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CONSTITUTION OF «UNCANNY OUTER SPACE»: BIOLOGICAL INTERVENTION AND PARADOXES OF TECHNOLOGIES “神秘外太空”的构成:生物干预和技术悖论
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/PERM.KIPF/2018.2.05
Lapina-Kratasjuk Ekaterina, V. Natalya
Статья посвящена популярным образам космоса, формирующимся посредством медиа. Исследования и развитие технологий в области освоения космического пространства, начавшиеся в середине прошлого века, с одной стороны, облекались в героические и футуристические медийные образы, встречающие общественное одобрение. С другой – наравне с ними обнаруживались картины «жуткого космоса», транслирующие пугающие подробности возможных опасностей космического пространства. Главным исследовательским вопросом представленной статьи является вопрос о содержании образа «жуткого космоса», а также причинах его появления и последствиях распространения в астрокультуре. Поставленные задачи рассматриваются авторами на примерах американских фантастических фильмов о Чужом, а именно серии фильмов Ридли Скотта: Чужой (Alien, 1979), Прометей (Prometheus, 2012), Чужой: Завет (Alien: Covenant, 2017). Авторы подробно анализируют три эпизода встречи Чужого с человеком, в которых находят выражение образы «жуткого космоса»: первое «рождение» Чужого за обеденным столом; обнаружение «врага» среди членов команды, когда выясняется, что Эш, офицер-исследователь, является не человеком, а андроидом; и появление Чужого в спасательной капсуле во время приготовления Рипли к гиперсну. В исследовании содержания образа «жуткого космоса», конструируемого в рассматриваемых фильмах, делается акцент на технической и технико-биологической стороне вопроса. Само «жуткое» рассматривается в отношении человеческого к нечеловеческому, это позволяет обнаружить, что система «жуткого космоса» рождается не из страха перед «космической пустотой» и столкновением с неизвестным, а из знакомого человеческого, ставшего незнакомым и чужим. Человеческое тело, разум, идентичность при попадании в космический дискурс становятся возможностью «жуткого космоса», при этом космос сам по себе сохраняет нейтральность образа. Последовательный анализ фильмов в хронологической последовательности также позволяет зафиксировать трансформацию системы «жуткого космоса», связанную с преобразованием страха биологического вторжения, характерного для последней трети XX века, в страх перед технологией искусственного интеллекта, преодолевающей порог человеческой природы. Ключевые слова: космос, жуткое, астрокультура, медиа, Чужой, жуткий космос, антропологическое, нечеловеческое.
这篇文章是关于通过媒体塑造的流行的太空图像。一方面,从上个世纪中叶开始的探索和发展外层空间的研究和发展已经演变成公众认可的英雄和未来主义媒体形象。另一方面,他们还发现了“令人毛骨悚然的太空”的照片,这些照片讲述了宇宙可能的危险。这篇文章的主要研究问题是“令人毛骨悚然的空间”的内容以及它在天体文化中传播的原因和影响。《新约》(Alien, 1979)、《普罗米修斯》、《新约》(Alien: Covenant, 2017)。作者详细分析了外星人与“令人毛骨悚然的宇宙”的三个场景:第一个外星人在餐桌上出生;当调查官员阿什不是人类而是机器人时,在团队中发现“敌人”;在雷普利准备超级睡眠的时候,外星人出现在逃生舱里。研究电影中“令人毛骨悚然的太空”的内容,强调了问题的技术和技术方面。“恐怖”本身被认为是人类对非人类的,它揭示了“恐怖空间”的系统不是来自于对“空间空间”的恐惧和与未知的碰撞,而是来自于一个熟悉的人变成了陌生人和陌生人。人类的身体、思想和身份在进入太空的过程中成为一种“令人毛骨悚然的空间”的可能性,宇宙本身保持着图像的中立。按时间顺序顺序对电影进行连续分析,还可以记录“恐怖空间”系统的转变,这与生物入侵的恐惧转化为对人工智能突破人类本性门槛的恐惧有关。关键字是空间,可怕的,天体文化,媒体,外星人,可怕的空间,人类学的,非人类的。
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引用次数: 1
HERMANN COHEN’S TRANSCENDENTAL METHOD AS A PROJECT (I) 赫尔曼·科恩作为一个项目的先验方法(一)
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/PERM.KIPF/2018.2.01
Tyutyunnikov Aleksandr
the Platonic tradition ʼ s methodical triad μονή – πρόοδος – ἐπιστροφή , and on the other with the Kantian “pure natural science” as a hyposta- sis sui generis of the method, for both of them prove to be on and about law of experience. The possibility of such twofold correlation comes about through the circumstance that the Kantian transcendental idea can be eventually identified with Plato ʼ s idea. With “deepening” Kant through Plato in such a way, Cohen rids the Kantian “illusion” of the myopia of sensibility and thereby turns the illusion into Plato ʼ s intellectual intuition. As well as the intellectualization of sensibility imports the status of categories to space and time, expanding further all categories to ideas (principles ending in maxims, appearances – in noumena ), it imports also the expansion of the competence of mathematics and pure natural science over all possible experience that is no longer limited by sensibility. By joining speculative elements with mathematics and the observably given, the transcendental method can shape the “secure course of a science” for modern mathematical physics, and can do it even where the possible experience is inaccessibly far from being actualized, experimentally and observably realized.
一方面是柏拉图传统的有系统的“ο ο οδος - ο πιστροφ”,另一方面是康德的“纯粹自然科学”作为方法的一种特殊的本质,因为两者都证明是关于经验规律的。这种双重关联的可能性是通过康德的先验理念最终与柏拉图的理念相一致的情况而产生的。科恩以这种方式通过柏拉图“深化”康德,摆脱了康德的感性短视的“幻觉”,从而将这种幻觉转化为柏拉图的智性直觉。感性的理智化将范畴的地位引入到空间和时间,进一步将所有范畴扩展到观念(原则以格言结束,表象-在本体中),它也引入了数学和纯粹自然科学的能力的扩展,超越了所有不再受感性限制的可能经验。通过将思辨元素与数学和可观察到的已知事物结合起来,先验方法可以为现代数学物理学塑造“科学的安全路线”,并且即使在可能的经验难以实现的地方也能做到这一点,实验和可观察到的实现。
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引用次数: 1
EPISTEMOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER GAMES 电脑游戏的认识论功能
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/PERM.KIPF/2018.2.02
Ocheretyany Konstantin, Kolesnikova Dariya
This article touches on the actual problems of formation conditions of media reality and principles of its cognition. The article is aimed at investigation of epistemological function of computer games. To achieve this goal it has been solved the problems of revealing changes intro-duced by conceptual-expressive language of computer games in symbolism and logics of technical devices orienting us in the environment and in the ways of our understanding and emotional experience of space and time. As well it determines the principles of cause-and-effect relations’ construction and the ways of retrieval of the world experience.By the methods of media-philosophy playing space and time is uncovered as inter- active measuring, as solutions totality and as the universe of visible tasks and goals. It is opposed to the dictatorship of informational culture, to the impersonal space-time created by high rates of communication technologies fuzzing the totality of emotions, individual identity and corporal- ity of presence in the flow of information. Any game creates a virtual body from the available resource, namely from the affective-interactive models of involvement into activity and communication. We expect from computer games the similar effects as the ancient engineers expected from the self-moving toys, new European scientists saw in mechanical models and poets-romanticistssaw a game free from power-driven rules:through our subjection to computer games, through giving one’s body to technologies and one’s consciousness to digital interfaces we get unstaged expe- rience – something higher in its reality than everything given by everyday life, something which is such topical that it may be presented only in virtual packing. The result of research shows that in the modern “digital universe” gamer is the way of living in the world, while computer game is the source of language making possible to create and describe the experience of media reality.
本文探讨了媒介现实的形成条件及其认识原则的现实问题。本文旨在探讨电脑游戏的认识论功能。为了实现这一目标,它解决了电脑游戏的概念表达语言在环境中引导我们的技术设备的象征和逻辑以及我们对空间和时间的理解和情感体验方式中所带来的变化的揭示问题。它还决定了因果关系的构建原则和世界经验的检索方式。通过媒介哲学游戏的方法,空间和时间被揭示为互动的测量,作为整体的解决方案,作为可见任务和目标的宇宙。它反对信息文化的独裁统治,反对由高比率的通信技术所创造的非个人的时空,这些技术模糊了信息流中的情感、个人身份和存在的肉体性。任何游戏都是从可用资源中创造虚拟身体,即从参与到活动和交流的情感互动模式中创造虚拟身体。我们期望从电脑游戏中获得与古代工程师对自动移动玩具的期望相似的效果,新欧洲科学家在机械模型中看到了类似的效果,诗人和浪漫主义者在游戏中看到了不受权力驱动的规则:通过我们对电脑游戏的服从,通过将我们的身体交给技术,将我们的意识交给数字界面,我们获得了非舞台体验——体验——比日常生活中所给予的一切都更高的现实。某物是如此的热门以至于它只能在虚拟包装中呈现。研究结果表明,在现代“数字宇宙”中,游戏是世界的生存方式,而电脑游戏则是创造和描述媒介现实体验的语言来源。
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引用次数: 1
THE FASHION FOR AIR AND SPACE JOURNEY: FROM MONGOLFIERS TO GAGARIN 航空和太空旅行的时尚:从蒙古人到加加林
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/perm.kipf/2018.2.10
Zheltova Elena, Patsap Tatiyana
of historical documents demonstrate that in the first years of aviation development the image of an airplane in advertisements, postcards, labels, etc. appeared to be the response of the public enthusiasm for airplanes and aviators, and that the main trend of "aero fashion" emerged from the people’s desire to imitate aviators. In the final section it has been discussed the fashion for the space flights existed from the launch of the first artificial satellite to the day of Gagarin’s flight. The essential difference of space flight from that of the balloons and airplanes is indicated. It has been shown that unlike European countries Soviet fashion in costume was hardly affected by space flights, and the conventional image of the "Soviet man" remained unchanged. It is concluded that fashion for flying balloons and then airplanes lasted tillballoons and airplanes affected people’s deep, associated with the flight, intuition.The authors substantiated the as- sumption that fashion for space flights will undergo modification but never become a thing of the past.
历史文献表明,在航空发展的最初几年,广告、明信片、标签等中的飞机形象似乎是公众对飞机和飞行员热情的反应,“航空时尚”的主要趋势是人们模仿飞行员的愿望。在最后一节中,讨论了从第一颗人造卫星发射到加加林飞行的那一天,太空飞行的流行趋势。指出了空间飞行与气球和飞机飞行的本质区别。事实证明,与欧洲国家不同,苏联的服装时尚几乎没有受到太空飞行的影响,“苏联人”的传统形象保持不变。由此得出结论:先是气球,然后是飞机的流行一直持续到气球和飞机影响到人们与飞行相关的深层直觉。作者证实了这一假设,即太空飞行的时尚将经历改变,但永远不会成为过去。
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引用次数: 0
NUCLEAR PHYSICISTS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHT TO THE SPACE. APOCRYPHA 核物理学家在为太空权利而斗争。伪经
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/perm.kipf/2018.2.09
O. Galina
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引用次数: 0
OLYMPIANS AND SPACE RACE: AESTHETICS OF SPACE AND SPACE ENGINEERING IN THE UNIFORM FOR BIG-TIME SPORT 奥运选手与太空竞赛:穿上顶级运动制服的太空美学与太空工程
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/PERM.KIPF/2018.2.04
Kulinicheva Ekaterina
space and sports (first of all, the so called big- time sport) in the definite sphere of sports design, namely the design of outfit and uniform for the highest sports achievements. Thissubject is also considered as a part of the more profound context involving the problem of causation between material culture of space/exploration of space and material culture of people’s everyday life. Several cases from the sports of highest achievements and from the work of companies known for their expert examination of high-tech sports outfit production have become the basis of our studies. Within the framework of the articleit has been considered two main subjects: the exchange of technologies and expertise and the fact which could be defined as the "migration of images" in the field of aesthetic. As far as the author knows such attempts were not made in the Russian academic tradition. The subject of sports design itself in comparison with the other problems has been relatively undeveloped in the works of social research. Turning to this problem may contribute to such areas of studies as material culture of big-time sport, mate- rial culture of daily routine as well as world outlook and history-cultural aspects of space exploration. As a result it is proposed to make a conclusionthat from the positions under consideration “space” in the field of sports design may figure both as the sphere associated with the front border of science and the most progressive development providing the best sports results, and as the resource of the ideas about the past.
空间与体育(首先是所谓的大运动)在一定范围内的体育设计,即服装和制服的设计,以达到最高的体育成就。这一主题也被认为是涉及空间物质文化/空间探索与人们日常生活物质文化之间因果关系问题的更深刻背景的一部分。从体育运动中取得最高成就的几个案例和从以高科技运动服生产的专家检验而闻名的公司的工作中,成为我们研究的基础。在文章的框架内,考虑了两个主要主题:技术和专业知识的交流以及可以定义为美学领域“图像迁移”的事实。据作者所知,在俄罗斯的学术传统中没有这样的尝试。与其他问题相比,体育设计这一课题本身在社会研究工作中还相对欠发达。转向这一问题可能有助于这样的研究领域的物质文化的大运动,配偶文化的日常生活,以及世界观和历史文化方面的空间探索。因此,本文提出了一个结论,即从所考虑的位置来看,“空间”在体育设计领域可以被视为与科学前沿和最先进的发展相关联的领域,提供最好的体育结果,并且作为关于过去的想法的资源。
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引用次数: 0
FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOVIET TECHNOCRATIC ELITE 苏联技术官僚精英的形成和转变
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/perm.kipf/2018.2.07
N. Aleksandr
In the 1980-s technocratic elite became the main subject of the social order transformation in our country. Most industrial man- agement appeared to be the supporters of the existed social relations’ reforms. The first stage of the so called perestroika (“acceleration”) had the technocratic character. Immediate results of economic reforms of the 1980-s allowed domestic technocrats considerably making their positions strong. The pressure of industrial managers became the most important factor in the fina choice of privatization and ad-justment of the Russian government course at the beginning of the 1990-s. Technocratic bureaucracy also came in between nomencla- ture and “democrats” in the process of new authoritative elites’ formation. In the middle of the 1990-s domestic technocracy definitely cycled came back to the original point in a sense.
20世纪80年代,技术官僚精英成为我国社会秩序转型的主体。大多数工业管理似乎是现有社会关系改革的支持者。所谓的改革(“加速”)的第一阶段具有技术官僚的特点。20世纪80年代经济改革的直接结果使国内技术官僚的地位大大巩固。20世纪90年代初,产业管理者的压力成为俄罗斯政府最终选择私有化和调整进程的最重要因素。在新权威精英的形成过程中,技术官僚主义也出现在命名文化和“民主主义”之间。在20世纪90年代中期,国内的技术官僚政治在某种意义上又回到了原点。
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引用次数: 1
THE SOVIET SPACE ODYSSEY: STAR CHRONICLE OF «THE THAW» 苏联太空漫游:“解冻”的星际编年史
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/PERM.KIPF/2018.2.11
V. Ekaterina
Photographs of the first Soviet cosmonauts published in such periodicals of that time as "Ogonyek", "Soviet photo", "Soviet Union", "Sovi- et woman", "Peasant woman" and etc. have been analyzed in this article. Also the author shows cultural features of these representations. Though the problem of outer space exploration attracts many people it should be statedthat the number of works concerning its researchis small. Particularly, there is a lack of studies dedicated to the media conditionality of cosmonauts’ images, including the circulation of them in the magazines of the so called Thawperiod. If such magazines as "Ogonyek" and "Soviet Photo" could be found as the resource of studies nowadays, other editions oriented, for example, to the Soviet women, are practically unexplored. In this research it has been made the attempt to examine the images of cosmonauts in the context of the magazine and considering its special features. In this study special attention is payed to the format of publications, to the comparison of the text and the image, to the browse mode of pictures, to their place in the periodical. Several intercrossed aspects connected with representations have been revealed in the article: corporality, the role of media, demonstration of the “family principle” in relations between cosmonauts as well as the construct of "the singularity of ordinary person” which often figures in the description of cosmonauts (especially of Gagarin). The combination of these semantic points makes possible to speak about the appearance of the other type of the Soviet hero, different from Stalin's aviators and Stakhanovites. The new imagery finds its basis not only in the change of political climate but it is also associated with the changes in the media sphere during the period of Thaw. The increased number of the printed matter, enlarged editionsand a turn towards visuality promoted the popularization of images of cosmonauts and in many respects determined their canonization within the framework of the Soviet culture.
本文对当时在《奥戈尼耶克》、《苏联照片》、《苏联》、《苏联妇女》、《农妇》等刊物上刊登的第一批苏联宇航员的照片进行了分析。并对这些表现形式的文化特征进行了分析。尽管外层空间探索的问题吸引了许多人,但应该指出,有关其研究的作品数量很少。特别是,缺乏专门研究宇航员形象的媒体条件,包括他们在所谓的Thawperiod的杂志上的流通。如果像“Ogonyek”和“苏联照片”这样的杂志可以作为当今研究的资源,那么其他面向苏联妇女的版本,例如,几乎没有被探索过。在这项研究中,我们试图在杂志的背景下审视宇航员的形象,并考虑到它的特殊之处。本研究特别关注出版物的格式、文字与图片的比较、图片的浏览方式以及图片在期刊中的位置。文章揭示了与表征相关的几个相互交叉的方面:肉体性、媒介的作用、宇航员之间关系中“家庭原则”的体现,以及在宇航员(尤其是加加林)的描述中经常出现的“普通人的独特性”的建构。这些语义点的结合使我们有可能谈论另一种类型的苏联英雄的外观,不同于斯大林的飞行员和斯达汉诺夫人。新意象的产生不仅有政治气候变化的基础,也与解冻时期媒体领域的变化密切相关。印刷品数量的增加、版本的扩大以及向视觉化的转变促进了宇航员形象的普及,并在许多方面决定了他们在苏联文化框架内的圣化。
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引用次数: 0
V-2 DIESEL ENGINE: HARD WAY OF THE SOVIET TANK ENGINE’S PRODUCTION V-2柴油发动机:苏联坦克发动机生产的难点
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/PERM.KIPF/2018.2.06
Melnikov Nikita
original success the Soviet tank building could not realize the potential of V-2 up to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (contrary to the preconceived idea). First of all, this happened due to the lack of industrial and human resources potential of the country. In the process of steady growth of production volume its functional performance was unreasonably low.
最初的成功,苏联坦克建设不能实现V-2的潜力,直到卫国战争开始(与先入之见相反)。首先,这是由于该国缺乏工业和人力资源潜力。在产量稳步增长的过程中,其功能性能不合理地低下。
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引用次数: 0
TECHNOCRACY VS DEMOCRACY: IS SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY POSSIBLE IN CHINA? 技术统治vs民主:技术的社会评估在中国可能吗?
Pub Date : 2018-06-29 DOI: 10.15593/PERM.KIPF/2018.2.03
S. Elena
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引用次数: 0
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