Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171241
S. Gerner, G. Brilmyer, D. Bornemann
Valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries used in the telecommunication and UPS (uninterruptible power supply) industries are considered. Due to these batteries' compact designs, recombinant features and usage in enclosed environments, thermal management of the battery system must be taken into consideration for optimal life and performance. In this study the factors that affect the thermal performance of both gelled and AGM-type VRLA batteries in the 31 to 200 amp-hour range are explored and compared and application guidelines to minimize the potentially harmful effects of temperature are recommended. A method is proposed for evaluating the thermal stability of battery strings. The method takes into account the battery design, string layout, and charging.<>
{"title":"Thermal management of value regulated lead-acid batteries-a comparison of gelled vs. absorbed electrolyte technologies","authors":"S. Gerner, G. Brilmyer, D. Bornemann","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171241","url":null,"abstract":"Valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries used in the telecommunication and UPS (uninterruptible power supply) industries are considered. Due to these batteries' compact designs, recombinant features and usage in enclosed environments, thermal management of the battery system must be taken into consideration for optimal life and performance. In this study the factors that affect the thermal performance of both gelled and AGM-type VRLA batteries in the 31 to 200 amp-hour range are explored and compared and application guidelines to minimize the potentially harmful effects of temperature are recommended. A method is proposed for evaluating the thermal stability of battery strings. The method takes into account the battery design, string layout, and charging.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122255934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171309
A. Ghiraldi, E. Zucchetti
The application of passive conditioning technology for the control of internal temperature and relative humidity of shelters or containers housing sensitive telecommunication equipment makes it possible to maintain internal temperatures and humidity control within pre-defined limits without the use of air conditioners or motor generators and without the use of any kind of power supply, resulting in maximum reliability. The technology is utilized, among other applications, on shelters which can be manufactured to anti-seismic standards, and installed in any location either above or below ground. The below-ground version is especially resistant to natural disasters affording maximum protection of telecommunication equipment without any kind of pollution, and is virtually maintenance free. A power dissipation handling capacity of up to 30 kW can be made with the passive conditioning system (PCS). Working principles and typical field behavior of PCS are described. PCS design philosophy, construction of a below-ground vault, and life-cycle cost estimation are outlined.<>
{"title":"Survivability of reliable telecommunications equipment enclosures through natural disasters","authors":"A. Ghiraldi, E. Zucchetti","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171309","url":null,"abstract":"The application of passive conditioning technology for the control of internal temperature and relative humidity of shelters or containers housing sensitive telecommunication equipment makes it possible to maintain internal temperatures and humidity control within pre-defined limits without the use of air conditioners or motor generators and without the use of any kind of power supply, resulting in maximum reliability. The technology is utilized, among other applications, on shelters which can be manufactured to anti-seismic standards, and installed in any location either above or below ground. The below-ground version is especially resistant to natural disasters affording maximum protection of telecommunication equipment without any kind of pollution, and is virtually maintenance free. A power dissipation handling capacity of up to 30 kW can be made with the passive conditioning system (PCS). Working principles and typical field behavior of PCS are described. PCS design philosophy, construction of a below-ground vault, and life-cycle cost estimation are outlined.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127466009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171218
J. Simmons
The chain of events and some lessons learned by Southern Bell Telephone Company during their struggle with Hugo, a class four hurricane, are outlined. A brief description of emergency operations before, during, and after the hurricane is given.<>
{"title":"Digging out after Hugo (telephone restoration)","authors":"J. Simmons","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171218","url":null,"abstract":"The chain of events and some lessons learned by Southern Bell Telephone Company during their struggle with Hugo, a class four hurricane, are outlined. A brief description of emergency operations before, during, and after the hurricane is given.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130702199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171224
F. F. Kunzinger
Autoplex is a cellular mobile telecommunications system that uses a distributed power system as part of its total approach to providing high quality, high availability communications. First, the Autoplex system is described briefly. Then, the contribution of its distributed power system to overall system availability is discussed. Finally, the contribution of dynamic power control to energy savings in the Autoplex system is described. A statistical model of the interaction of dynamic power control with mobile telephones and its effect on power drawn from the DC power plant is also presented. It relates the mobile telephone's physical location to the RF power level transmitted by the cellular system. The RF power, in turn, is related to the DC power drawn from the battery plant. This statistical model is based on the mobile telephone subscriber's physical position and is the basis for determining the energy savings in the Autoplex system.<>
{"title":"Energy saving features of the Autoplex cellular telecommunications system","authors":"F. F. Kunzinger","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171224","url":null,"abstract":"Autoplex is a cellular mobile telecommunications system that uses a distributed power system as part of its total approach to providing high quality, high availability communications. First, the Autoplex system is described briefly. Then, the contribution of its distributed power system to overall system availability is discussed. Finally, the contribution of dynamic power control to energy savings in the Autoplex system is described. A statistical model of the interaction of dynamic power control with mobile telephones and its effect on power drawn from the DC power plant is also presented. It relates the mobile telephone's physical location to the RF power level transmitted by the cellular system. The RF power, in turn, is related to the DC power drawn from the battery plant. This statistical model is based on the mobile telephone subscriber's physical position and is the basis for determining the energy savings in the Autoplex system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133309798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171287
S. Camp
Since the pressure relief valve regulates the internal pressure and oxygen content, it directly affects the efficiency and ultimately the life of a valve-regulated lead-acid battery. Despite the importance of the valve, however, no tests have been developed that can be used to evaluate the long-term performance of the valve. Although the test that is described is not designed to determine life expectancy, the results can be used in a comparative manner to determine which valve design is more likely to continue to perform as it ages. The Sonnenschein-type valve performed best after the simulated aging test, while the Bunsen-type valve performed the worst.<>
{"title":"Performance evaluation of recombinant lead-acid battery valves","authors":"S. Camp","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171287","url":null,"abstract":"Since the pressure relief valve regulates the internal pressure and oxygen content, it directly affects the efficiency and ultimately the life of a valve-regulated lead-acid battery. Despite the importance of the valve, however, no tests have been developed that can be used to evaluate the long-term performance of the valve. Although the test that is described is not designed to determine life expectancy, the results can be used in a comparative manner to determine which valve design is more likely to continue to perform as it ages. The Sonnenschein-type valve performed best after the simulated aging test, while the Bunsen-type valve performed the worst.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115866663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171269
T. Nabeshima
A computer-aided optimum design for a buck-type switching regulator is presented; this design method provides the smallest values of an inductance and a capacitance in the converter circuit and optimum values of three parameters of the phase compensators in the feedback circuit from specified conditions. The design principle is based on the optimization of phase compensators by introducing a performance index and on the minimization of filter elements in the converter circuit. Calculation methods employ the analytical results of the small-signal and large-signal analyses by the state-space averaging method, and good computation efficiency is obtained even by small computers.<>
{"title":"Computer-aided optimum design of a buck-type switching regulator","authors":"T. Nabeshima","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171269","url":null,"abstract":"A computer-aided optimum design for a buck-type switching regulator is presented; this design method provides the smallest values of an inductance and a capacitance in the converter circuit and optimum values of three parameters of the phase compensators in the feedback circuit from specified conditions. The design principle is based on the optimization of phase compensators by introducing a performance index and on the minimization of filter elements in the converter circuit. Calculation methods employ the analytical results of the small-signal and large-signal analyses by the state-space averaging method, and good computation efficiency is obtained even by small computers.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127435207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171303
J. Hadfield
Battery discharge capacity tests have traditionally been performed manually, although several mechanized systems are commercially available. A need was identified at the Manitoba Telephone System (MTS) to accurately and economically load test batteries in the field, to verify the capacity of new installations as well as to assist determining the true end-of-life of existing strings. The development of an economical, software-controlled system for testing -48 volt battery strings in the telephone environment is discussed.<>
{"title":"Development of an economical, software-controlled battery load testing system","authors":"J. Hadfield","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171303","url":null,"abstract":"Battery discharge capacity tests have traditionally been performed manually, although several mechanized systems are commercially available. A need was identified at the Manitoba Telephone System (MTS) to accurately and economically load test batteries in the field, to verify the capacity of new installations as well as to assist determining the true end-of-life of existing strings. The development of an economical, software-controlled system for testing -48 volt battery strings in the telephone environment is discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131298954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171220
K. Mistry, K. Moisan, T. D. O'sullivan
Bellcore's preliminary and evolving views are presented of a generic architecture for powering the optical network unit (ONU) locally for voice lines. A typical local power architecture is discussed that can be used to provide power and backup power for the ONU in a fiber-to-the-curb system. The architecture is intended to provide the power and backup power in a reliable and cost-effective manner. A principal disadvantage of the local power architecture-limited reserve time-might be minimized by the power-down mode of the ONU and by rating battery capacity in call-hours as opposed to continuous usage. The power-down mode reduces the amount of batteries required at each ONU site, or provides longer battery backup times for the same amount of batteries. The savings with the power-down mode are not merely constrained to the first cost of the batteries, but are compounded considerably with savings in maintenance, replacement, and disposal costs of the batteries.<>
{"title":"Locally powering fiber-in-the-loop voice lines","authors":"K. Mistry, K. Moisan, T. D. O'sullivan","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171220","url":null,"abstract":"Bellcore's preliminary and evolving views are presented of a generic architecture for powering the optical network unit (ONU) locally for voice lines. A typical local power architecture is discussed that can be used to provide power and backup power for the ONU in a fiber-to-the-curb system. The architecture is intended to provide the power and backup power in a reliable and cost-effective manner. A principal disadvantage of the local power architecture-limited reserve time-might be minimized by the power-down mode of the ONU and by rating battery capacity in call-hours as opposed to continuous usage. The power-down mode reduces the amount of batteries required at each ONU site, or provides longer battery backup times for the same amount of batteries. The savings with the power-down mode are not merely constrained to the first cost of the batteries, but are compounded considerably with savings in maintenance, replacement, and disposal costs of the batteries.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"22 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132739469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171276
M. Healy, E. Rhyne
The system was developed for the management of industrial truck batteries and battery charging equipment, but the concepts and architectures used can be expanded for use with stationary battery systems. With the battery charger as an integral part of the BMS (battery management system), modifications in the charging scenario such as automatic equalizing can be introduced. Discharge tests can be performed on command by the charger's microprocessor or from the external computer. Self-diagnostics within the battery are reported to the computer as well. Records on cell temperature, voltages, currents, discharge periods, and faults are stored in a nonvolatile RAM and may be displayed or printed as required. The BMS becomes an even more valuable tool with remote site installations. Without a need for human involvement, the computer, located at a central office, can dial up remote sites, retrieve data, and make charger adjustments and/or settings.<>
{"title":"A microprocessor-based battery management system","authors":"M. Healy, E. Rhyne","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171276","url":null,"abstract":"The system was developed for the management of industrial truck batteries and battery charging equipment, but the concepts and architectures used can be expanded for use with stationary battery systems. With the battery charger as an integral part of the BMS (battery management system), modifications in the charging scenario such as automatic equalizing can be introduced. Discharge tests can be performed on command by the charger's microprocessor or from the external computer. Self-diagnostics within the battery are reported to the computer as well. Records on cell temperature, voltages, currents, discharge periods, and faults are stored in a nonvolatile RAM and may be displayed or printed as required. The BMS becomes an even more valuable tool with remote site installations. Without a need for human involvement, the computer, located at a central office, can dial up remote sites, retrieve data, and make charger adjustments and/or settings.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121695763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-21DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171300
G. Lee
Telecom Australia has been using solar power as a standard means of powering remote area telecommunications for over ten years. The author describes some specific issues regarding solar power design which have been addressed in recent years. These are the choice of the batteries for photovoltaic applications, size and weight of batteries, temperature impact, provision of adequate venting and actual battery capacity.<>
{"title":"Solar power system design-some specific and controversial issues","authors":"G. Lee","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1990.171300","url":null,"abstract":"Telecom Australia has been using solar power as a standard means of powering remote area telecommunications for over ten years. The author describes some specific issues regarding solar power design which have been addressed in recent years. These are the choice of the batteries for photovoltaic applications, size and weight of batteries, temperature impact, provision of adequate venting and actual battery capacity.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":264940,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125523508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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