S. M. Caziani, E. Derlindati, Andrés Tálamo, A. Sureda, C. Trucco, Guillermo Nicolossi
--We measured waterbird richness and abundance, and characterized wetland features (altitude, size, and presence of submergent vegetation) of 50 altiplano wetlands, during summer and winter, 1998. We estimated 36,700 individuals of 24 avian species during the summer census. James' Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) and Andean Flamingo (P. andinus) were the most abundant species, followed by Horned Coot (Fulica cornuta), Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), and Crested Duck (Anas specularioides). These species comprised 78% of total individuals. In winter, we counted 7,421 individuals of 16 species, and the three flamingo species were the most abundant. In summer, we found Chilean and Andean Flamingos primarily in intermediate-altitude wetlands (3,500-4,000 m a.s.l.), whereas James' Flamingos and other waterbirds were above 4,000 m. In winter, the three flamingo species moved to lower-altitude wetlands (below 3,500 m). Waterbird abundance was positively correlated with wetland size in wetlands with aquatic vegetation, with waterbird richness in wetlands without macrophytes. During summer, total abundance and richness were significantly higher in wetlands with macrophytes, where Chilean Flamingo and ten other waterbird species (e.g., ducks, grebes, gulls, and coots) were more common.James' Flamingo was the only species more abundant in hypersaline wetlands. In summer, four wetlands (Grande, La Alumbrera, Vilama, and Pozuelos) contained 68% of the total individuals, with more than 3,000 waterbirds each. In winter, wetlands Pozuelos and Guayatayoc included 50% of waterbirds counted, with more than 5,000 birds each. Thirty four percent of the wetlands surveyed are within protected areas, but only in Laguna de los Pozuelos Natural Monument is it actually implemented. In 42% of the wetlands we detected land uses that could represent threats to these environments. Here we propose some criteria to detect and prioritize relevant sites for conservation of altiplano waterbirds: a) large aggregations of individuals, either seasonal or permanent, b) vulnerable and/or endemic species and presence of nesting sites, c) ecological uniqueness, d) proximity to other complementary wetlands, e) high heterogeneity between and within sites. The complementary use of these environments by waterbirds, both seasonally and spatially, suggests considering conservation action from a landscape perspective. Received 2 September 2000, accepted 9December 2000.
{"title":"Waterbird Richness in Altiplano Wetlands of Northwestern Argentina","authors":"S. M. Caziani, E. Derlindati, Andrés Tálamo, A. Sureda, C. Trucco, Guillermo Nicolossi","doi":"10.2307/1522249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522249","url":null,"abstract":"--We measured waterbird richness and abundance, and characterized wetland features (altitude, size, and presence of submergent vegetation) of 50 altiplano wetlands, during summer and winter, 1998. We estimated 36,700 individuals of 24 avian species during the summer census. James' Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) and Andean Flamingo (P. andinus) were the most abundant species, followed by Horned Coot (Fulica cornuta), Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), and Crested Duck (Anas specularioides). These species comprised 78% of total individuals. In winter, we counted 7,421 individuals of 16 species, and the three flamingo species were the most abundant. In summer, we found Chilean and Andean Flamingos primarily in intermediate-altitude wetlands (3,500-4,000 m a.s.l.), whereas James' Flamingos and other waterbirds were above 4,000 m. In winter, the three flamingo species moved to lower-altitude wetlands (below 3,500 m). Waterbird abundance was positively correlated with wetland size in wetlands with aquatic vegetation, with waterbird richness in wetlands without macrophytes. During summer, total abundance and richness were significantly higher in wetlands with macrophytes, where Chilean Flamingo and ten other waterbird species (e.g., ducks, grebes, gulls, and coots) were more common.James' Flamingo was the only species more abundant in hypersaline wetlands. In summer, four wetlands (Grande, La Alumbrera, Vilama, and Pozuelos) contained 68% of the total individuals, with more than 3,000 waterbirds each. In winter, wetlands Pozuelos and Guayatayoc included 50% of waterbirds counted, with more than 5,000 birds each. Thirty four percent of the wetlands surveyed are within protected areas, but only in Laguna de los Pozuelos Natural Monument is it actually implemented. In 42% of the wetlands we detected land uses that could represent threats to these environments. Here we propose some criteria to detect and prioritize relevant sites for conservation of altiplano waterbirds: a) large aggregations of individuals, either seasonal or permanent, b) vulnerable and/or endemic species and presence of nesting sites, c) ecological uniqueness, d) proximity to other complementary wetlands, e) high heterogeneity between and within sites. The complementary use of these environments by waterbirds, both seasonally and spatially, suggests considering conservation action from a landscape perspective. Received 2 September 2000, accepted 9December 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116468057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-We studied the diurnal and seasonal activity budget of Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) along a river in NW Italy. Since visual observations are sometimes difficult, we utilized radio-tracking with motion-sensitive transmitters, a technique that distinguishes between resting and walking/foraging activities. Radio-tracking estimates of the home ranges provided values (mean 3-5 ha) about one order of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature and based on visual estimates. Analysis of habitat preferences showed a positive selection for reeds, marsh woods and stretches of water, while cultivated fields were avoided. The percentage of time spent in activity during the day was distributed differently between the colder (December to February) and warmer months (March and April). In winter, the birds were active mainly in the early morning, and resting increased progressively as the day proceeded. In spring, activity was distributed uniformly throughout the day. However, there was no overall difference between the colder and warmer periods in the total time spent in activity each day (about 44%). The time spent in activity was not related to daily temperature. In the same group of birds, the fat reserves were progressively depleted during winter, as demonstrated by a gradual decrease of total body mass and fat; moreover, the loss of mass was greater on colder days. The findings for both activity budget and mass variation suggest that the birds do not try to counteract fat loss; they do not increase the time spent feeding in the colder months nor do they increase their activity during days with lower temperatures. Received I June 1999, accepted 22 October 2000.
{"title":"Daily and Seasonal Activity of Moorhens Studied by Motion-Sensitive Transmitters","authors":"Camilla Acquarone, M. Cucco, G. Malacarne","doi":"10.2307/1522236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522236","url":null,"abstract":"-We studied the diurnal and seasonal activity budget of Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) along a river in NW Italy. Since visual observations are sometimes difficult, we utilized radio-tracking with motion-sensitive transmitters, a technique that distinguishes between resting and walking/foraging activities. Radio-tracking estimates of the home ranges provided values (mean 3-5 ha) about one order of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature and based on visual estimates. Analysis of habitat preferences showed a positive selection for reeds, marsh woods and stretches of water, while cultivated fields were avoided. The percentage of time spent in activity during the day was distributed differently between the colder (December to February) and warmer months (March and April). In winter, the birds were active mainly in the early morning, and resting increased progressively as the day proceeded. In spring, activity was distributed uniformly throughout the day. However, there was no overall difference between the colder and warmer periods in the total time spent in activity each day (about 44%). The time spent in activity was not related to daily temperature. In the same group of birds, the fat reserves were progressively depleted during winter, as demonstrated by a gradual decrease of total body mass and fat; moreover, the loss of mass was greater on colder days. The findings for both activity budget and mass variation suggest that the birds do not try to counteract fat loss; they do not increase the time spent feeding in the colder months nor do they increase their activity during days with lower temperatures. Received I June 1999, accepted 22 October 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124579445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is analysed, how the potential impact of large oil spills on seabird populations are dealt with in the strategic environmental impact assessments (EIA) of oil exploration in the Barents Sea (1988) and the Beaufort Sea (1996). Current knowledge on the effect of large oil spills on bird populations is reviewed as background information for the analysis. The analysis of the two EIA cases focus on what ecological science can deliver to the EIA process and how the EIAs can manage with what they get. The use of oil spill scenarios and impact indices in the EIA-reports is discussed.
{"title":"Predicting impacts of oil spills - Can ecological science cope? : A case study concerning birds in Environmental Impact Assessments","authors":"A. Mosbech","doi":"10.2307/1522259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522259","url":null,"abstract":"It is analysed, how the potential impact of large oil spills on seabird populations are dealt with in the strategic environmental impact assessments (EIA) of oil exploration in the Barents Sea (1988) and the Beaufort Sea (1996). Current knowledge on the effect of large oil spills on bird populations is reviewed as background information for the analysis. The analysis of the two EIA cases focus on what ecological science can deliver to the EIA process and how the EIAs can manage with what they get. The use of oil spill scenarios and impact indices in the EIA-reports is discussed.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124801294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Nettleship, R. I. G. Morrison, R. E. Gill, B. A. Harrington, S. Skagen, G. W. Page, C. Gratto-Trevor, S. M. Haig
{"title":"Estimates of shorebird populations in North America","authors":"D. Nettleship, R. I. G. Morrison, R. E. Gill, B. A. Harrington, S. Skagen, G. W. Page, C. Gratto-Trevor, S. M. Haig","doi":"10.2307/1522258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522258","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126249771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Egg size variation in the Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta was studied at seven breeding colonies on the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany in 1999. A total of 999 eggs from 283 clutches were measured during the whole breeding period. Egg size was very variable and most variance was due to differences between clutches. Eggs within a clutch were relatively uniform in size. Size differences due to laying order could not be detected. Egg size did not differ between four-egg and three-egg clutches. Egg size, clutch size and the length of the incubation period decreased as the season progressed. Egg size and chick size at hatching were positively correlated. Received 31 July 2000, accepted 20 November 2000.
{"title":"Intraspecific Variation in the Egg Size of the Pied Avocet","authors":"T. Dittmann, H. Hötker","doi":"10.2307/1522246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522246","url":null,"abstract":"-Egg size variation in the Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta was studied at seven breeding colonies on the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany in 1999. A total of 999 eggs from 283 clutches were measured during the whole breeding period. Egg size was very variable and most variance was due to differences between clutches. Eggs within a clutch were relatively uniform in size. Size differences due to laying order could not be detected. Egg size did not differ between four-egg and three-egg clutches. Egg size, clutch size and the length of the incubation period decreased as the season progressed. Egg size and chick size at hatching were positively correlated. Received 31 July 2000, accepted 20 November 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128090692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Four attempts of double-brooding (rearing two broods in one year) in the Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) in SE Poland were recorded out of 163 breeding pairs studied over the period 1993-1999. Two pairs successfully reared two broods during the same nesting season. Time appears to be an important constraint on the incidence of double-brooding. The pairs attempting double-brooding were among the earliest breeders and the second clutches were started early, relative to the hatching time of the previous brood. All pairs attempting a second brood nested on fry ponds with high fish availability. Double-brooded pairs fed the first-brood young more frequently before the onset and after termination of incubation of the second clutch than did single-brooded pairs during the corresponding period of brood rearing. However, in comparison with single-breeders, parents attempting double-broods were aggressive to the first-brood young earlier and fed them less frequently during the incubation of the subsequent clutch. Apparently only early breeding on territories with abundant food allows grebe parents to overcome conflicting pressures resulting from overlapping parental investment in successive reproductive attempts. Received 8 March 2000, accepted 5 October 2000.
{"title":"Double-Brooding in Red-Necked Grebes","authors":"J. Kloskowski","doi":"10.2307/1522251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522251","url":null,"abstract":"-Four attempts of double-brooding (rearing two broods in one year) in the Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) in SE Poland were recorded out of 163 breeding pairs studied over the period 1993-1999. Two pairs successfully reared two broods during the same nesting season. Time appears to be an important constraint on the incidence of double-brooding. The pairs attempting double-brooding were among the earliest breeders and the second clutches were started early, relative to the hatching time of the previous brood. All pairs attempting a second brood nested on fry ponds with high fish availability. Double-brooded pairs fed the first-brood young more frequently before the onset and after termination of incubation of the second clutch than did single-brooded pairs during the corresponding period of brood rearing. However, in comparison with single-breeders, parents attempting double-broods were aggressive to the first-brood young earlier and fed them less frequently during the incubation of the subsequent clutch. Apparently only early breeding on territories with abundant food allows grebe parents to overcome conflicting pressures resulting from overlapping parental investment in successive reproductive attempts. Received 8 March 2000, accepted 5 October 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128618630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Gulls breeding in enclosures tend to have slightly lower success than those nesting elsewhere in a colony. Yet, in several recent years, California Gulls (Larus californicus) nesting in enclosures at Mono Lake, California, produced far more young than those breeding outside. In each of those years, colony-wide productivity was extremely low, due to predation on eggs and chicks by conspecifics. Birds in enclosures probably fared better because the fence walls reduced trespassing. Because rates of intraspecific aggression and predation vary annually, enclosure effects should be expected to vary between years. Conditions throughout a colony need to be evaluated before data from enclosures are used as an index of overall production. Received 31 August 2000, accepted 4 November 2000.
{"title":"Enhanced Success of California Gulls Nesting in Enclosures","authors":"J. Jehl","doi":"10.2307/1522254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522254","url":null,"abstract":"-Gulls breeding in enclosures tend to have slightly lower success than those nesting elsewhere in a colony. Yet, in several recent years, California Gulls (Larus californicus) nesting in enclosures at Mono Lake, California, produced far more young than those breeding outside. In each of those years, colony-wide productivity was extremely low, due to predation on eggs and chicks by conspecifics. Birds in enclosures probably fared better because the fence walls reduced trespassing. Because rates of intraspecific aggression and predation vary annually, enclosure effects should be expected to vary between years. Conditions throughout a colony need to be evaluated before data from enclosures are used as an index of overall production. Received 31 August 2000, accepted 4 November 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124200395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-In most seabirds, breeding success can be related to the ability to obtain a suitable nest-site within the colony, and this may result in competition for the limited number of available sites. Thus, if nest-sites vary in quality, individuals of the same sex are expected to compete for access to the highest quality nest-sites to enhance their own fitness. It is therefore expected that intrasexual competition would result in a correlation between size in the competing sex, or the size of a trait used as a weapon, and nest quality. Chinstrap Penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) fight with other conspecifics using the bill as a weapon. If bill size provides an advantage for intra-specific combat, we would expect stronger bills in males occupying the best nest sites. We studied patterns of some adult morphological traits in relation with nest position in a colony of Chinstrap Penguins. Bill morphology was related to nest position in the colony, with individuals occupying the central positions having the deeper bills. This relationship was found in both sexes. Our data suggest that competition for position within the colony is not an important factor involved in the sexual dimorphism shown by the Chinstrap Penguin. Received 31 August 2000, accepted 1 October 2000.
{"title":"Bill size in relation to position in the colony in the chinstrap penguin","authors":"E. Mínguez, J. Belliure, M. Ferrer","doi":"10.2307/1522240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522240","url":null,"abstract":"-In most seabirds, breeding success can be related to the ability to obtain a suitable nest-site within the colony, and this may result in competition for the limited number of available sites. Thus, if nest-sites vary in quality, individuals of the same sex are expected to compete for access to the highest quality nest-sites to enhance their own fitness. It is therefore expected that intrasexual competition would result in a correlation between size in the competing sex, or the size of a trait used as a weapon, and nest quality. Chinstrap Penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) fight with other conspecifics using the bill as a weapon. If bill size provides an advantage for intra-specific combat, we would expect stronger bills in males occupying the best nest sites. We studied patterns of some adult morphological traits in relation with nest position in a colony of Chinstrap Penguins. Bill morphology was related to nest position in the colony, with individuals occupying the central positions having the deeper bills. This relationship was found in both sexes. Our data suggest that competition for position within the colony is not an important factor involved in the sexual dimorphism shown by the Chinstrap Penguin. Received 31 August 2000, accepted 1 October 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114822032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Review: \"Seabirds and Databases\"@@@Seabird Colony Databases of the Barents Sea Region and the Kara Sea","authors":"T. Anker‐Nilssen, V. Bakken","doi":"10.2307/1522256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522256","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125701835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-We sexed 327 Roseate Tern chicks (Sterna dougallii) at hatching and measured their growth during the first three days of life. These data on early growth predict their survival to fledging with high confidence (97% for A-chicks and 83% for B-chicks), using a discriminant function derived in an earlier study. After controlling for other factors, there was no evidence that early growth or survival differed between males and females. This finding in a sexually monomorphic species is consistent with the hypothesis that the sex-biased chick mortality observed in sexually dimorphic species results from differential costs in chick-raising. Received 15 September 2000, accepted 10 October 2000.
{"title":"Sex Does Not Affect Early Growth or Survival in Chicks of the Roseate Tern","authors":"I. Nisbet, P. Szczys","doi":"10.2307/1522242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522242","url":null,"abstract":"-We sexed 327 Roseate Tern chicks (Sterna dougallii) at hatching and measured their growth during the first three days of life. These data on early growth predict their survival to fledging with high confidence (97% for A-chicks and 83% for B-chicks), using a discriminant function derived in an earlier study. After controlling for other factors, there was no evidence that early growth or survival differed between males and females. This finding in a sexually monomorphic species is consistent with the hypothesis that the sex-biased chick mortality observed in sexually dimorphic species results from differential costs in chick-raising. Received 15 September 2000, accepted 10 October 2000.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117059469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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