Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095840
P. Nambiar, Amol Shetty, A. Thatte, Shubham Lonkar, Vishtasp Jokhi
This paper briefly outlines the experimentation and analysis involved in the optimization of a waste valve of a hydraulic ram pump, commonly called a hydram. The experimental and analytical methods are used in conjunction to maximize the efficiency of the hydram.
{"title":"Hydraulic ram pump: Maximizing efficiency","authors":"P. Nambiar, Amol Shetty, A. Thatte, Shubham Lonkar, Vishtasp Jokhi","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095840","url":null,"abstract":"This paper briefly outlines the experimentation and analysis involved in the optimization of a waste valve of a hydraulic ram pump, commonly called a hydram. The experimental and analytical methods are used in conjunction to maximize the efficiency of the hydram.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127681053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095864
Nilakshi Joshi, A. Tripathy, Chrisyl D'souza, Pamela Mathias, Kevin Joseph
Malaria is a vector-borne disease which has high mortality in the world. Various spatial environmental factors have an effect on this disease. Several attempts have been made to review the use of GIS and remote sensing to predict vector-borne disease transmission. The analysis of the correlation between the environment and malaria are rare. The present study gives us information about the past and helps us to determine the future role of GIS and remote sensing for the control of vector-borne diseases. Remote sensing technology allows the user to extract measurements on a local level and thus generate spatial patterns which would otherwise not be visible. This system helps us to find a relation between malaria, different land types and the vegetation index. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is an indicator used to predict the live vegetation that is present in an area and the land type of the location selected. Environmental information for monitoring malaria and thus providing an early warning will be possible through this study. It will provide information as to not only where, but also when malaria is most likely to occur. Thus, decision makers can select various procedures such as nets treated with insecticides, drugs and draining of stagnant water by observing the graph generated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient which will depict which area needs more treatment against the disease.
{"title":"Forecast of Malaria in rural area using satellite imagery and GIS","authors":"Nilakshi Joshi, A. Tripathy, Chrisyl D'souza, Pamela Mathias, Kevin Joseph","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095864","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a vector-borne disease which has high mortality in the world. Various spatial environmental factors have an effect on this disease. Several attempts have been made to review the use of GIS and remote sensing to predict vector-borne disease transmission. The analysis of the correlation between the environment and malaria are rare. The present study gives us information about the past and helps us to determine the future role of GIS and remote sensing for the control of vector-borne diseases. Remote sensing technology allows the user to extract measurements on a local level and thus generate spatial patterns which would otherwise not be visible. This system helps us to find a relation between malaria, different land types and the vegetation index. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is an indicator used to predict the live vegetation that is present in an area and the land type of the location selected. Environmental information for monitoring malaria and thus providing an early warning will be possible through this study. It will provide information as to not only where, but also when malaria is most likely to occur. Thus, decision makers can select various procedures such as nets treated with insecticides, drugs and draining of stagnant water by observing the graph generated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient which will depict which area needs more treatment against the disease.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131581300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095907
Melvin Varghese, Shreeprasad S. Manohar, Kean Rodrigues, Vinayak Kodkani, Shantanu J. Pendse
A world where visually challenged can walk without worrying about collision & related complexities resulting from error in judgment. Such is the Utopian vision that we strive to achieve with our idea "The Smart Guide Cane". This project aims to integrate the traditional white cane with an interface consisting of an on-board computer (Arduino microcontroller) & ultrasonic sensors in order to detect all obstacles viz floor-level & above-average height obstacles. The resulting detection gives rise to a reliable output source which can guide the user beyond the limits of danger. The uniqueness of the project ties in the fact that it implements this specially for the Indian scenario which is different from the rest of the world & make it cost-effective for the masses as compared to the other existing systems.
{"title":"The smart guide cane: An enhanced walking cane for assisting the visually challenged","authors":"Melvin Varghese, Shreeprasad S. Manohar, Kean Rodrigues, Vinayak Kodkani, Shantanu J. Pendse","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095907","url":null,"abstract":"A world where visually challenged can walk without worrying about collision & related complexities resulting from error in judgment. Such is the Utopian vision that we strive to achieve with our idea \"The Smart Guide Cane\". This project aims to integrate the traditional white cane with an interface consisting of an on-board computer (Arduino microcontroller) & ultrasonic sensors in order to detect all obstacles viz floor-level & above-average height obstacles. The resulting detection gives rise to a reliable output source which can guide the user beyond the limits of danger. The uniqueness of the project ties in the fact that it implements this specially for the Indian scenario which is different from the rest of the world & make it cost-effective for the masses as compared to the other existing systems.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131684554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095891
Ashish Kumar, A. Rai, R. Garg
Purpose of present study is to investigate the performance of a single basin double slope solar still in conjunction with a thermal energy storage material: paraffin wax as a heat reservoir under the liner of the basin. The heat transfer coefficients are evaluated and their variations are studied. Furthermore, the constant C and n of the Nusselt's expression has been calculated. Overall 61% gain was recorded when PCM was used, where as a 34% nocturnal and 64% gain in the day time distillate was recorded. The daily experimental uncertainty was approximated to 16%. The water quality has shown a good agreement with the standards as proposed by WHO and BIS. In order to forecast the social acceptability, the economics of the still is also studied and it is found that such a still have a payback period of 4-5 months.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of a passive solar still with paraffin wax as latent heat storage","authors":"Ashish Kumar, A. Rai, R. Garg","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095891","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of present study is to investigate the performance of a single basin double slope solar still in conjunction with a thermal energy storage material: paraffin wax as a heat reservoir under the liner of the basin. The heat transfer coefficients are evaluated and their variations are studied. Furthermore, the constant C and n of the Nusselt's expression has been calculated. Overall 61% gain was recorded when PCM was used, where as a 34% nocturnal and 64% gain in the day time distillate was recorded. The daily experimental uncertainty was approximated to 16%. The water quality has shown a good agreement with the standards as proposed by WHO and BIS. In order to forecast the social acceptability, the economics of the still is also studied and it is found that such a still have a payback period of 4-5 months.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115736918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095918
Ingrid Nazareth, S. Vernekar, R. Gad, G. Naik
Urea content in the human blood is an important parameter to monitor the healthy state of a human being. Normally a patient is sent to pathological laboratories for blood extraction to quantify the actual urea percentage. Although this method is accurate, it requires a lot of time and reagents. It also involves the fear of infection during the extraction of blood. The method described in this manuscript gives a simple technique based on RF response of urea in the human tissue. In this paper, laboratory samples of various urea percentages were prepared and their responses were measured using a RF dielectric loss cell. The setup consists of a signal generator and a spectrum analyzer connected in scalar network mode to measure the RF response from 10MHz to 500MHz. The results show that there is a linear relation between the dielectric loss and the percentage of urea in the sample.
{"title":"Response of blood urea using RF scalar network analyzer","authors":"Ingrid Nazareth, S. Vernekar, R. Gad, G. Naik","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095918","url":null,"abstract":"Urea content in the human blood is an important parameter to monitor the healthy state of a human being. Normally a patient is sent to pathological laboratories for blood extraction to quantify the actual urea percentage. Although this method is accurate, it requires a lot of time and reagents. It also involves the fear of infection during the extraction of blood. The method described in this manuscript gives a simple technique based on RF response of urea in the human tissue. In this paper, laboratory samples of various urea percentages were prepared and their responses were measured using a RF dielectric loss cell. The setup consists of a signal generator and a spectrum analyzer connected in scalar network mode to measure the RF response from 10MHz to 500MHz. The results show that there is a linear relation between the dielectric loss and the percentage of urea in the sample.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115146782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095923
Rasika Shastri, P. Charan, Y. V. V. Satya Narayana
Sewage Treatment is undertaken to ensure sanitation, avoid spread of water borne diseases; prevent water pollution and also to protect environment and aquatic life. Developing countries such as India, which face burgeoning population and consequent effects of untreated sewage; sewage treatment has become an important policy decision for Urban Local Bodies (ULB's). This paper gives a brief description of Cyclic Activated Technology; a modern technology for sewage treatment along with its implementation vis-à-vis a case study of 50 MLD STP at Chandigarh.
{"title":"Cyclic activated sludge technology for recycling of sewage","authors":"Rasika Shastri, P. Charan, Y. V. V. Satya Narayana","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095923","url":null,"abstract":"Sewage Treatment is undertaken to ensure sanitation, avoid spread of water borne diseases; prevent water pollution and also to protect environment and aquatic life. Developing countries such as India, which face burgeoning population and consequent effects of untreated sewage; sewage treatment has become an important policy decision for Urban Local Bodies (ULB's). This paper gives a brief description of Cyclic Activated Technology; a modern technology for sewage treatment along with its implementation vis-à-vis a case study of 50 MLD STP at Chandigarh.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125878501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095885
A. Tripathy, Sejal Chopra, Samantha Bosco, Srinidhi S Shetty, Firdos Sayyed
Each year, there are thousands of highway deaths and tens of thousands of serious injuries due to "Run-Off-Road" accidents. Everything from simple driver inattentiveness, to fatigue, callousness, to drunk driving, is responsible. Simple sensors can be fitted inside vehicles embedded with various features like, automatic collision notification, vehicle security, speed control which can give impetus to an efficient road safety system. The features that are proposed in this work are: Automatic collision notification that gives notification to the victim's relative, Red light traffic control makes sure vehicle doesn't break signal, Speed control alters speed in different zones, Horn control prevents honking in horn prohibited zone, Alcohol detection detects drunk driving and Vehicle security is used to prevent theft.
{"title":"Travolution — An embedded system in passenger car for road safety","authors":"A. Tripathy, Sejal Chopra, Samantha Bosco, Srinidhi S Shetty, Firdos Sayyed","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095885","url":null,"abstract":"Each year, there are thousands of highway deaths and tens of thousands of serious injuries due to \"Run-Off-Road\" accidents. Everything from simple driver inattentiveness, to fatigue, callousness, to drunk driving, is responsible. Simple sensors can be fitted inside vehicles embedded with various features like, automatic collision notification, vehicle security, speed control which can give impetus to an efficient road safety system. The features that are proposed in this work are: Automatic collision notification that gives notification to the victim's relative, Red light traffic control makes sure vehicle doesn't break signal, Speed control alters speed in different zones, Horn control prevents honking in horn prohibited zone, Alcohol detection detects drunk driving and Vehicle security is used to prevent theft.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131353581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095908
Zainab Akhtar, K. S. Rao
This paper presents an economic analysis of solar chimney power plant (SCPP) of 200 MW capacity in India by taking fifteen different sets of dimensions of chimney height and collector diameter, five sets each corresponding to collector efficiency of 33%, 50% and 65%. Quantity of different materials required and capital cost for construction of 200 MW solar chimney power plant is estimated. Based on capital cost, operation cost and maintenance cost, levelized electricity cost (LEC) for SCPP is calculated first for five sets corresponding to collector efficiency of 33% and calculations have been demonstrated. Calculations are repeated for collector efficiency values of 50% and 65%. Further, capital cost and LEC for different values of collector efficiency were compared.
{"title":"Effect of collector efficiency on levelized electricity cost of 200 MW solar chimney power plant in India","authors":"Zainab Akhtar, K. S. Rao","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095908","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an economic analysis of solar chimney power plant (SCPP) of 200 MW capacity in India by taking fifteen different sets of dimensions of chimney height and collector diameter, five sets each corresponding to collector efficiency of 33%, 50% and 65%. Quantity of different materials required and capital cost for construction of 200 MW solar chimney power plant is estimated. Based on capital cost, operation cost and maintenance cost, levelized electricity cost (LEC) for SCPP is calculated first for five sets corresponding to collector efficiency of 33% and calculations have been demonstrated. Calculations are repeated for collector efficiency values of 50% and 65%. Further, capital cost and LEC for different values of collector efficiency were compared.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114794842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095859
Prasad Padalkar
It is necessary to sensitize the students of the professional course like engineering to the enviromental issues as well as to equip them with an ability to analyze and develope a sustinable solution to those problems. These skills are popularly know as the green skills. This paper presents analysis of the releation between the subject and the level of integration of the enviromental issues to the domain of study. The integaration would not only enable students to better understand and relate to environmnetal problem, but also prepare them to develop solution for the problems. We look at the current scenario of University of Mumbai syllabus for Department of Information Technology. The levels at which the assessment questions are set plays and important role in not only developing the understanding of the subject, but also in creating an image about its importance in the student's mind. We analyze the set of question papers from the subject of Environmnetal Studies according to the Bloom's Taxonomy.
{"title":"A study of learning affected by subjects related to the environment in IT engineering course","authors":"Prasad Padalkar","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095859","url":null,"abstract":"It is necessary to sensitize the students of the professional course like engineering to the enviromental issues as well as to equip them with an ability to analyze and develope a sustinable solution to those problems. These skills are popularly know as the green skills. This paper presents analysis of the releation between the subject and the level of integration of the enviromental issues to the domain of study. The integaration would not only enable students to better understand and relate to environmnetal problem, but also prepare them to develop solution for the problems. We look at the current scenario of University of Mumbai syllabus for Department of Information Technology. The levels at which the assessment questions are set plays and important role in not only developing the understanding of the subject, but also in creating an image about its importance in the student's mind. We analyze the set of question papers from the subject of Environmnetal Studies according to the Bloom's Taxonomy.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122346523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-30DOI: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095868
P. Tayde, C. Shastri, Bhoomi Shah, Nitesh Sankpal, Nitin Asabe, H. Jeswani
Reusing waste water by appropriate treatment is an effective method for meeting the fresh water demand for construction, cooling, boiler, irrigation and domestic purposes. Greywater (sullage) is the component of domestic waste water which does not contain the toilet effluent. This study aims at treatment of greywater for non-potable purpose, focusing on a non biological treatment technology which is simple, cheap and of portable nature thus having minimum maintenance. Characterization of mixed domestic sullage was done as an initial part of the study. The COD, BOD, TSS, Oil & Grease and Turbidity concentration was found out be 2134, 634, 900, 2309.5 mg/L and 1814 NTU respectively. The primary reason for these high values was gauged to be due to high concentration of cooking oil and detergents in the sample. Based on literature review, a grey water treatment system consisting of coagulation followed by sedimentation, adsorption, filtration and ion exchange is proposed so as to bring the concentration of contaminants upto non potable standards.
{"title":"Use of sullage for non-potable purpose","authors":"P. Tayde, C. Shastri, Bhoomi Shah, Nitesh Sankpal, Nitin Asabe, H. Jeswani","doi":"10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095868","url":null,"abstract":"Reusing waste water by appropriate treatment is an effective method for meeting the fresh water demand for construction, cooling, boiler, irrigation and domestic purposes. Greywater (sullage) is the component of domestic waste water which does not contain the toilet effluent. This study aims at treatment of greywater for non-potable purpose, focusing on a non biological treatment technology which is simple, cheap and of portable nature thus having minimum maintenance. Characterization of mixed domestic sullage was done as an initial part of the study. The COD, BOD, TSS, Oil & Grease and Turbidity concentration was found out be 2134, 634, 900, 2309.5 mg/L and 1814 NTU respectively. The primary reason for these high values was gauged to be due to high concentration of cooking oil and detergents in the sample. Based on literature review, a grey water treatment system consisting of coagulation followed by sedimentation, adsorption, filtration and ion exchange is proposed so as to bring the concentration of contaminants upto non potable standards.","PeriodicalId":270099,"journal":{"name":"2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123781164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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