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Proceedings Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, 2005.最新文献

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Power and energy of futuristic automobiles 未来汽车的动力和能源
I. Castillo
For years the vision for futuristic vehicles has being in the mind of many engineers. Nonetheless, the combination of many old thoughts and ideas has played a significant role to modern day vehicles as well a major foundation to futuristic vehicles. Improvements to the early vehicle are what will create the futuristic vehicle. The search for better motors and clean efficient energy is well under way. To enhance the understanding of these technologies, it is best to recognize the history of cars. It is also important to realize the major effects the DC and AC motors have with today's vehicles. The importance of energy sources has to also be taken into consideration. Many different types of batteries have been introduced as sources. These batteries have their advantages as well as disadvantages. Some of these disadvantages include chemicals that, if mixed, can be corrosive. However, research is now in progress to reduce these types of problems
多年来,许多工程师一直在思考未来汽车的前景。尽管如此,许多旧思想和想法的结合对现代汽车发挥了重要作用,也是未来汽车的重要基础。对早期车辆的改进将创造出未来的车辆。寻找更好的马达和清洁高效能源的工作正在进行中。为了加强对这些技术的理解,最好认识一下汽车的历史。认识到直流和交流电机对当今车辆的主要影响也很重要。还必须考虑到能源的重要性。许多不同类型的电池已经被引入作为能源。这些电池有优点也有缺点。其中一些缺点包括化学物质,如果混合,可能具有腐蚀性。然而,减少这类问题的研究正在进行中
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引用次数: 0
The history and processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for surgical implantation 外科植入用超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)的历史和工艺
C. Cucinelli
The purpose of this paper is to provide information about the history and processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for surgical implantation. UHMWPE has revolutionized the orthopedic industry by providing an excellent bearing surface for implants used in total joint arthroplasties of the hip. This paper discusses the formation of plastics, the steps taken to process UHMWPE, the wear characteristics of UHMWPE, and alternatives to UHMWPE in bearing surfaces
本文的目的是提供超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)用于外科植入的历史和加工的信息。UHMWPE通过为全髋关节置换术中使用的植入物提供良好的承载表面,彻底改变了骨科行业。本文讨论了塑料的形成、加工超高分子量聚乙烯的步骤、超高分子量聚乙烯的磨损特性以及超高分子量聚乙烯在轴承表面的替代品
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引用次数: 0
A new diagnostic tool for preventive maintenance on large generators-PD location in stator windings by the traveling wave method 一种新的大型发电机预防性维修诊断工具——行波法定子绕组局部放电定位
R. Koch, F. Pohlmann, J. R. Weidner
The development of cost-effective maintenance strategies requires diagnostic tools which detect any defects as early as possible to enable the determination and selective planning of the requisite repair measures. The sensitive partial discharge (PD) measurement method enables the detection of individual weak points developing in generator high voltage stator insulation in their initial stages. However, a reliable evaluation also requires the most exact possible knowledge of the location of the insulation where partial discharge occurs. The following paper presents a method enabling the precise localization of internal partial discharges in the shielded slot section of stator windings based on the localization principle of transit time difference measurement between the two sides of the stator core. The PD pulses are decoupled from the winding bars using a patented new type of sensor, digitized at a high sampling rate of 4 GS/s and subjected to mathematical analysis. Measurements on old winding bars from large generators and on complete stator windings (40-1640 MVA) yield high localization accuracies within the range of centimeters. In a rewound 880 MVA generator with an active core length of 6.6 m, a partial discharge source was localized which could not be detected by conventional equipment at the generator terminals. This demonstrates the excellent sensitivity of the new diagnostic tool
制定具有成本效益的维修策略需要诊断工具,以便尽早发现任何缺陷,以便确定和选择性地规划必要的维修措施。敏感的局部放电(PD)测量方法能够在发电机高压定子绝缘的初始阶段检测到个别弱点。然而,可靠的评估还需要对发生局部放电的绝缘位置有尽可能精确的了解。本文提出了一种基于定子铁心两侧透射时间差测量定位原理的定子绕组屏蔽槽段内部局部放电精确定位的方法。PD脉冲采用专利的新型传感器从绕组棒中解耦,以4 GS/s的高采样率进行数字化,并进行数学分析。对大型发电机的旧绕组棒和完整的定子绕组(40-1640 MVA)进行测量,定位精度在厘米范围内。在一个有效铁心长度为6.6 m的重绕880 MVA发电机中,局部放电源被定位在发电机终端的常规设备无法检测到。这证明了新诊断工具的优良灵敏度
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引用次数: 1
An evaluation of diagnostic techniques relevant to arcing fault current interrupters for direct current power systems in future aircraft 未来飞机直流电源系统电弧故障断流诊断技术评价
R. Spyker, D. Schweickart, J. Horwath, L. Walko, D. Grosjean
Arc fault circuit interrupters (AFCI) are a relatively new development in the area of circuit protection. Typical circuit breakers are designed to detect an overload current in the protected circuit and trip open within a specified period of time. The AFCI is a device that detects and interrupts an arcing fault when it occurs. An arc fault is a dangerous situation with very high temperatures in the arc. These high temperatures are sufficient to ignite wire insulation and other combustibles in the vicinity of the arc. Standard circuit breakers and ground fault circuit breakers generally will not trip in the event of an arc fault since there is sufficiently high impedance in the circuit to limit current below the trip level of its characteristic curve. Numerous arc faults that have been observed on aging aircraft, due to failing insulation, have spurred an interest in AFCIs for both commercial and military aircraft. Such AFCIs assess the AC current waveform to distinguish that an arc is occurring in the circuit. When this occurs, the AFCI will open to mitigate damage to the wiring system. In the AC case, the opening device will generally take advantage of the natural current zero in the AC wave form to clear the circuit. Protective devices for DC systems cannot exploit this characteristic. In addition, the charge transport properties (conductivity) of the DC arc are affected by the gas density (i.e., altitude) surrounding the arc. This paper presents experimental results intended to help evaluate the potential applicability of the typical diagnostics used in AC AFCIs as a valid means of detecting a series DC arc. This is particularly relevant to future aircraft power systems employing 270 Volt DC distribution. Also, these DC arcs have been characterized at low atmospheric pressures to simulate high altitude operation
电弧故障断路器(AFCI)是电路保护领域的一个较新的发展。典型的断路器设计用于检测受保护电路中的过载电流,并在规定的时间内跳闸。AFCI是一种检测并在电弧故障发生时中断电弧故障的设备。电弧故障是电弧温度非常高的一种危险情况。这些高温足以点燃电弧附近的电线绝缘和其他可燃物。标准断路器和接地故障断路器在发生电弧故障时通常不会跳闸,因为电路中有足够高的阻抗来限制电流低于其特性曲线的跳闸水平。由于绝缘失效,在老化飞机上观察到许多电弧故障,这激发了人们对商用和军用飞机上的afci的兴趣。这种afci评估交流电流波形,以区分电路中是否发生电弧。当这种情况发生时,AFCI将打开以减轻对布线系统的损坏。在交流情况下,开路装置一般会利用交流波形中的自然电流为零来清除电路。直流系统的保护装置不能利用这一特性。此外,直流电弧的电荷输运特性(电导率)受电弧周围气体密度(即海拔高度)的影响。本文提出的实验结果旨在帮助评估在交流afci中使用的典型诊断作为检测一系列直流电弧的有效手段的潜在适用性。这与未来使用270伏直流配电的飞机动力系统特别相关。此外,这些直流电弧的特点是在低大气压下模拟高空操作
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引用次数: 29
Study of on-line monitoring method of partial discharge for power transformers based on RFCT and microstrip antenna 基于RFCT和微带天线的电力变压器局部放电在线监测方法研究
Cheng Yonghong, Chen Yu, Liu Tong, Xun Xiaowei, Ji Linlie, Chen Wei, Chen Lixin
It is an important means for partial discharge (PD) on-line monitoring of oil-immersed power transformers in order to evaluating the insulation condition. Radio frequency current transducers (RFCT) are applied to couple the PD pulse current signal, and the difference-balance pairs (one of three-phase bushing-tap grounding terminals respectively corresponded with the neutral or iron core terminal) are selected, and high speed data acquisition card is adopt to sample the PD signal (>10MS/s) from the balance pair, and further amplitude modulation, phase modulation and difference arithmetic is designed, then external electromagnetic interference is effectively suppressed and it is propitious to extracting PD pulses and judge the PD occurrence place. The wideband PD couplers based on microstrip antenna are also applied to detect the high frequency PD pulse signal. Four sensors are installed at the special parts on the transformer where PD electromagnetic wave signal can be received, then the signal is transmitted to the input analog channel of the oscilloscope (>IGS/s). So single PD waveform analysis throughout more wide frequency band can be done, and further PD fault location can also be realized. The PD on-line monitoring system based on the above two monitoring methods for in-service transformer has also been developed and installed at one main transformer in a plant (220/18RV, 360MVA, three phase and dual winding)
对油浸式电力变压器进行局部放电在线监测,是评估变压器绝缘状况的重要手段。采用射频电流传感器(RFCT)对PD脉冲电流信号进行耦合,选择差分平衡对(分别与中性点或铁芯端子对应的三相套管抽头接地端子之一),采用高速数据采集卡对平衡对PD信号进行采样(>10MS/s),并进一步设计了调幅、调相和差分算法;有效地抑制了外界电磁干扰,有利于PD脉冲的提取和PD发生位置的判断。基于微带天线的宽带PD耦合器也被用于检测高频PD脉冲信号。在变压器上可接收PD电磁波信号的专用部位安装4个传感器,将信号送入示波器输入模拟通道(>IGS/s)。因此,可以在更宽的频带范围内进行单次PD波形分析,并进一步实现PD故障定位。基于上述两种监测方法的在役变压器PD在线监测系统也已开发并安装在某厂一台主变压器(220/18RV, 360MVA,三相双绕组)上。
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引用次数: 8
An ultracapacitor-powered race car update 超级电容器驱动的赛车更新
P. Carter, J. Baxter, T. Newill, T. Erekson
In 2004 BYU researchers reported on a General Motors EV1 vehicle that they received from G.M. and modified to run on ultracapacitors. The EV1 set a world's record as the fastest modified-production electric vehicle in national competition, as well as the world's only reported capacitor-powered race car. During the past year planned modifications have been implemented and the car has broken its previous record by 1.8 seconds. This paper summarizes the changes that were made and presents the most recent race results
2004年,杨百翰大学的研究人员报告了他们从通用汽车公司获得的一款EV1汽车,并对其进行了改装,使其可以使用超级电容器。EV1在全国比赛中创下了最快的改装量产电动汽车的世界纪录,也是世界上唯一一款有报道的电容器动力赛车。在过去的一年里,计划中的修改已经实施,这款车已经打破了之前的记录,缩短了1.8秒。本文总结了所做的改变,并介绍了最近的比赛结果
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引用次数: 2
Measurement and analysis of partial discharge in switchgear 开关柜局部放电的测量与分析
C. Kane, I. Blokhintsev, A. Golubev
Partial discharge technology has been applied to medium voltage rotating machines for many years. This technology can now be applied to support on-line diagnostics of medium voltage switchgear assemblies. Partial discharge sensors have been developed, with calibration both in the factory-test floor environment, as well as in the field under normal operating conditions. The application of partial discharge measurement technology to MV switchgear will be presented, with actual examples of pending failures, which were identified by on-line partial discharge measurements. This application of partial discharge technology can greatly aid in the day-to-day reliability and life-extension of the medium voltage electrical power substation assemblies
局部放电技术应用于中压旋转电机已有多年的历史。这项技术现在可以用于支持中压开关柜组件的在线诊断。局部放电传感器已经开发出来,既可以在工厂测试地板环境中进行校准,也可以在正常操作条件下在现场进行校准。本文将介绍局部放电测量技术在中压开关柜中的应用,并给出了通过在线局部放电测量来识别待决故障的实例。这种局部放电技术的应用对提高中压变电站组件的日常可靠性和延长使用寿命有很大的帮助
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引用次数: 4
Thermally upgraded insulation in transformers 变压器的热升级绝缘
T. Prevost
This paper will review the development of thermally upgraded paper. It will discuss the various chemical modifications developed and give the current processes used today. It will review current standards activities which deal with thermally upgraded insulation systems and their impact on the recommended loading practices of transformers. It will also review the effect of thermal upgraded insulations on diagnostic techniques such as gas-in oil analysis of furanic compounds and their indication of insulation degradation. Finally recent aging tests will be presented which correlate aging rates as a function of the degree of thermal upgrading measured by the nitrogen content of the paper
本文综述了热升级纸的研究进展。它将讨论各种化学改性的发展,并给出目前使用的工艺。它将审查目前处理热升级绝缘系统的标准活动及其对变压器推荐负载实践的影响。它还将审查热升级绝热材料对诊断技术的影响,如呋喃化合物的油中气分析及其绝热材料退化的指示。最后,将介绍最近的老化试验,该试验将老化率与纸中氮含量测量的热升级程度相关联
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引用次数: 39
A suggested approach for specifying partial discharge testing as a new winding acceptance test 将局部放电试验指定为新的绕组验收试验的建议方法
G. Stone
Partial discharge testing has been used for over 50 years as a diagnostic to assess the insulation condition of motor and generator stator windings rated 3.3 kV and above. As such, most of the North America's large utility generators already undergo routine on-line PD testing. Many users have expressed a desire to specify allowable PD levels for new stators or rewinds-to ensure acceptable manufacturing and assembly of the winding, especially for global VPI stators. Unfortunately there are no domestic or international standards that describe the acceptable PD levels. If PD tests are to be used as acceptance tests-then the users must insert this in their purchase specifications. One must be very careful when specifying PD for a new machine-to ensure that the test is both meaningful, yet not unreasonably difficult to pass. This paper reviews the reasons for this, and proposes a scientifically defensible way of specifying PD, that is independent of the test equipment used
局部放电试验作为评估额定3.3 kV及以上电机和发电机定子绕组绝缘状况的一种诊断方法已有50多年的历史。因此,大多数北美的大型公用事业发电机已经进行了常规的在线PD测试。许多用户表示希望为新的定子或回卷指定允许的PD水平,以确保绕组的可接受制造和组装,特别是对于全球VPI定子。不幸的是,没有国内或国际标准来描述可接受的PD水平。如果要将PD测试用作验收测试,则用户必须将其插入其购买规格中。在为一台新机器指定PD时,必须非常小心,以确保测试既有意义,又不至于难以通过。本文回顾了造成这种情况的原因,并提出了一种独立于所使用的测试设备的科学可行的指定PD的方法
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引用次数: 6
Prototypes of polymer-impregnated reforested wood crossarms subjected to partial discharge tests 经局部放电试验的聚合物浸渍再造林木材横木的原型
R. Altafim, R. Woschitz, C. Ribeiro, M. Muhr, J.F.R. Silva, C. Calil, H. C. Basso, C. Sumereder, R. Altafim, A. Silveira
Brazil's vast territory and huge forested regions have contributed to the widespread use of traditional crossarms made of native wood species in distribution lines. However, this situation is changing due to the increasingly high cost of native species and Brazil's environmental laws. In response to these changes, electric power suppliers have been seeking alternatives, and prototypes of reforested wood crossarms (such as Eucalyptus citriodora) impregnated with polymer (castor oil-based polyurethane resin) have been studied for application as mechanical supports for electrical power distribution systems, with very satisfactory results. This paper discusses mechanical and electrical tests conducted on this new material under critical conditions of temperature and relative air humidity. Also presented are the results of electrical tests conducted at Graz Technology University's Institute of High Voltage Engineering and System Management in Austria to analyze the material's insulation performance under electrical stress particularly under partial discharge during critical operating conditions
巴西广阔的领土和广阔的森林地区使得在配电线路上广泛使用由本地树种制成的传统横木。然而,由于本地物种的成本越来越高以及巴西的环境法,这种情况正在发生变化。为了应对这些变化,电力供应商一直在寻找替代品,并研究了浸有聚合物(蓖麻油基聚氨酯树脂)的重新造林的木横木(如桉树)的原型,用于作为电力分配系统的机械支撑,结果非常令人满意。本文讨论了在临界温度和相对空气湿度条件下对这种新材料进行的力学和电气试验。此外,还介绍了在奥地利格拉茨科技大学高压工程和系统管理研究所进行的电气测试结果,以分析材料在电气应力下的绝缘性能,特别是在关键操作条件下的局部放电
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Proceedings Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, 2005.
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