews","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171237","url":null,"abstract":"Described is a system that regulates voltage to the load. It is also efficient and incurs some economic benefits. It is explained how this power system provides more effective use of battery back-up power for more capacity, faster recharge after discharge, longer life, and less investment; has, during normal (not emergency) operation, rectifiers that are more efficient, have less connected load for emergency generator sizing, and are used more efficiently for battery recharging and float, and provides voltage regulation that does not cause inefficiencies during normal plant operation, causes only minimal inefficiencies during emergency operation (and then only for a short time), and is within 0.10 volts whether normal or emergency conditions exist.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134442321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171307
R. C. Estes, R. Kimsey, T. H. Kimsey, T. Taylor
A local powering method for the optical network unit (ONU) is considered in which commercial AC is used to power the ONU normally and batteries located in the ONU provide back-up power during power outages. Because batteries are such an integral part of this scheme, its success depends critically on the cost, reliability, and life expectancies of the batteries. The authors describe a 'thermal baffling' technique, in which a barrier is used to buffer the batteries from the heat of the ONU electronics. This technique is currently being used in 10 simulated ONUs that are part of a Bellcore field demonstration. A technique for quantifying the benefits of temperature control on battery life is presented and used to develop a temperature design criterion for the simulated ONUs. A thermal model for a generic ONU enclosure with a thermal baffle is presented, and results from the model are compared with experimental data from a simulated ONU. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration are presented and discussed.<>
{"title":"Thermal baffling of batteries in a simulated optical network unit: thermal design and analysis","authors":"R. C. Estes, R. Kimsey, T. H. Kimsey, T. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171307","url":null,"abstract":"A local powering method for the optical network unit (ONU) is considered in which commercial AC is used to power the ONU normally and batteries located in the ONU provide back-up power during power outages. Because batteries are such an integral part of this scheme, its success depends critically on the cost, reliability, and life expectancies of the batteries. The authors describe a 'thermal baffling' technique, in which a barrier is used to buffer the batteries from the heat of the ONU electronics. This technique is currently being used in 10 simulated ONUs that are part of a Bellcore field demonstration. A technique for quantifying the benefits of temperature control on battery life is presented and used to develop a temperature design criterion for the simulated ONUs. A thermal model for a generic ONU enclosure with a thermal baffle is presented, and results from the model are compared with experimental data from a simulated ONU. Finally, initial data from the field demonstration are presented and discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113994673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171284
R.E. Jurewicz
The development, scope and objectives of the five-year power quality study being conducted by the National Power Laboratory is described. This five-year study of power line disturbances will monitor a 120 volt AC electrical service at the point of utilization. The study will use 50 special Dranetz remote disturbance monitors at 235 sites in ten geographic regions of the United States and Canada. The total database of the study will be approximately 1800 monitor months. Special aspects of this study include the ability to capture sub-cycle events and graphically reproduce all recorded power disturbances. Program elements discussed include the selection process for the monitor equipment, study participants, and test of sites. Also, an examination of the data collection system, threshold settings, and database capabilities is included.<>
{"title":"Power quality study-1990 to 1995","authors":"R.E. Jurewicz","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171284","url":null,"abstract":"The development, scope and objectives of the five-year power quality study being conducted by the National Power Laboratory is described. This five-year study of power line disturbances will monitor a 120 volt AC electrical service at the point of utilization. The study will use 50 special Dranetz remote disturbance monitors at 235 sites in ten geographic regions of the United States and Canada. The total database of the study will be approximately 1800 monitor months. Special aspects of this study include the ability to capture sub-cycle events and graphically reproduce all recorded power disturbances. Program elements discussed include the selection process for the monitor equipment, study participants, and test of sites. Also, an examination of the data collection system, threshold settings, and database capabilities is included.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121081941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171231
M. Boost, M. Daoust
Presented are the design strategies and trade-offs encountered developing a high-performance 1.5 kW switch mode power supply more compatible with the needs of small sized telecommunications centers. The proposed environmentally hardened design allows for a -40 degrees to 65 degrees standard power supply operating range, 12000 A lightning withstand capabilities, and a number of electrical performance upgrades. An effective interface is presented with pre-charge facilities allowing modular system construction designed to reduce maintenance and increase system availability.<>
{"title":"A high performance 25 amp modular SMR","authors":"M. Boost, M. Daoust","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171231","url":null,"abstract":"Presented are the design strategies and trade-offs encountered developing a high-performance 1.5 kW switch mode power supply more compatible with the needs of small sized telecommunications centers. The proposed environmentally hardened design allows for a -40 degrees to 65 degrees standard power supply operating range, 12000 A lightning withstand capabilities, and a number of electrical performance upgrades. An effective interface is presented with pre-charge facilities allowing modular system construction designed to reduce maintenance and increase system availability.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116813366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171236
M. Wolpow
Three methods are described for providing increased float voltage levels to lead acid cells, while maintaining output line voltage at acceptable or well regulated levels. The first is a momentary boost of individual cells, one at a time, the second is a momentary boost of three cells, one group at a time, and the third method is a momentary 'blast' of individual cells, one at a time. It is estimated that these techniques can add as much as one hour reserve capacity to the average string, with little additional cost.<>
{"title":"Ring battery charger, by individual cell or group of three cells-for discharge capacity enhancement","authors":"M. Wolpow","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171236","url":null,"abstract":"Three methods are described for providing increased float voltage levels to lead acid cells, while maintaining output line voltage at acceptable or well regulated levels. The first is a momentary boost of individual cells, one at a time, the second is a momentary boost of three cells, one group at a time, and the third method is a momentary 'blast' of individual cells, one at a time. It is estimated that these techniques can add as much as one hour reserve capacity to the average string, with little additional cost.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129529667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171263
E. Silverman
The development of a DC power systems protection standard for the telecommunications environment of interexchange and exchange carriers is addressed. Specifically, the proposed standard addresses centralized power systems in controlled or limited access areas. The purpose for developing the standard, the rationale for selection of the requirements, the intended application, and the effect on future DC power system equipment design and installation in the telecommunications industry are explained.<>
{"title":"A proposed DC power systems protection standard for use by the telecommunications industry","authors":"E. Silverman","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171263","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a DC power systems protection standard for the telecommunications environment of interexchange and exchange carriers is addressed. Specifically, the proposed standard addresses centralized power systems in controlled or limited access areas. The purpose for developing the standard, the rationale for selection of the requirements, the intended application, and the effect on future DC power system equipment design and installation in the telecommunications industry are explained.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128443377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171295
M. Brambilla, R. de Gregorio, G. Pagliai
Remote power plants for telecommunication equipment are considered. Technical characteristics of photovoltaic power plants, thermoelectric generators, turbogenerators (closed-cycle vapor turbines), wind-driven generators, and the most common diesel powered generating sets are compared from the viewpoint of economics. The most appropriate choice may be obtained by matching the capital and total (initial plus operating) costs for each power source shown in the graphs and the customer economic and purchasing policy. The proposed application guide may be used for installations in the latitude range of 40 degrees south and 40 degrees north. A photovoltaic/wind hybrid power system is presented as the best solution to provide electrical reliable energy to remote telecommunication power plants without fuel running costs while providing heating from wind energy surplus.<>
{"title":"Economical and applicational up-dated guide for remote TLC primary power plants","authors":"M. Brambilla, R. de Gregorio, G. Pagliai","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171295","url":null,"abstract":"Remote power plants for telecommunication equipment are considered. Technical characteristics of photovoltaic power plants, thermoelectric generators, turbogenerators (closed-cycle vapor turbines), wind-driven generators, and the most common diesel powered generating sets are compared from the viewpoint of economics. The most appropriate choice may be obtained by matching the capital and total (initial plus operating) costs for each power source shown in the graphs and the customer economic and purchasing policy. The proposed application guide may be used for installations in the latitude range of 40 degrees south and 40 degrees north. A photovoltaic/wind hybrid power system is presented as the best solution to provide electrical reliable energy to remote telecommunication power plants without fuel running costs while providing heating from wind energy surplus.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116073931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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