Global routing is an essential step in physical design. Recently there are works on accelerating global routers using GPU. However, they only focus on certain stages of global routing, and have limited overall speedup. In this paper, we present a superfast full-scale GPU-accelerated global router and introduce useful parallelization techniques for routing. Experiments show that our 3D router achieves both good quality and short runtime compared to other state-of-the-art academic global routers.
{"title":"Superfast Full-Scale GPU-Accelerated Global Routing","authors":"Shiju Lin, Martin D. F. Wong","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549474","url":null,"abstract":"Global routing is an essential step in physical design. Recently there are works on accelerating global routers using GPU. However, they only focus on certain stages of global routing, and have limited overall speedup. In this paper, we present a superfast full-scale GPU-accelerated global router and introduce useful parallelization techniques for routing. Experiments show that our 3D router achieves both good quality and short runtime compared to other state-of-the-art academic global routers.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128652064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the tight integration of components in heterogeneous systems has increased the popularity of the Shared-Virtual Memory (SVM) system programming model, the overhead of SVM can significantly impact end-to-end application performance. However, studying SVM implementations is difficult, as there is no open and flexible system to explore trade-offs between different SVM implementations and the SVM design space is not clearly defined. To this end, we present Qilin, the first open-source system which enables thorough study of SVM in heterogeneous computing environments for discrete accelerators. Qilin is a transparent and flexible system built on top of an open-source FPGA shell, which allows researchers to alter components of the underlying SVM implementation to understand how SVM design decisions impact performance. Using Qilin, we perform an extensive quantitative analysis on the over-heads of three SVM architectures, and generate several insights which highlight the cost and benefits of each architecture. From these insights, we propose a flowchart of how to choose the best SVM implementation given the application characteristics and the SVM capabilities of the system. Qilin also provides application developers a flexible SVM shell for high-performance virtualized applications. Optimizations enabled by Qilin can reduce the latency of translations by 6.86x compared to an open-source FPGA shell.
{"title":"Qilin: Enabling Performance Analysis and Optimization of Shared-Virtual Memory Systems with FPGA Accelerators","authors":"Edward Richter, Deming Chen","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549431","url":null,"abstract":"While the tight integration of components in heterogeneous systems has increased the popularity of the Shared-Virtual Memory (SVM) system programming model, the overhead of SVM can significantly impact end-to-end application performance. However, studying SVM implementations is difficult, as there is no open and flexible system to explore trade-offs between different SVM implementations and the SVM design space is not clearly defined. To this end, we present Qilin, the first open-source system which enables thorough study of SVM in heterogeneous computing environments for discrete accelerators. Qilin is a transparent and flexible system built on top of an open-source FPGA shell, which allows researchers to alter components of the underlying SVM implementation to understand how SVM design decisions impact performance. Using Qilin, we perform an extensive quantitative analysis on the over-heads of three SVM architectures, and generate several insights which highlight the cost and benefits of each architecture. From these insights, we propose a flowchart of how to choose the best SVM implementation given the application characteristics and the SVM capabilities of the system. Qilin also provides application developers a flexible SVM shell for high-performance virtualized applications. Optimizations enabled by Qilin can reduce the latency of translations by 6.86x compared to an open-source FPGA shell.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126668122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
False data injection attacks on sensor systems are an emerging threat to cyberphysical systems, creating significant risks to all application domains and, importantly, to critical infrastructures. Cyberphysical systems are process-dependent leading to differing false data injection attacks that target disruption of the specific processes (plants). We present a taxonomy of false data injection attacks, using a general model for cyberphysical systems, showing that global and continuous attacks are extremely powerful. In order to detect false data injection attacks, we describe three methods that can be employed to enable effective monitoring and detection of false data injection attacks during plant operation. Considering that sensor failures have equivalent effects to relative false data injection attacks, the methods are effective for sensor fault detection as well.
{"title":"False Data Injection Attacks on Sensor Systems","authors":"D. Serpanos","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3561098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3561098","url":null,"abstract":"False data injection attacks on sensor systems are an emerging threat to cyberphysical systems, creating significant risks to all application domains and, importantly, to critical infrastructures. Cyberphysical systems are process-dependent leading to differing false data injection attacks that target disruption of the specific processes (plants). We present a taxonomy of false data injection attacks, using a general model for cyberphysical systems, showing that global and continuous attacks are extremely powerful. In order to detect false data injection attacks, we describe three methods that can be employed to enable effective monitoring and detection of false data injection attacks during plant operation. Considering that sensor failures have equivalent effects to relative false data injection attacks, the methods are effective for sensor fault detection as well.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115624769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chung-Han Chou, Chih-Jen Hsu, Chi-An Wu, Kuan-Hua Tu
Extracting circuit functionality from a gate-level netlist is critical in CAD tools. For security, it helps designers to detect hardware Trojans or malicious design changes in the netlist with third-party resources such as fabrication services and soft/hard IP cores. For verification, it can reduce the complexity and effort of keeping design information in aggressive optimization strategies adopted by synthesis tools. For Engineering Change Order (ECO), it can keep the designer from locating the ECO gate in a sea of bit-level gates.In this contest, we formulated a datapath learning and extraction problem. With a set of benchmarks and an evaluation metric, we expect contestants to develop a tool to learn the arithmetic equations from a synthesized gate-level netlist.
{"title":"2022 CAD Contest Problem A: Learning Arithmetic Operations from Gate-Level Circuit","authors":"Chung-Han Chou, Chih-Jen Hsu, Chi-An Wu, Kuan-Hua Tu","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3561107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3561107","url":null,"abstract":"Extracting circuit functionality from a gate-level netlist is critical in CAD tools. For security, it helps designers to detect hardware Trojans or malicious design changes in the netlist with third-party resources such as fabrication services and soft/hard IP cores. For verification, it can reduce the complexity and effort of keeping design information in aggressive optimization strategies adopted by synthesis tools. For Engineering Change Order (ECO), it can keep the designer from locating the ECO gate in a sea of bit-level gates.In this contest, we formulated a datapath learning and extraction problem. With a set of benchmarks and an evaluation metric, we expect contestants to develop a tool to learn the arithmetic equations from a synthesized gate-level netlist.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122464941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern processors deliver high performance by utilizing advanced features such as out-of-order execution, branch prediction, speculative execution, and sophisticated buffer management. Unfortunately, these techniques have introduced diverse vulnerabilities including Spectre, Meltdown, and microarchitectural data sampling (MDS). Although Spectre and Meltdown can leak data via memory side channels, MDS has shown to leak data from the CPU internal buffers in Intel architectures. AMD has reported that its processors are not vulnerable to MDS/Meltdown type attacks. In this paper, we present a Meltdown/MDS type of attack to leak data from the load queue in AMD Zen family architectures. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first attempt in developing an attack on AMD architectures using speculative load forwarding to leak data through the load queue. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that our proposed attack is successful on multiple machines with AMD processors. We also explore a lightweight mitigation to defend against speculative load forwarding attack on modern processors.
{"title":"Speculative Load Forwarding Attack on Modern Processors","authors":"Hasini Witharana, P. Mishra","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549417","url":null,"abstract":"Modern processors deliver high performance by utilizing advanced features such as out-of-order execution, branch prediction, speculative execution, and sophisticated buffer management. Unfortunately, these techniques have introduced diverse vulnerabilities including Spectre, Meltdown, and microarchitectural data sampling (MDS). Although Spectre and Meltdown can leak data via memory side channels, MDS has shown to leak data from the CPU internal buffers in Intel architectures. AMD has reported that its processors are not vulnerable to MDS/Meltdown type attacks. In this paper, we present a Meltdown/MDS type of attack to leak data from the load queue in AMD Zen family architectures. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first attempt in developing an attack on AMD architectures using speculative load forwarding to leak data through the load queue. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that our proposed attack is successful on multiple machines with AMD processors. We also explore a lightweight mitigation to defend against speculative load forwarding attack on modern processors.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116022054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prianka Sengupta, Aakash Tyagi, Yiran Chen, Jiangkun Hu
Hardware Description Language (HDL) is a common entry point for designing digital circuits. Differences in HDL coding styles and design choices may lead to considerably different design quality and performance-power tradeoff. In general, the impact of HDL coding is not clear until logic synthesis or even layout is completed. However, running synthesis merely as a feedback for HDL code is computationally not economical especially in early design phases when the code needs to be frequently modified. Furthermore, in late stages of design convergence burdened with high-impact engineering change orders (ECO’s), design iterations become prohibitively expensive. To this end, we propose a machine learning approach to Verilog-based Register-Transfer Level (RTL) design assessment without going through the synthesis process. It would allow designers to quickly evaluate the performance-power tradeoff among different options of RTL designs. Experimental results show that our proposed technique achieves an average of 95% prediction accuracy in terms of post-placement analysis, and is 6 orders of magnitude faster than evaluation by running logic synthesis and placement.
{"title":"How Good Is Your Verilog RTL Code? A Quick Answer from Machine Learning","authors":"Prianka Sengupta, Aakash Tyagi, Yiran Chen, Jiangkun Hu","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549375","url":null,"abstract":"Hardware Description Language (HDL) is a common entry point for designing digital circuits. Differences in HDL coding styles and design choices may lead to considerably different design quality and performance-power tradeoff. In general, the impact of HDL coding is not clear until logic synthesis or even layout is completed. However, running synthesis merely as a feedback for HDL code is computationally not economical especially in early design phases when the code needs to be frequently modified. Furthermore, in late stages of design convergence burdened with high-impact engineering change orders (ECO’s), design iterations become prohibitively expensive. To this end, we propose a machine learning approach to Verilog-based Register-Transfer Level (RTL) design assessment without going through the synthesis process. It would allow designers to quickly evaluate the performance-power tradeoff among different options of RTL designs. Experimental results show that our proposed technique achieves an average of 95% prediction accuracy in terms of post-placement analysis, and is 6 orders of magnitude faster than evaluation by running logic synthesis and placement.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"549 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116559244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motivated by reducing the data transfer activities in dataintensive neural network computing, SRAM-based compute-inmemory (CiM) has made significant progress. Unfortunately, SRAM has low density and limited on-chip capacity. This makes the deployment of large models inefficient due to the frequent DRAM access to update the weight in SRAM. Recently, a ROM-based CiM design, YOLoC, reveals the unique opportunity of deploying a large-scale neural network in CMOS by exploring the intriguing high density of ROM. However, even though assisting SRAM has been adopted in YOLoC for task transfer within the same domain, it is still a big challenge to overcome the read-only limitation in ROM and enable more flexibility. Therefore, it is of paramount significance to develop new ROM-based CiM architectures and provide broader task space and model expansion capability for more complex tasks.This paper presents Hidden-ROM for high flexibility of ROM-based CiM. Hidden-ROM provides several novel ideas beyond YOLoC. First, it adopts a one-SRAM-many-ROM method that "hides" ROM cells to support various datasets of different domains, including CIFAR10/100, FER2013, and ImageNet. Second, HiddenROM provides the model expansion capability after chip fabrication to update the model for more complex tasks when needed. Experiments show that Hidden-ROM designed for ResNet-18 pretrained on CIFAR100 (item classification) can achieve <0.5% accuracy loss in FER2013 (facial expression recognition), while YOLoC degrades by >40%. After expanding to ResNet-50/101, Hidden-ROM even achieves 68.6%/72.3% accuracy in ImageNet, close to 74.9%/76.4% by software. Such expansion costs only 7.6%/12.7% energy efficiency overhead while providing 12%/16% accuracy improvement after expansion.
{"title":"Hidden-ROM: A Compute-in-ROM Architecture to Deploy Large-Scale Neural Networks on Chip with Flexible and Scalable Post-Fabrication Task Transfer Capability","authors":"Yiming Chen, Guodong Yin, Ming-En Lee, Wenjun Tang, Zekun Yang, Yongpan Liu, Huazhong Yang, Xueqing Li","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549335","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by reducing the data transfer activities in dataintensive neural network computing, SRAM-based compute-inmemory (CiM) has made significant progress. Unfortunately, SRAM has low density and limited on-chip capacity. This makes the deployment of large models inefficient due to the frequent DRAM access to update the weight in SRAM. Recently, a ROM-based CiM design, YOLoC, reveals the unique opportunity of deploying a large-scale neural network in CMOS by exploring the intriguing high density of ROM. However, even though assisting SRAM has been adopted in YOLoC for task transfer within the same domain, it is still a big challenge to overcome the read-only limitation in ROM and enable more flexibility. Therefore, it is of paramount significance to develop new ROM-based CiM architectures and provide broader task space and model expansion capability for more complex tasks.This paper presents Hidden-ROM for high flexibility of ROM-based CiM. Hidden-ROM provides several novel ideas beyond YOLoC. First, it adopts a one-SRAM-many-ROM method that \"hides\" ROM cells to support various datasets of different domains, including CIFAR10/100, FER2013, and ImageNet. Second, HiddenROM provides the model expansion capability after chip fabrication to update the model for more complex tasks when needed. Experiments show that Hidden-ROM designed for ResNet-18 pretrained on CIFAR100 (item classification) can achieve <0.5% accuracy loss in FER2013 (facial expression recognition), while YOLoC degrades by >40%. After expanding to ResNet-50/101, Hidden-ROM even achieves 68.6%/72.3% accuracy in ImageNet, close to 74.9%/76.4% by software. Such expansion costs only 7.6%/12.7% energy efficiency overhead while providing 12%/16% accuracy improvement after expansion.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127707885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Placement and routing are typically defined as two separate problems to reduce the design complexity. However, such a divide-and-conquer approach inevitably incurs the degradation of solution quality due to the correlation/objectives of placement and routing are not entirely consistent. Besides, with various constraints (e.g., timing, R/C characteristic, voltage area, etc.) imposed by advanced circuit designs, bridging the gap between placement and routing while satisfying the advanced constraints has become more challenging. In this paper, we develop a robust global routing engine with high-accuracy cell movement under advanced constraints to narrow the gap and improve the routing solution. We first present a routing refinement technique to obtain the convergent routing result based on fixed placement, which provides more accurate information for subsequent cell movement. To achieve fast and high-accuracy position prediction for cell movement, we construct a lookup table (LUT) considering complex constraints/objectives (e.g., routing direction and layer-based power consumption), and generate a timing-driven gain map for each cell based on the LUT. Finally, based on the prediction, we propose an alternating cell movement and cluster movement scheme followed by partial rip-up and reroute to optimize the routing solution. Experimental results on the ICCAD 2020 contest benchmarks show that our algorithm achieves the best total scores among all published works. Compared with the champion of the ICCAD 2021 contest, experimental results on the ICCAD 2021 contest benchmarks show that our algorithm achieves better solution quality in shorter runtime.
{"title":"A Robust Global Routing Engine with High-accuracy Cell Movement under Advanced Constraints","authors":"Ziran Zhu, Fuheng Shen, Yangjie Mei, Zhipeng Huang, Jianli Chen, Jun-Zhi Yang","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549421","url":null,"abstract":"Placement and routing are typically defined as two separate problems to reduce the design complexity. However, such a divide-and-conquer approach inevitably incurs the degradation of solution quality due to the correlation/objectives of placement and routing are not entirely consistent. Besides, with various constraints (e.g., timing, R/C characteristic, voltage area, etc.) imposed by advanced circuit designs, bridging the gap between placement and routing while satisfying the advanced constraints has become more challenging. In this paper, we develop a robust global routing engine with high-accuracy cell movement under advanced constraints to narrow the gap and improve the routing solution. We first present a routing refinement technique to obtain the convergent routing result based on fixed placement, which provides more accurate information for subsequent cell movement. To achieve fast and high-accuracy position prediction for cell movement, we construct a lookup table (LUT) considering complex constraints/objectives (e.g., routing direction and layer-based power consumption), and generate a timing-driven gain map for each cell based on the LUT. Finally, based on the prediction, we propose an alternating cell movement and cluster movement scheme followed by partial rip-up and reroute to optimize the routing solution. Experimental results on the ICCAD 2020 contest benchmarks show that our algorithm achieves the best total scores among all published works. Compared with the champion of the ICCAD 2021 contest, experimental results on the ICCAD 2021 contest benchmarks show that our algorithm achieves better solution quality in shorter runtime.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132437142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyeonghyeon Baek, Hyunbum Park, Suwan Kim, Kyumyung Choi, Taewhan Kim
An accurate DRC (design rule check) hotspot prediction at the placement stage is essential in order to reduce a substantial amount of design time required for the iterations of placement and routing. It is known that for implementing chips with advanced technology nodes, (1) pin accessibility and (2) routing congestion are two major causes of DRVs (design rule violations). Though many ML (machine learning) techniques have been proposed to address this prediction problem, it was not easy to assemble the aggregate data on items 1 and 2 in a unified fashion for training ML models, resulting in a considerable accuracy loss in DRC hotspot prediction. This work overcomes this limitation by proposing a novel ML based DRC hotspot prediction technique, which is able to accurately capture the combined impact of items 1 and 2 on DRC hotspots. Precisely, we devise a graph, called pin proximity graph, that effectively models the spatial information on cell I/O pins and the information on pin-to-pin disturbance relation. Then, we propose a new ML model, called PGNN, which tightly combines GNN (graph neural network) and U-net in a way that GNN is used to embed pin accessibility information abstracted from our pin proximity graph while U-net is used to extract routing congestion information from grid-based features. Through experiments with a set of benchmark designs using Nangate 15nm library, our PGNN outperforms the existing ML models on all benchmark designs, achieving on average 7.8~12.5% improvements on F1-score while taking 5.5× fast inference time in comparison with that of the state-of-the-art techniques.
{"title":"Pin Accessibility and Routing Congestion Aware DRC Hotspot Prediction using Graph Neural Network and U-Net","authors":"Kyeonghyeon Baek, Hyunbum Park, Suwan Kim, Kyumyung Choi, Taewhan Kim","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549346","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate DRC (design rule check) hotspot prediction at the placement stage is essential in order to reduce a substantial amount of design time required for the iterations of placement and routing. It is known that for implementing chips with advanced technology nodes, (1) pin accessibility and (2) routing congestion are two major causes of DRVs (design rule violations). Though many ML (machine learning) techniques have been proposed to address this prediction problem, it was not easy to assemble the aggregate data on items 1 and 2 in a unified fashion for training ML models, resulting in a considerable accuracy loss in DRC hotspot prediction. This work overcomes this limitation by proposing a novel ML based DRC hotspot prediction technique, which is able to accurately capture the combined impact of items 1 and 2 on DRC hotspots. Precisely, we devise a graph, called pin proximity graph, that effectively models the spatial information on cell I/O pins and the information on pin-to-pin disturbance relation. Then, we propose a new ML model, called PGNN, which tightly combines GNN (graph neural network) and U-net in a way that GNN is used to embed pin accessibility information abstracted from our pin proximity graph while U-net is used to extract routing congestion information from grid-based features. Through experiments with a set of benchmark designs using Nangate 15nm library, our PGNN outperforms the existing ML models on all benchmark designs, achieving on average 7.8~12.5% improvements on F1-score while taking 5.5× fast inference time in comparison with that of the state-of-the-art techniques.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130532575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many prior research works have been widely discussed how to bring machine learning algorithms to embedded systems. Because of resource constraints, embedded platforms for machine learning applications play the role of a predictor. That is, an inference model will be constructed on a personal computer or a server platform, and then integrated into embedded systems for just-in-time inference. With the consideration of the limited main memory space in embedded systems, an important problem for embedded machine learning systems is how to efficiently move inference model between the main memory and a secondary storage (e.g., flash memory). For tackling this problem, we need to consider how to preserve the locality inside the inference model during model construction. Therefore, we have proposed a solution, namely locality-aware random forest (LaRF), to preserve the inter-locality of all decision trees within a random forest model during the model construction process. Owing to the locality preservation, LaRF can improve the read latency by 81.5% at least, compared to the original random forest library.
{"title":"On Minimizing the Read Latency of Flash Memory to Preserve Inter-tree Locality in Random Forest","authors":"Yu-Cheng Lin, Yu-Pei Liang, Tseng-Yi Chen, Yuan-Hao Chang, Shuo-Han Chen, W. Shih","doi":"10.1145/3508352.3549365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549365","url":null,"abstract":"Many prior research works have been widely discussed how to bring machine learning algorithms to embedded systems. Because of resource constraints, embedded platforms for machine learning applications play the role of a predictor. That is, an inference model will be constructed on a personal computer or a server platform, and then integrated into embedded systems for just-in-time inference. With the consideration of the limited main memory space in embedded systems, an important problem for embedded machine learning systems is how to efficiently move inference model between the main memory and a secondary storage (e.g., flash memory). For tackling this problem, we need to consider how to preserve the locality inside the inference model during model construction. Therefore, we have proposed a solution, namely locality-aware random forest (LaRF), to preserve the inter-locality of all decision trees within a random forest model during the model construction process. Owing to the locality preservation, LaRF can improve the read latency by 81.5% at least, compared to the original random forest library.","PeriodicalId":270592,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference On Computer Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125364534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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