Well-established developer-obligation models are embedded in many countries. Policy transfers might seem appropriate for adopting such schemes elsewhere. This study brings in-depth insight into the perceptions of key stakeholders on developer obligations from countries with and without such an instrument and demonstrates the barriers hindering policy transfer. We utilise the currently contemplated policy transfer of the Munich model of developer obligations (Germany) into the Czech institutional context as a case study. Our results show that an instrument successful in one institutional arrangement may be perceived as an unattainable dream elsewhere. Surprisingly, developers, instead of hindering the adoption of developer obligations, support them. They praise them for knowing all liabilities in advance, and for being partners for the public sector instead of enemies. On the other hand, differences in institutional context constitute barriers that might result in having an empty legal shell out of the transplant.
{"title":"Munich’s developer obligations as a legal transplant to the Czech institutional context","authors":"E. Vejchodská, A. Hendricks","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2021.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.28","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Well-established developer-obligation models are embedded in many countries. Policy transfers might seem appropriate for adopting such schemes elsewhere. This study brings in-depth insight into the perceptions of key stakeholders on developer obligations from countries with and without such an instrument and demonstrates the barriers hindering policy transfer. We utilise the currently contemplated policy transfer of the Munich model of developer obligations (Germany) into the Czech institutional context as a case study. Our results show that an instrument successful in one institutional arrangement may be perceived as an unattainable dream elsewhere. Surprisingly, developers, instead of hindering the adoption of developer obligations, support them. They praise them for knowing all liabilities in advance, and for being partners for the public sector instead of enemies. On the other hand, differences in institutional context constitute barriers that might result in having an empty legal shell out of the transplant.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121393818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do planners want to lead the New Urban Agenda, and are they being led by it?","authors":"C. Hague","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2021.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128604774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2010, the city of Chongqing in south-western China has built 40 million square metres of public rental housing, responding to China’s New Urbanisation Plan. Due to its emphasis on massive provision and the role played by the state, public rental housing in Chongqing has attracted considerable attention. Yet few studies have examined the effects of this scheme on household strategies and experiences from the perspective of rural migrant families. The results of 120 semi-structured interviews with rural migrants show that they tend to adopt a family-based approach to maximise their households’ economic and non-economic interests when considering resettling.
{"title":"A family-based approach to public rental housing in Chongqing, China: a perspective of rural migrant households","authors":"Weijie Hu","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2022.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2022.13","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Since 2010, the city of Chongqing in south-western China has built 40 million square metres of public rental housing, responding to China’s New Urbanisation Plan. Due to its emphasis on massive provision and the role played by the state, public rental housing in Chongqing has attracted considerable attention. Yet few studies have examined the effects of this scheme on household strategies and experiences from the perspective of rural migrant families. The results of 120 semi-structured interviews with rural migrants show that they tend to adopt a family-based approach to maximise their households’ economic and non-economic interests when considering resettling.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120839068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses how local governments can use a land value capture instrument to support their land development and planning policy in addition to their financial objectives, focusing on the French ‘development tax’ in a real-estate development project in Bordeaux. It compares the legal framework of the development tax with the practice of public and private negotiation. The case study concludes that tax decisions leave unforeseen room for trade-offs between fiscal objectives and the business models of private developers via adjustments to the tax rate, building rights and facilities planning. The tax decision can help drive socio-spatial development and generate collective benefits.
{"title":"Can the French development tax be a strategic land value capture instrument?","authors":"Sonia Guelton, Agnès Pouillaude","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2021.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.56","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article analyses how local governments can use a land value capture instrument to support their land development and planning policy in addition to their financial objectives, focusing on the French ‘development tax’ in a real-estate development project in Bordeaux. It compares the legal framework of the development tax with the practice of public and private negotiation. The case study concludes that tax decisions leave unforeseen room for trade-offs between fiscal objectives and the business models of private developers via adjustments to the tax rate, building rights and facilities planning. The tax decision can help drive socio-spatial development and generate collective benefits.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"382 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120881978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Healthy cities researchers often ask questions about cause and effect: the causes are built environment interventions via urban planning and design practices, such as park renovation, a new bus line or a housing redevelopment programme; effects are individual and public health outcomes. The growing interest in natural experiments for causal inference in healthy cities research comes mainly from the public health fields. Planning and design knowledge of how the interventions were produced should have a central role in research design but is rarely discussed. This is evident from our analysis of three well-documented natural experiment research projects. This also motivates us to build a conceptual model, with the legal assignment of treatment and control groups and random distribution of confounders (LARD principle) to demonstrate how urban planning and design knowledge can help discover strong natural experiments to reinforce the causal inference in healthy cities research.
{"title":"Natural experiments in healthy cities research: how can urban planning and design knowledge reinforce the causal inference?","authors":"Guibo Sun, E. Choe, C. Webster","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2022.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2022.14","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Healthy cities researchers often ask questions about cause and effect: the causes are built environment interventions via urban planning and design practices, such as park renovation, a new bus line or a housing redevelopment programme; effects are individual and public health outcomes. The growing interest in natural experiments for causal inference in healthy cities research comes mainly from the public health fields. Planning and design knowledge of how the interventions were produced should have a central role in research design but is rarely discussed. This is evident from our analysis of three well-documented natural experiment research projects. This also motivates us to build a conceptual model, with the legal assignment of treatment and control groups and random distribution of confounders (LARD principle) to demonstrate how urban planning and design knowledge can help discover strong natural experiments to reinforce the causal inference in healthy cities research.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131552485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The visually impaired community often finds the built environment difficult to navigate. Elements of street design such as street furniture, bollards and shared space are some of the problems that contribute to a hostile built environment. This article aims to investigate how the built environment affects people with a visual impairment through questionnaires, focus groups and interviews conducted with visually impaired people and built-environment professionals. A majority of visually impaired respondents stated the built environment was difficult to navigate, with several issues identified. These issues need to be addressed to create more inclusive spaces and places for all.
{"title":"The unseen barriers of the built environment: navigation for people with visual impairment","authors":"L. Cushley, Neil Galway, T. Peto","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2022.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2022.4","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The visually impaired community often finds the built environment difficult to navigate. Elements of street design such as street furniture, bollards and shared space are some of the problems that contribute to a hostile built environment. This article aims to investigate how the built environment affects people with a visual impairment through questionnaires, focus groups and interviews conducted with visually impaired people and built-environment professionals. A majority of visually impaired respondents stated the built environment was difficult to navigate, with several issues identified. These issues need to be addressed to create more inclusive spaces and places for all.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125655454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marisa Fuchs, K. Klee, Sandra Huning, Anja Szypulski
In response to the climate emergency declared in many German cities in 2019, political decision makers, planners and researchers began promoting climate resilience in policy areas such as housing. This article discusses the potential impact and implementation of housing-market monitoring and housing action plans on analytical and strategic capacities at local and regional levels by presenting findings from a transdisciplinary, multi-level real-world laboratory in the Ruhr city region in Germany. It proposes an integrated multi-level approach to raise awareness and provide an accessible database for housing policies in climate-resilient city regions across administrative levels and sectoral borders.
{"title":"Climate-resilience-oriented transformations of housing policy: strategic impulses from a multi-level real-world lab in the Ruhr","authors":"Marisa Fuchs, K. Klee, Sandra Huning, Anja Szypulski","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2021.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.21","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In response to the climate emergency declared in many German cities in 2019, political decision makers, planners and researchers began promoting climate resilience in policy areas such as housing. This article discusses the potential impact and implementation of housing-market monitoring and housing action plans on analytical and strategic capacities at local and regional levels by presenting findings from a transdisciplinary, multi-level real-world laboratory in the Ruhr city region in Germany. It proposes an integrated multi-level approach to raise awareness and provide an accessible database for housing policies in climate-resilient city regions across administrative levels and sectoral borders.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129791844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Planning, at its most basic, is about making better places. In recent years, there has been a positive renewed focus on strengthening the links between planning and the promotion of well-being and good health outcomes. This is a welcome emphasis with origins relatable to the health narrative in the 1909 Housing and Town Planning Etc. Act. Within the post-1947 Town and Country Planning Act context, planning in some respects regressed to a land-use and infrastructure focus, with health considerations limited to physical-health infrastructure provisions and environmental/amenity considerations. This relatively recent ‘reuniting’ of planning and health is one way in which planning has been expressly identified as central to the ability of the state to improve the quality of life of the people. This is based on two implicit assumptions. First, that the characteristics of the built environment have an impact on the health of the population, and second, that planning, via its current policy, regulatory and legislative provisions, has the right tools to achieve positive on-the-ground changes in relation to this. The first aspect of this is well established through a public-health evidence base; the second, however, remains substantively under-researched as part of a broader lack of attention paid to the regulatory or development management aspect of planning. This article begins to address this deficit by examining the manner in which issues of health are or are not encompassed in decision making on the site scale by looking at appeal decisions into the location of fast-food outlets. By so doing, it challenges some of the assumptions inherent in policy aspirations and calls for a renewed and detailed investigation of the tools needed to achieve such good intentions on the ground.
{"title":"Planning and health: defining the limitations of regulation and the discretionary context at the micro/site scale","authors":"K. McClymont, A. Sheppard","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2021.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.18","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Planning, at its most basic, is about making better places. In recent years, there has been a positive renewed focus on strengthening the links between planning and the promotion of well-being and good health outcomes. This is a welcome emphasis with origins relatable to the health narrative in the 1909 Housing and Town Planning Etc. Act. Within the post-1947 Town and Country Planning Act context, planning in some respects regressed to a land-use and infrastructure focus, with health considerations limited to physical-health infrastructure provisions and environmental/amenity considerations. This relatively recent ‘reuniting’ of planning and health is one way in which planning has been expressly identified as central to the ability of the state to improve the quality of life of the people. This is based on two implicit assumptions. First, that the characteristics of the built environment have an impact on the health of the population, and second, that planning, via its current policy, regulatory and legislative provisions, has the right tools to achieve positive on-the-ground changes in relation to this. The first aspect of this is well established through a public-health evidence base; the second, however, remains substantively under-researched as part of a broader lack of attention paid to the regulatory or development management aspect of planning. This article begins to address this deficit by examining the manner in which issues of health are or are not encompassed in decision making on the site scale by looking at appeal decisions into the location of fast-food outlets. By so doing, it challenges some of the assumptions inherent in policy aspirations and calls for a renewed and detailed investigation of the tools needed to achieve such good intentions on the ground.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129359720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article comprises an auto-ethnography of my life’s journey: I entered town planning fifty years ago and am now over seventy. It is a personal testimony of how my social class, gender, religion, education, personal characteristics, family and inner-city background contributed to mutual incomprehension, and not being taken seriously by the planning profession. Planning policies often appear to be based upon an impersonal and generalised view of different social classes and urban areas. Planners need to give greater attention to the embodied and material nature of lived urban experiences, especially in relation to women’s needs, class, ethnicity and bodily characteristics.
{"title":"From the guttermost to the uttermost and back","authors":"C. Greed","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2021.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.51","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article comprises an auto-ethnography of my life’s journey: I entered town planning fifty years ago and am now over seventy. It is a personal testimony of how my social class, gender, religion, education, personal characteristics, family and inner-city background contributed to mutual incomprehension, and not being taken seriously by the planning profession. Planning policies often appear to be based upon an impersonal and generalised view of different social classes and urban areas. Planners need to give greater attention to the embodied and material nature of lived urban experiences, especially in relation to women’s needs, class, ethnicity and bodily characteristics.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132016052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green-space planning has become a prominent feature in metropolitan sustainability policies, reflecting growing awareness of the multifunctional benefits of extensive typologies of urban green spaces. Yet this article will argue that the existing approach to green-space planning is rooted in traditional ways of thinking about green space’s form and function that originated nearly two centuries ago. Calling on empirical research conducted in London, this article aims to demonstrate the gap between the conceptual way urban green space is presented and the practical way it is delivered. Findings suggest that, despite adoption of wider urban greening policies, many practitioners take a conventional approach that parks - as large green spaces - are the ‘best’ delivery mechanism for access to green space. This article will demonstrate how this is problematic, concluding that broadening green space in planning metrics would improve access to the multifaceted benefits that diverse green-space typologies - including, but not limited to, parks - can provide.
{"title":"Planning past parks: overcoming restrictive green-space narratives in contemporary compact cities","authors":"M. Whitten","doi":"10.3828/tpr.2021.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.55","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Green-space planning has become a prominent feature in metropolitan sustainability policies, reflecting growing awareness of the multifunctional benefits of extensive typologies of urban green spaces. Yet this article will argue that the existing approach to green-space planning is rooted in traditional ways of thinking about green space’s form and function that originated nearly two centuries ago. Calling on empirical research conducted in London, this article aims to demonstrate the gap between the conceptual way urban green space is presented and the practical way it is delivered. Findings suggest that, despite adoption of wider urban greening policies, many practitioners take a conventional approach that parks - as large green spaces - are the ‘best’ delivery mechanism for access to green space. This article will demonstrate how this is problematic, concluding that broadening green space in planning metrics would improve access to the multifaceted benefits that diverse green-space typologies - including, but not limited to, parks - can provide.","PeriodicalId":266698,"journal":{"name":"Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print","volume":"727 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123719144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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