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KOMPOSISI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS POHON DI KAWASAN IZIN USAHA PERTAMBANGAN PT. ANTAM UBPE PONGKOR, BOGOR 博格尔安塔姆-乌佩-庞科尔山采矿许可区的树种组成和多样性
Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v22i2.487
Luluk Setyaningsih, Silaturahmi Silaturahmi, Hanjar Mulya, Abdul Rahman Rusli, Syaiful Habib
Post-mining land revegetation is one of PT. ANTAM UBPE Pongkor committed to restoring the impact of both mining and non-mining activities in its concession area, comprising 3 locations (GHSNP Critical Land, Cepu Landslide Block, and Mount Puntang Block). This study aimed to identify the species composition, diversity, evenness, and richness of tree species. This research was carried out by observation at 12 locations following checkered paths, parallel to intersecting contour lines. Observation sample plots for the tree, pole, sapling, and seedling were measured on areas 20x20 m, 10x10 m, 5x5 m, and 2x2 m, respectively, with maximum sampling intensity of 10%. Vegetation composition and structure were observed by measuring the Importance Value Index (IVI), the Biodiversity Index (H'), Species Evenness Index, and Richness Index (Dmg). Sixty species of trees were found in the IUP area of PT. ANTAM UBPE Pongkor, in the growth phase of trees, saplings, poles, and seedlings, dominated by Puspa, Rasamala, Waru Lot Mara, Calik Angin, Huru, Kaliandra, and Ganitri, which were spread almost evenly in each location, with IVI value of 50% -300 %. Species diversity with a high category (H' =3.23) was found in the natural forest in the Baching Plant, the medium category was in the cepu landslide block reclamation area (2.67), while the small diversity was in the reclamation area around the administration office (1.61). The evenness index (E) ranged from 0 to 1, and the species richness index (Dmg) ranged from 0 – 7.58, indicating that the IUP area is quite diverse regarding its biodiversity.
采矿后土地植被重建是 PT.ANTAM UBPE Pongkor 公司致力于恢复其特许经营区内采矿和非采矿活动所造成的影响,该特许经营区包括 3 个地点(GHSNP 临界地、Cepu 滑坡区和 Mount Puntang 区)。本研究旨在确定树种的组成、多样性、均匀度和丰富度。这项研究在 12 个地点进行了观察,这些地点沿着与相交等高线平行的方格路径。分别在 20x20 米、10x10 米、5x5 米和 2x2 米的区域内测量了树、杆、树苗和幼苗的观察样地,最大取样密度为 10%。通过测量重要价值指数(IVI)、生物多样性指数(H')、物种均匀度指数和丰富度指数(Dmg)来观察植被组成和结构。在 PT.这些树种以 Puspa、Rasamala、Waru Lot Mara、Calik Angin、Huru、Kaliandra 和 Ganitri 为主,几乎均匀地分布在各个地点,IVI 值在 50% -300 % 之间。物种多样性的高分类(H' =3.23)出现在巴钦工厂的天然林中,中分类出现在 cepu 滑坡区块开垦区(2.67),而小分类则出现在行政办公室周围的开垦区(1.61)。均匀度指数(E)介于 0 至 1 之间,物种丰富度指数(Dmg)介于 0 至 7.58 之间,表明 IUP 地区的生物多样性相当丰富。
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引用次数: 0
KARAKTER DAN KERAGAMAN JENIS POHON SARANG ORANGUTAN SUMATERA (Pongo abelii) DI STASIUN RISET SUAQ BELIMBING TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG LEUSER 古农鲁塞山国家公园苏阿克贝利明宾断裂带猿猴巢穴类型的特征和多样性
Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v22i2.489
Infitar Lailan, Ruskhanidar Ruskhanidar, Erdiansyah Rahmi
The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is an arboreal primate that spends all its daily activities in the trees. Nest-making activities are carried out daily, selecting trees with certain characteristics to make nests. Much research has been done on the character of orangutan nest trees. However, there needs to be more information about the character of orangutan nest trees at the Suaq Belimbing Research Institute, Gunung Leuser National Park. It is known that Suaq Belimbing is a peat swamp forest ecosystem in Gunung Leuser National Park, precisely in Kluet, South Aceh, with quite diverse vegetation composition. Even so, not all vegetation is used as orangutan nest trees. This study aims to obtain data on the characteristics of orangutan nest trees in the Suaq Belimbing peat swamp forest habitat of Gunung Leuser National Park. Data was collected for three months using the line transect method. The results of the study obtained 65 individual trees used as orangutan nests. 45.15% of the nest tree characters had a height of 11-20 m, and 24.46% had a trunk diameter of 31-40 cm. The most widely used crown shape for making nests was cylindrical.
苏门答腊猩猩(Pongo abelii)是一种树栖灵长类动物,每天都在树上活动。它们每天都在树上筑巢,选择具有某些特征的树木筑巢。有关猩猩巢树特征的研究已经很多。但是,还需要更多有关古隆勒塞尔国家公园苏阿克贝林宾研究所(Suaq Belimbing Research Institute)猩猩巢树特征的信息。众所周知,Suaq Belimbing 是古隆-勒塞尔国家公园(Gunung Leuser National Park)内的泥炭沼泽森林生态系统,位于南亚齐省的 Kluet,其植被组成相当多样化。尽管如此,并非所有植被都被用作红毛猩猩的巢树。本研究旨在获得有关古隆-勒塞尔国家公园苏阿克-贝林宾泥炭沼泽森林栖息地中红毛猩猩巢树特征的数据。研究采用线状横断法收集数据,为期三个月。研究结果显示,有 65 棵树被用作红毛猩猩的巢穴。45.15%的巢树高度为11-20米,24.46%的巢树树干直径为31-40厘米。制作巢穴最广泛使用的树冠形状是圆柱形。
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引用次数: 0
KOMPOSISI DAN STRUKTUR VEGETASI HUTAN GAMBUT KAWASAN RESTORASI EKOSISTEM RIAU 里约生态系统恢复区泥炭森林植被的组成和结构
Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v22i2.488
Sandi Yoga Fhirgiawan, O. Satjapradja, Kustin bintani Meiganati
Forests have different species and structure compositions depending on local conditions. One of the forests that has a specific character is Peat Forest. The condition of the peat forest footprint explicitly influences the types of flora and fauna that can adapt to the condition of the forest. When there is a disturbance to the peat forest ecosystem, it is necessary to know how the effort is to reverse the condition of the forest ecosystem. Efforts can be made to restore the condition of the ecosystem by restoring the ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the composition, INP, diversity index, and stratification of peat forests in the Riau ecosystem restoration area in Pelalawan District. Data collection methods were carried out with vegetation analysis, field observations, and literature studies. The results of this study indicate that there are 11 species found in the Young Shrub land cover, with the dominant is Ficus carica L, in the Old Shrub land cover found 28 species with the dominating is Shorea sp, while in the Secondary Forest land cover found 55 species, with the type what dominates is the Syzygium sp. The species diversity index in the Young Shrub land cover is of low value, while the Old Shrub and Secondary Forest is of medium value. Based on field observations, canopy closure conditions in the study sites consisted of strata A, B, C, D, and E, which were dominated by Stratum C (4-20 m).
森林因当地条件不同而有不同的物种和结构组成。泥炭森林是具有特殊性的森林之一。泥炭森林足迹的状况明确影响着能够适应森林状况的动植物类型。当泥炭森林生态系统受到干扰时,有必要了解如何努力扭转森林生态系统的状况。可以通过恢复生态系统来努力恢复生态系统的状况。本研究旨在确定佩拉拉万地区廖内省生态系统恢复区泥炭森林的组成、INP、多样性指数和分层情况。数据收集方法包括植被分析、实地观察和文献研究。研究结果表明,在幼灌木植被中发现了 11 个物种,其中以榕树为主;在老灌木植被中发现了 28 个物种,其中以娑罗树为主;而在次生林植被中发现了 55 个物种,其中以茜草为主。根据实地观察,研究地点的冠层闭合条件包括 A、B、C、D 和 E 层,其中以 C 层(4-20 米)为主。
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引用次数: 0
PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT DARI PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN HUTAN BERSAMA MASYARAKAT (PHBM) DENGAN SISTEM AGROFORESTRI (Studi Kasus : Desa Sumberejo BKPH Nglawungan KPH Blora Devisi Regional I Jawa Tengah Perum Perhutani) 社区联合森林管理计划(PHBM)与农业耕作系统的社区收入(案例研究:Sumberejo 村 BKPH Nglawungan KPH Blora 区域 I 中爪哇 Perum Perhutani)
Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v22i1.492
Tria Listriyani, Ina Lidiawati, Abdul Rahman Rusli
Community based forest management is believed to be able to increase agricultural and timber products, which has economic value. Farmers generally pay more attention to economic factors than to maintaining agricultural land and forests. The level of crop productivity and the income scale of agroforestry farmers are affected by the area of agroforestry land, so it needs to be maintained. This study aims to determine the pattern of agroforestry planting and community income from the Community Forest Management (PHBM) program with an agroforestry system in Sumberejo Village BKPH Nglawungan KPH Blora Perum Perhutani Regional Division I Central Java. The method used was purposive sampling with a survey approach. The sample was selected from 6 KTH, where each is 5-7 representative respondents with criteria of the land area of ​​0.25-0.1, active members of LMDH for at least one year, and farming for at least two years as well as heads of families who were sampled in this study. The research analysis uses the Pd = TR – TC formula, and the data analysis uses descriptive analysis based on tabulations. The results showed that the community participating in PHBM in Sumberejo Village was dominated by those aged more than 30 years, with an elementary school (SD) graduate education level and livelihood as agricultural workers. Application of the pattern with an agroforestry system is with a row pattern (alternate rows). The agroforestry component is agrisilviculture, with an average farmer income of IDR 24,691,320 in a year.
以社区为基础的森林管理被认为能够增加具有经济价值的农业和木材产品。与维护农田和森林相比,农民一般更重视经济因素。农林业农民的作物生产力水平和收入规模受到农林业土地面积的影响,因此需要对其进行维护。本研究旨在确定中爪哇第一区 Sumberejo 村 BKPH Nglawungan KPH Blora Perum Perhutani 地区农林系统社区森林管理 (PHBM) 计划的农林种植模式和社区收入。采用的方法是目的性抽样调查法。样本从 6 个 KTH 中抽取,每个 KTH 有 5-7 名有代表性的受访者,标准是土地面积为 0.25-0.1 平方英里、至少一年的 LMDH 活跃成员、至少两年的耕作以及在本研究中被抽样的户主。研究分析采用 Pd = TR - TC 公式,数据分析采用基于表格的描述性分析。结果显示,松贝雷乔村参与 PHBM 的社区主要以 30 岁以上、小学毕业、以务农为生的人群为主。农林系统的应用模式是行列模式(交替行列)。农林业的组成部分是农业种植,农民一年的平均收入为 24 691 320 印尼盾。
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引用次数: 0
PERDAGANGAN ILEGAL KUKANG (Nycticebus spp.) DI JAWA BARAT BERDASARKAN INFORMASI MEDIA SOSIAL 2019-2020 根据2011 -2020的社交媒体信息,西爪哇省的KUKANG (Nycticebus spp)非法贸易
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v21i2.367
Amelya Apriliani Putri, Abdul Rahman Rusli, D. Sasongko
Slow lorises in the one of Indonesia's protected primates. Slow lorises are nocturnal (active at night) animals that move very slowly with a variety of habitat types. Slow lorises are also the second most popular primate animal as a pet. The high level of illegal slow loris trade in Indonesia is thought to be due to low knowledge and awareness of the community and driven by economic factors due to the high interest in traded animals. This study aims to obtain data on the types, conditions or body parts of slow lorises traded and to map the hotspots for illegal online slow loris trade in the West Java. Testing data on the illegal online slow loris trade uses primary and secondary data. Data on the online illegal trade in slow lorises was obtained through social media observations, data analysis is carried out in quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The results of this study show that lorises in a dead (dead) condition are more common, and the hotspots for the illegal trade of slow lorises in the West Java region through social media are Ciamis, Pangandaran, Indramayu, Kuningan, Tasikmalaya, Depok, Bandung, and Bogor  
懒猴是印度尼西亚受保护的灵长类动物之一。懒猴是夜行动物(在夜间活动),在各种栖息地类型中移动非常缓慢。懒猴也是第二受欢迎的灵长类动物宠物。在印度尼西亚,懒猴非法贸易的高水平被认为是由于社区的知识和意识不足,以及由于对交易动物的高度兴趣而受到经济因素的驱动。本研究旨在获取懒猴交易的种类、状况或身体部位的数据,并绘制出西爪哇懒猴非法网上交易的热点地区。非法在线懒猴交易的测试数据使用了一手数据和二手数据。通过社交媒体观察获得懒猴网上非法贸易的数据,采用定量和定性描述性方法对数据进行分析。本研究结果表明,死(死)状态的懒猴更为常见,西爪哇地区通过社交媒体非法交易懒猴的热点是Ciamis、Pangandaran、Indramayu、Kuningan、Tasikmalaya、Depok、万隆和茂物
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引用次数: 0
NILAI EKONOMI KEGUNAAN WISATA ALAM SITUGUNUNG TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG GEDE PANGRANGO 经济价值自然旅游实用性山达蓬兰戈国家公园
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v21i2.368
Amala Rezki, Ina Lidiawati, Bambang Supriono
The Situgunung area has direct usability value as recreation place and natural tourism. This study aims to determine the perception of visitors and the economic value usability on the natural tourism of Situgunung. This research method uses descriptive methods as well as traveling expenses or the Travel Cost Method (TCM). Testing the perception of visitors using validity and reliability tests were analyzed descriptively using a Likert scale and the economic value use was analyzed using the concept of travel cost (TCM). This result of the study indicates the index of visitors’ perceptions of Situgunung Nature Tourism from the beauty is 89,25% very beautiful, the security aspect is 83,5 % very safe, the hygiene aspect is 77,5% very clean, the accessibility aspect is 77,75% very easy, the facility aspect is 74,25% complete. And the economic value of the use of Situgunung Nature Tourism is Rp.49.197.122.816/year, with the average traveling expenses calculated based on the zone or distance from the area from which the visitor came to the tourist location. With the high perception of visitors and the value of economic use of Situgunung Nature Tourism objects, a more professional management is needed without reducing the concept of natural sustainability.  
司古农地区具有直接的游憩和自然旅游利用价值。本研究旨在确定游客对四古农自然旅游的感知及经济价值可用性。本研究方法采用描述性方法以及差旅费用或差旅成本法(TCM)。使用效度和信度测试对游客感知进行描述性分析,使用旅行成本(TCM)概念对经济价值使用进行分析。该研究结果表明,游客对四古农自然旅游的感知指数从美丽方面为89,25%非常美丽,安全方面为83,5%非常安全,卫生方面为77,5%非常干净,可达性方面为77,75%非常容易,设施方面为74,25%完整。四境洞自然旅游利用的经济价值为49.197.122.816卢比/年,平均旅游费用按游客到达旅游地点的区域或距离计算。随着游客的高认知度和经济利用价值,在不降低自然可持续性概念的情况下,需要更专业的管理。
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引用次数: 0
KARAKTERISTIK SPASIAL DAN POTENSI CADANGAN KARBON DI BENTANG ALAM MBELILING NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR 东努萨自然资源中的碳的空间特性和潜在储备
Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v21i2.366
Serlina H. Oktian, Luluk Setyaningsih, Nengsih Anen, W. C. Adinugroho
Providing comprehensive information on carbon stock data on all carbon pools needs to be done to plan and measure climate change mitigation efforts that are carried out. This research was conducted by analyzing spatial characteristics and estimating carbon stocks with model development. Spatial analysis is carried out to provide an overview of the distribution of spatial values that can use the built model. Estimation of carbon stock is carried out by building a carbon stock estimator model that correlates the value of remote sensing parameters with the value of carbon stocks in all carbon storage sources. The characteristics of the vegetation index value in the forest category are greater than in the non-forest category and vice versa for the distribution of the digital number average value. The model development is only carried out on aboveground biomass and belowground biomass carbon pools. The results of the analysis of the estimation of carbon stocks based on the selected model showed the potential for aboveground biomass was 5,200,841.45 tC and the potential for belowground biomass was 1,317,948.10 tC.
需要提供关于所有碳库的碳储量数据的全面信息,以规划和衡量正在开展的减缓气候变化的努力。通过空间特征分析和模型开发估算碳储量。空间分析是为了提供可以使用所建模型的空间值分布的概述。通过建立碳储量估算器模型,将遥感参数值与各碳储量源的碳储量值相关联,对碳储量进行估算。森林类植被指数值的分布特征大于非森林类植被指数值,反之亦然。模型开发仅针对地上生物量和地下生物量碳库进行。基于所选模型的碳储量估算分析结果表明,地上生物量潜力为5,200,841.45 tC,地下生物量潜力为1,317,948.10 tC。
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引用次数: 0
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN OBYEK WISATA DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM TELAGA WARNA 色彩斑驳自然景观中旅游对象开发策略
Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v21i1.316
Meri Juanda, Ina Lidiawati, Abdul Rahman Rusli
TWA Telaga Warna is a Nature Conservation Area which is mainly intended for tourism and nature recreation. TWA Potential of Telaga Warna is not yet known with certainty, given its intangible nature and has recently experienced a decrease in the number of visitors. For this reason, it is necessary to know the potential and strategies for developing tourism objects in TWA Telaga Warna. The method used in this research is based on the analysis of the area of operation of the object of natural tourist attraction (ADO - ODTWA), the index of the feasibility of an object and the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). Based on the research, it was found that TWA Telaga Warna has potential tourism objects that are worth developing (77.55%) and the TWA Telaga Warna development strategy is the SO strategy, namely maximizing the strength (strength) owned and maximizing the opportunity (opportunity) by preserving the natural good flora. , fauna, natural beauty and water availability of TWA Telaga Warna are the satisfaction of visitors, making infrastructure so that visitors can enjoy natural panoramas and easy access to information, and making tour packages at TWA Telaga Warna in collaboration with the hotel.
TWA Telaga Warna是一个自然保护区,主要用于旅游和自然娱乐。特拉加瓦尔纳的TWA潜力尚不确定,因为它的无形性质,最近游客数量有所减少。因此,有必要了解在TWA特拉加瓦尔纳开发旅游对象的潜力和策略。本研究采用的方法是基于自然旅游吸引对象的经营区域分析(ADO - ODTWA)、对象的可行性指标和优势、劣势、机会和威胁分析(SWOT)。通过研究发现,TWA Telaga Warna有潜在的旅游对象值得开发(77.55%),TWA Telaga Warna的开发策略是SO策略,即通过保护自然良好的植物群来最大化拥有的实力(strength)和最大化机会(opportunity)。TWA Telaga Warna的基础设施、动物、自然美景和水的可用性使游客满意,使游客可以欣赏自然全景和方便获取信息,并与酒店合作制定TWA Telaga Warna的旅游套餐。
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引用次数: 1
PRODUKTIFITAS LEBAH Trigona sp. PADA BERBAGAI TEKNIK BUDIDAYA DI DESA NAYAGATI KECAMATAN LEUWIDAMAR KABUPATEN LEBAK
Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v21i1.318
Anang Setiawan, T. Susdiyanti, Kustin bintani Meiganati
Non-Timber Forest Products (HHBK) have been used by communities around the forest. Apart from being easy to obtain and not requiring complicated technology to get it, it also has high economic value. It is believed that the existence of NTFPs is most closely related to the interests of the community, especially the people living around the forest, in fulfilling their daily needs. One of the NTFPs products is honey bee which has high economic and utility value. This study aims to determine the bee cultivation technique of Trigona sp. which produces the highest hive weight and bee product. This research is located in Bulakan Village, Nayagati Village, Leuwidamar District, Lebak Regency. The research was conducted for 3 (three) months from August to December 2019. The research method was by observing the weight of the hive and yield of bee products, and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the bee cultivation technique that produced the highest productivity in terms of hive weight yield, honey, propolis and brood bee was the cage technique, and the factors that caused differences in productivity were the source of feed and the presence of predators. In the cultivation of bees Trigona sp. The source of feed is very important, besides the need for monitoring every day to avoid predators.
非木材林产品(HHBK)已被森林周围的社区所使用。除了容易获得和不需要复杂的技术之外,它还具有很高的经济价值。人们认为,非森林保护区的存在与社区,特别是生活在森林周围的人们在满足其日常需求方面的利益最为密切相关。蜜蜂是ntfp产品之一,具有很高的经济和实用价值。本研究旨在确定蜂箱重量和蜂产品产量最高的Trigona蜂的养蜂技术。本研究位于勒巴克县Leuwidamar区Nayagati村的Bulakan村。研究于2019年8月至12月进行,为期3个月。研究方法为观察蜂箱重量和蜂产品产量,并进行描述性分析。结果表明:在蜂箱重量、产蜜量、蜂胶量和育蜂量方面,笼养技术的生产力最高,造成生产力差异的因素是饲料来源和捕食者的存在。在蜜蜂的养殖中,饲料的来源是非常重要的,除了需要每天监测以避免捕食者。
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引用次数: 4
MEMAKSIMALKAN DAYA TARIK ALAMIAH SEBAGAI STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG PINANG SERANG BANTEN 利用自然吸引力作为进攻班腾山自然旅游战略
Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.31938/jns.v21i1.320
Suliyanti Suliyanti, Ratna Sari Hasibuan, Ken Dara Cita
Gunung Pinang Nature Tourism is located in Kramatwatu District, Serang Regency. This nature tourism is managed by Perum Perhutani. This tour offers tourist attractions in the form of nature photos with the beauty background of Serang Regency.A variety of photo attractions are offered in this nature tourism. Affordable ticket prices make this natural tourism as one of nature tourism in Serang District. This research was conducted to determine the attraction of tourist attractions in Gunung Pinang natural Tourism, the method of study used is the assessment of ODTWA in the form of scoring or ranking on the potential of Gunung Pinang natural tourism based on guidelines according to Dirjen PHKA 2003 and SWOT analysis.The Data that is examined is the attraction of tourism objects, accessibility, environmental conditions, accommodation, supporting facilities and infrastructure, availability of clean water and safety.Then formulate the internal and external factors of the SWOT matrix as a SWOT analysis. Based on the results of the research of Gunung Pinang nature Tourism has a percentage of ODTWA assessment of 81.63%, so it is worth to be developed, then based on the SWOT analysis that has been done then it is known that the total score of EFI = 1.22 and the total value of EFE = 0.95 score appears that the chosen strategy is in the Quadrant I (one), which is an aggressive strategy. This position that was absolutely strategic ecotourism the further investigated in the the ecotourism program. This is clearly for the purpose of compelling more visitors to Gunung Pinang Natural Tourism.
Gunung Pinang自然旅游位于雪朗县的克拉玛瓦图区。这个自然旅游是由Perum Perhutani管理的。这次旅行以雪朗摄政的美景为背景,以自然照片的形式提供旅游景点。在这种自然旅游中提供了各种各样的摄影景点。实惠的门票价格使这个自然旅游成为雪朗区的自然旅游之一。本研究是为了确定古农槟榔屿自然旅游景点的吸引力,研究使用的方法是根据Dirjen PHKA 2003和SWOT分析的指导方针,以评分或排名的形式对古农槟榔屿自然旅游潜力进行ODTWA评估。审查的数据是旅游对象的吸引力,可达性,环境条件,住宿,配套设施和基础设施,清洁水的可用性和安全性。然后制定内外部因素的SWOT矩阵作为SWOT分析。根据研究结果,Gunung Pinang自然旅游的ODTWA评估百分比为81.63%,因此值得开发,然后根据所做的SWOT分析,那么已知EFI总分= 1.22,EFE总分= 0.95分,所选择的策略处于象限I(1),这是一个积极的策略。这个位置绝对是战略性的生态旅游在生态旅游计划中得到了进一步的研究。这显然是为了吸引更多的游客到槟榔屿自然旅游。
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引用次数: 0
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