-We obtained banding and recovery records from 1914 through 1994 for seven species of wading birds from the Bird Banding Laboratory, United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. We analyzed these data to evaluate differences in dispersal distance and frequency of dispersal movement among species. All records were from birds banded as juveniles and recovered at least five months later between March and July, which is the breeding season in most regions of North America. Focusing on recoveries during the breeding season reduced the chance that movements were related to migration rather than dispersal. When an individual was banded and recovered in the same ten-minute block of latitude and longitude, a movement distance of zero km was recorded. The frequency of zero-distance records provides an indication of breeding site fidelity for each species at a spatial resolution of ten minutes. Our results showed that mean dispersal distance was greatest for the Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea; 1148 km) followed by Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus; 1142 km), Tricolored Heron (Egretta tricolor 1019 km), Great Egret (Casmerodius albus; 909 km), Snowy Egret (Egretta thula; 837 km), Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias; 758 km), and White Ibis (Eudocimus albus; 545 km). Species which dispersed large distances also exhibited fewer zero-distance records, indicating greater movement frequency. The White Ibis has been classified as a nomad, at one end of a continuum defined by low breeding site-fidelity and several life history traits associated with unpredictable foraging habitat. We found that White Ibises were indeed recovered at new locations the majority (76%) of the time but that the other six species of wading birds we examined were even more likely to move to different sites during subsequent breeding seasons. Movement distance and site fidelity will both likely affect whether a response to habitat restoration is due to immigration or local reproduction. Although an increase in total birds using a restored habitat may be an indication of increased habitat quality, caution should be used in inferring population changes without understanding reproduction, mortality, and movement of individuals using restored habitats. Received 20July 1999, accepted 8 September 1999.
{"title":"Long-Term Movement Patterns for Seven Species of Wading Birds","authors":"S. Melvin, D. Gawlik, T. Scharff","doi":"10.2307/1522117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522117","url":null,"abstract":"-We obtained banding and recovery records from 1914 through 1994 for seven species of wading birds from the Bird Banding Laboratory, United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. We analyzed these data to evaluate differences in dispersal distance and frequency of dispersal movement among species. All records were from birds banded as juveniles and recovered at least five months later between March and July, which is the breeding season in most regions of North America. Focusing on recoveries during the breeding season reduced the chance that movements were related to migration rather than dispersal. When an individual was banded and recovered in the same ten-minute block of latitude and longitude, a movement distance of zero km was recorded. The frequency of zero-distance records provides an indication of breeding site fidelity for each species at a spatial resolution of ten minutes. Our results showed that mean dispersal distance was greatest for the Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea; 1148 km) followed by Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus; 1142 km), Tricolored Heron (Egretta tricolor 1019 km), Great Egret (Casmerodius albus; 909 km), Snowy Egret (Egretta thula; 837 km), Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias; 758 km), and White Ibis (Eudocimus albus; 545 km). Species which dispersed large distances also exhibited fewer zero-distance records, indicating greater movement frequency. The White Ibis has been classified as a nomad, at one end of a continuum defined by low breeding site-fidelity and several life history traits associated with unpredictable foraging habitat. We found that White Ibises were indeed recovered at new locations the majority (76%) of the time but that the other six species of wading birds we examined were even more likely to move to different sites during subsequent breeding seasons. Movement distance and site fidelity will both likely affect whether a response to habitat restoration is due to immigration or local reproduction. Although an increase in total birds using a restored habitat may be an indication of increased habitat quality, caution should be used in inferring population changes without understanding reproduction, mortality, and movement of individuals using restored habitats. Received 20July 1999, accepted 8 September 1999.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"95 S1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120842273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. C. Wong, R. Corlett, Llewellyn Young, Joe S. Y. Lee
-Observations of the foraging flights of nesting Great Egrets (Casmerodius albus), Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta), Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in 1997 and 1998 from the A Chau Egretry in Starling Inlet, Hong Kong, China, showed that shallow coastal waters were the major feeding habitat of Great and Little egrets, whose habitat use greatly overlapped. Black-crowned Night Herons, the dominant breeders in the colony, preferred mangroves and fishponds, while Cattle Egrets made most use of freshwater marsh and abandoned paddy fields. Cattle Egrets showed the highest use of feeding habitats outside the Inlet. In both years, Cattle Egrets made the longest median flights at both high and low tides. Black-crowned Night Herons made the shortest flights at high tide in both years while Great Egrets and Black-crowned Night Herons flew the shortest distance at low tide in 1997 and 1998, respectively. In both years, Great and Little egrets flew farther at high tide, when nearby shallow waters were too deep for feeding. Foraging flight distances varied significantly between years only for Cattle Egrets. More Black-crowned Night Herons and Cattle Egrets were involved in group flights. The feeding habitats in Starling Inlet supported far more breeding ardeids than expected for their area, probably because of their high productivity. The short foraging flight distances of Black-crowned Night Herons may reduce foraging costs and help explain the dominance of this species in the colony. Conservation of all wetland feeding habitats in Starling Inlet will be necessary to maintain the present size and diversity of nesting ardeid populations. Received 26 January 1999, accepted 22 September 1999.
- 1997年和1998年在香港燕鸥湾的A洲白鹭场对筑巢的大白鹭、小白鹭、黑冠夜鹭和牛白鹭觅食飞行的观察表明，浅海是大白鹭和小白鹭的主要觅食栖息地，它们对栖息地的利用有很大的重叠。黑冠夜鹭(black -crown Night Herons)是种群中的主要繁殖者，它们喜欢红树林和鱼塘，而牛白鹭(Cattle Egrets)则主要利用淡水沼泽和废弃的稻田。牛白鹭对小湾外栖息地的利用最多。在这两年中，牛白鹭在涨潮和退潮时的平均飞行距离都是最长的。1997年和1998年，黑冠夜鹭在涨潮时飞行距离最短，而大白鹭和黑冠夜鹭在退潮时飞行距离最短。在这两年，大白鹭和小白鹭在涨潮时飞得更远，因为附近的浅水太深，无法进食。只有牛白鹭的觅食飞行距离在不同年份之间有显著差异。更多的黑冠夜鹭和牛白鹭参与了集体飞行。椋鸟湾的觅食栖息地支持的繁殖蚜虫数量远远超过该地区的预期，可能是因为它们的生产力很高。黑冠夜鹭的觅食飞行距离较短，这可能会降低觅食成本，并有助于解释该物种在群体中的优势地位。保护椋鸟湾所有的湿地觅食栖息地是保持筑巢鹭种群数量和多样性的必要条件。1999年1月26日收，1999年9月22日收。
{"title":"Foraging Flights of Nesting Egrets and Herons at a Hong Kong Egretry, South China","authors":"L. C. Wong, R. Corlett, Llewellyn Young, Joe S. Y. Lee","doi":"10.2307/1522119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522119","url":null,"abstract":"-Observations of the foraging flights of nesting Great Egrets (Casmerodius albus), Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta), Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in 1997 and 1998 from the A Chau Egretry in Starling Inlet, Hong Kong, China, showed that shallow coastal waters were the major feeding habitat of Great and Little egrets, whose habitat use greatly overlapped. Black-crowned Night Herons, the dominant breeders in the colony, preferred mangroves and fishponds, while Cattle Egrets made most use of freshwater marsh and abandoned paddy fields. Cattle Egrets showed the highest use of feeding habitats outside the Inlet. In both years, Cattle Egrets made the longest median flights at both high and low tides. Black-crowned Night Herons made the shortest flights at high tide in both years while Great Egrets and Black-crowned Night Herons flew the shortest distance at low tide in 1997 and 1998, respectively. In both years, Great and Little egrets flew farther at high tide, when nearby shallow waters were too deep for feeding. Foraging flight distances varied significantly between years only for Cattle Egrets. More Black-crowned Night Herons and Cattle Egrets were involved in group flights. The feeding habitats in Starling Inlet supported far more breeding ardeids than expected for their area, probably because of their high productivity. The short foraging flight distances of Black-crowned Night Herons may reduce foraging costs and help explain the dominance of this species in the colony. Conservation of all wetland feeding habitats in Starling Inlet will be necessary to maintain the present size and diversity of nesting ardeid populations. Received 26 January 1999, accepted 22 September 1999.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"129 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121027660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Nettleship, A. Mosbech, R. Dietz, D. Boertmann, P. Johansen
{"title":"Oil Exploration in the Fylla Area: An Initial Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts","authors":"D. Nettleship, A. Mosbech, R. Dietz, D. Boertmann, P. Johansen","doi":"10.2307/1522014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121066649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-We studied food resource use by two similar seabird species, Common (Uria aalge) and Thick-billed murres (U. lomvia), breeding sympatrically at the Gannet Islands, Labrador, to examine the overlap in their chicks' diet and thus to indirectly evaluate whether the two species were in competition for food. We used Monte Carlo randomization to establish whether murre chick diet overlap in 1996 and 1997 were greater than would be expected by chance. Diet overlap was higher than 75% in both years and was not lower than that predicted by the null model. To determine whether the two murre species' chick food resource use converged in ways other than diet composition, we compared timing of breeding, sizes of fish delivered to chicks, maximum dive depths and diurnal feeding patterns. In both years, the murres' chick-rearing periods overlapped almost exactly. The size of the principal item in their chicks' diets did not differ significantly. During one of two all-day feeding watches in 1997, the murres' chick-feeding peaks were concurrent, but during the other they were not. In 1997, foraging Common and Thickbilled murres dove to similar maximum depths. Taken together, these results suggest that chick food resource partitioning might have been negligible between Common and Thick-billed murres breeding at the Gannet Islands in 1996 and 1997. Received 5 November 1998, accepted 21 January 1998.
{"title":"Food Resource Use and Diet Overlap of Common and Thick-Billed Murres at the Gannet Islands, Labrador","authors":"Rachel Bryant, I. Jones","doi":"10.2307/1522115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522115","url":null,"abstract":"-We studied food resource use by two similar seabird species, Common (Uria aalge) and Thick-billed murres (U. lomvia), breeding sympatrically at the Gannet Islands, Labrador, to examine the overlap in their chicks' diet and thus to indirectly evaluate whether the two species were in competition for food. We used Monte Carlo randomization to establish whether murre chick diet overlap in 1996 and 1997 were greater than would be expected by chance. Diet overlap was higher than 75% in both years and was not lower than that predicted by the null model. To determine whether the two murre species' chick food resource use converged in ways other than diet composition, we compared timing of breeding, sizes of fish delivered to chicks, maximum dive depths and diurnal feeding patterns. In both years, the murres' chick-rearing periods overlapped almost exactly. The size of the principal item in their chicks' diets did not differ significantly. During one of two all-day feeding watches in 1997, the murres' chick-feeding peaks were concurrent, but during the other they were not. In 1997, foraging Common and Thickbilled murres dove to similar maximum depths. Taken together, these results suggest that chick food resource partitioning might have been negligible between Common and Thick-billed murres breeding at the Gannet Islands in 1996 and 1997. Received 5 November 1998, accepted 21 January 1998.","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115505988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dive Bouts and Feeding Sites of Adélie Penguins Rearing Chicks in an Area with Fast Sea-Ice@@@Dive Bouts and Feeding Sites of Adelie Penguins Rearing Chicks in an Area with Fast Sea-Ice","authors":"Y. Watanuki, Y. Miyamoto, A. Kato","doi":"10.2307/1522001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116923114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Review: Habitats & Conservation of Wetland Birds@@@Wetland Birds: Habitat Resources and Conservation Implications","authors":"R. Erwin, M. W. Weller","doi":"10.2307/1522224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522224","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117323446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Anker‐Nilssen, V. Bakken, H. Strøm, A. Golovkin, V. Bianki, Iverta P. Tatarinkova
{"title":"The Status of marine birds breeding in the Barents Sea region","authors":"T. Anker‐Nilssen, V. Bakken, H. Strøm, A. Golovkin, V. Bianki, Iverta P. Tatarinkova","doi":"10.2307/1522196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522196","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114974419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seabird Interactions with Coastal Fisheries in Northern Patagonia: Use of Discards and Incidental Captures in Nets","authors":"P. Yorio, G. Caille","doi":"10.2307/1522209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122791619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Anker‐Nilssen, M. B. Decker, M. Gavrilo, F. Mehlum, V. Bakken
{"title":"Distribution and abundance of birds and marine mammals in the eastern Barents Sea and the Kara Sea, late summer, 1995","authors":"T. Anker‐Nilssen, M. B. Decker, M. Gavrilo, F. Mehlum, V. Bakken","doi":"10.2307/1521665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1521665","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121556686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Between August 1996 andJune 1998 I monitored the harvest of wild birds in 17 rural settlements located in the surroundings of Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (NE Peruvian Amazon). At least 47 species of birds were hunted for food in the area, 15 of which were waterbirds. Anhingas (Anhinga anhinga), Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata), Olivaceous Cormorants (Phalacrocorax olivaceus) and Cocoi Herons (Ardea cocoi) were the most commonly harvested waterbirds. Censuses of non-breeding birds conducted during 1998 in three areas of heavy hunting pressure (close to villages) and three areas of low hunting pressure (inside the protected reserve) did not show significant differences. The collection of bird eggs is also common in the study area. I recorded the use of eggs of 22 species of birds, of which the Great Egret (Casmerodius albus), Cocoi Heron, Boat-billed Heron (Cochlearius cochlearius) and Agami Heron (Agamia agami) were the most commonly harvested. Most of the egg-harvesting took place in two large mixed-species heronries and was done by people from the villages of Padre L6pez and Nueva Cajamarca. The number of heron eggs taken from these colonies ranged from ca. 6,200 in 1996 to only 220 in 1998. In 1998, human disturbance during early stages of nesting caused the total abandonment of the colony at Padre L6pez, whereas egg-harvesting during the laying period probably caused the abandonment of the colony at Nueva Cajamarca by Agami Herons. All the evidence suggests that human disturbance is severely affecting heronries and may represent a major threat for wading birds in the study area. Received 10 February 1999, accepted 7 May 1999. Resumen.-Entre los meses de Agosto 1996 yJunio 1998 se registr6 el uso de aves silvestres en 17 asentamientos rurales ubicados en los alrededores de la Reserva Nacional Pacaya-Samiria (NE Perfi). Al menos 47 especies de aves, 15 de las cuales eran aves acuiticas, fueron cazadas para alimentaci6n en el drea de estudio. Las Shararas (Anhinga anhinga), Sachapatos (Cairina moschata), Cushuris (Phalacrocorax olivaceus) y Uchpagarzas (Ardea cocoi) fueron las aves acudticas mds frecuentemente capturadas. Censos de estas aves realizados durante 1998 en tres zonas de alta presi6n cinegetica (cerca de los poblados) y tres zonas de baja presi6n (dentro del drea protegida) no mostraron diferencias significativas. La recolecci6n de huevos de aves es tambien una actividad comin en el drea de estudio. Se ha registrado la utilizaci6n de huevos de 22 especies de aves, destacando por su cantidad los huevos de Garza Blanca (Casmerodius albus), Uchpagarza, Huapapa (Cochlearius cochlearius) y Guanayo (Agamia agami). La cosecha de huevos tuvo lugar principalmente en dos grandes colonias mixtas y fue realizada por pobladores de las comunidades de Padre L6pez y Nueva Cajamarca. El nmimero de huevos extraidos de estas colonias vari6 desde alrededor de 6,200 en 1996 a tan solo 280 en 1998. En 1998, las perturbaciones originadas por un grupo d
- 1996年8月至1998年6月期间，我在帕卡亚-萨米里亚国家保护区(秘鲁亚马逊东北部)周围的17个农村居民点监测野生鸟类的收获情况。在该地区至少有47种鸟类被捕杀，其中15种是水鸟。凤头鸭(Anhinga Anhinga)、香鸭(Cairina moschata)、橄榄鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax olivaceus)和可可苍鹭(Ardea Cocoi)是最常见的收获水鸟。1998年在三个狩猎压力大的地区(靠近村庄)和三个狩猎压力小的地区(保护区内)进行的非繁殖鸟类普查没有显示出显著差异。在研究区域收集鸟蛋也很常见。我记录了22种鸟类的卵使用情况，其中大白鹭(Casmerodius albus)、椰子鹭(Cocoi Heron)、船嘴鹭(Cochlearius Cochlearius)和阿迦米鹭(Agamia Agami)是最常收获的。大部分的鸡蛋收获是在两个大型混合物种的herherry中进行的，由来自Padre L6pez和Nueva Cajamarca村庄的人完成。从这些群落中取出的苍鹭蛋数量从1996年的6200只到1998年的220只不等。1998年，人类在筑巢初期的干扰导致了Padre L6pez的种群完全放弃，而在产卵期间的蛋收获可能导致了Agami Herons放弃了Nueva Cajamarca的种群。所有证据都表明，人为干扰对鹭类造成了严重影响，并可能成为研究区内涉禽的主要威胁。1999年2月10日收，1999年5月7日收。Resumen。- 1996年6月至1998年6月，我们登记了6个国家的农业资源，包括17个农村资源和17个国家保护区(秘鲁东北部)的土地资源。艾尔有47个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种，15个品种。Las Shararas (Anhinga Anhinga)， Sachapatos (Cairina moschata)， Cushuris (Phalacrocorax olivaceus)和Uchpagarzas (Ardea cocoi) fueron的用法和例:1998年的研究结果表明，在遗传上的植物区(植物)和下植物区(植物)之间没有显著差异。“回忆”和“回忆”是一种“回忆”，“回忆”是一种“回忆”，“回忆”是一种“回忆”，是一种“回忆”。研究了22种黄鳝的利用登记，确定了黄鳝、黄鳝、黄鳝、黄鳝、黄鳝、黄鳝、黄鳝和黄鳝。La cosecha de huevos两种糖的主要成分，包括大殖民地的混合物，以及新卡哈马卡的Padre L6pez和新卡哈马卡的穷人。从1996年到1998年，共有280人死亡，而1996年共有6200人死亡。1998年，墨西哥的骚乱事件起因于一群墨西哥人的骚乱，这些骚乱事件起因于一群墨西哥人的骚乱事件，起因于一群墨西哥人的骚乱事件，起因于一群墨西哥人的骚乱事件，起因于一群墨西哥人的骚乱事件，起因于一群墨西哥人的骚乱事件。所有las evidencias recogidas sugieren,拉斯维加斯perturbaciones de奥利金antr6pico estin afectando severamente洛garzales y representan una de las至少amenazas对位拉conservaci6n de las鸟类zancudas en el德瑞德工厂化。
{"title":"Effects of harvesting of waterbirds and their eggs by native people in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon","authors":"José A. González","doi":"10.2307/1522210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1522210","url":null,"abstract":"-Between August 1996 andJune 1998 I monitored the harvest of wild birds in 17 rural settlements located in the surroundings of Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (NE Peruvian Amazon). At least 47 species of birds were hunted for food in the area, 15 of which were waterbirds. Anhingas (Anhinga anhinga), Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata), Olivaceous Cormorants (Phalacrocorax olivaceus) and Cocoi Herons (Ardea cocoi) were the most commonly harvested waterbirds. Censuses of non-breeding birds conducted during 1998 in three areas of heavy hunting pressure (close to villages) and three areas of low hunting pressure (inside the protected reserve) did not show significant differences. The collection of bird eggs is also common in the study area. I recorded the use of eggs of 22 species of birds, of which the Great Egret (Casmerodius albus), Cocoi Heron, Boat-billed Heron (Cochlearius cochlearius) and Agami Heron (Agamia agami) were the most commonly harvested. Most of the egg-harvesting took place in two large mixed-species heronries and was done by people from the villages of Padre L6pez and Nueva Cajamarca. The number of heron eggs taken from these colonies ranged from ca. 6,200 in 1996 to only 220 in 1998. In 1998, human disturbance during early stages of nesting caused the total abandonment of the colony at Padre L6pez, whereas egg-harvesting during the laying period probably caused the abandonment of the colony at Nueva Cajamarca by Agami Herons. All the evidence suggests that human disturbance is severely affecting heronries and may represent a major threat for wading birds in the study area. Received 10 February 1999, accepted 7 May 1999. Resumen.-Entre los meses de Agosto 1996 yJunio 1998 se registr6 el uso de aves silvestres en 17 asentamientos rurales ubicados en los alrededores de la Reserva Nacional Pacaya-Samiria (NE Perfi). Al menos 47 especies de aves, 15 de las cuales eran aves acuiticas, fueron cazadas para alimentaci6n en el drea de estudio. Las Shararas (Anhinga anhinga), Sachapatos (Cairina moschata), Cushuris (Phalacrocorax olivaceus) y Uchpagarzas (Ardea cocoi) fueron las aves acudticas mds frecuentemente capturadas. Censos de estas aves realizados durante 1998 en tres zonas de alta presi6n cinegetica (cerca de los poblados) y tres zonas de baja presi6n (dentro del drea protegida) no mostraron diferencias significativas. La recolecci6n de huevos de aves es tambien una actividad comin en el drea de estudio. Se ha registrado la utilizaci6n de huevos de 22 especies de aves, destacando por su cantidad los huevos de Garza Blanca (Casmerodius albus), Uchpagarza, Huapapa (Cochlearius cochlearius) y Guanayo (Agamia agami). La cosecha de huevos tuvo lugar principalmente en dos grandes colonias mixtas y fue realizada por pobladores de las comunidades de Padre L6pez y Nueva Cajamarca. El nmimero de huevos extraidos de estas colonias vari6 desde alrededor de 6,200 en 1996 a tan solo 280 en 1998. En 1998, las perturbaciones originadas por un grupo d","PeriodicalId":266321,"journal":{"name":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123851420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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